Ph.D. in Botany, University of California, Berkeley, 1981

M.A. in Botany, University of Montana, Missoula, 1976

B.A. in Botany, University of Montana, Missoula, 1974

Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California: Investigations of Lactic Acid-forming Aquatic Fungi with Emphasis on the Role of Oxygen. Dissertation Committee: O'Neil R. Collins (Co-chair, Botany), Russell L. Jones (Co-chair, Botany), Lewis J. Feldman (Botany), Allan C. Wilson (Biochemistry)

M.A. Thesis, University of Montana: Effects of Volatile and Other Secondary Metabolites from Artemisia tridentata on Soil Microfungi: An Ecological Approach