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Rock Art: An Endangered Heritage Worldwide Jean Clottes Key Words: Heritage preservation; Rock art; World Heritage List Abstract: The preservation of rock art, both as a cultural heritage and as an archaeological resource, is crucial. In addition to preserving the art, we must work to preserve the associated natural and cultural environments. Nondestructive recording of the physical attributes of the art must be accompanied by recording of the cultural aspects—the stories of the artists or their descendants (when available). Information from oral histories should be included (when appropriate). Archaeological data recovery in the immediate area should be considered to improve our understanding of the types of activities associated with the creation or continued use of the art. National and even worldwide research centers and data banks should be encouraged, as well as specialized coursework and university degrees. More rock art sites should be included on the World Heritage List, and nation-states should be encouraged to legislate and enforce protective measures. Following the lead of France and Spain, rock art can be meticulously reproduced in settings that are open to the public, affording better protection for the actual sites. Local communities must be afforded an economic stake in any programs to preserve rock art or increase cultural tourism.
Ancient Maritime Trade on Balsa Rafts: An Engineering Analysis Leslie Dewan and Dorothy Hosler Key Words: Balsa raft design; Ecuador; Maritime trade; Mesoamerica; Precolumbian Abstract: By approximately 100 BC Ecuadorian traders had established maritime commercial routes extending from Chile to Colombia. Historical sources indicate that they transported their merchandise in large, ocean-going sailing rafts made of balsa logs. By about AD 700 the data show that Ecuadorian metalworking technology had reached the west coast of Mexico but remained absent in the region between Guerrero and lower Central America. Archaeologists have argued that this technology was most plausibly transmitted via balsa raft exchange routes. This article uses mathematical simulation of balsa rafts’ mechanical and material characteristics to determine whether these rafts were suitable vessels for long- distance travel. Our analysis shows that these rafts were fully functional sailing vessels that could have navigated between Ecuador and Mexico. This conclusion greatly strengthens the argument that Ecuadorian metallurgical technology and aspects of the metallurgical technologies of adjacent South American regions were transmitted from South America to western Mexico via maritime trade routes.
Inka Roads, Lines, and Rock Shrines: A Discussion of the Contexts of Trail Markers Jessica Joyce Christie Mexican Justice: Codified Law, Patronage, and the Regulation of Social Affairs in Guerrero, Mexico Chris Kyle and William Yaworsky Key Words: Cultural rights; Human rights; Law and politics; Mexico; Patronage relationships Abstract: Social life in Mexico has long been regulated not by codified jural rules and the institutions of the state but by means of hierarchically structured patronage networks. This article illustrates the pervasiveness of patronage relationships by looking at the activities of a human rights advocacy organization operating in Chilapa, Guerrero. Though ostensibly committed to working through the jural rules and the institutions of the state, practical reality commonly intrudes and forces the organization to activate patronage ties in order to assist their clients. The article also explores the implications of patronage relationships for ongoing debates about the presumed irreconcilability of the state’s codified law and the customary law of indigenous communities. Michael L. Cepek: I Foresee My Life: The Ritual Performance of Autobiography in an Amazonian Community, Sawa Kurotani: Think Global, Fear Local: Sex, Violence, and Anxiety in Contemporary Japan, Elizabeth L. Krause: Sheltering Women: Negotiating Gender and Violence in Northern Italy, Kia Lilly Caldwell: Battered Black Women and Welfare Reform: Between a Rock and a Hard Place, Christa Craven: Feminist Anthropology: Past, Present, and Future, Neil L. Whitehead: Fear of Small Numbers: An Essay on the Geography of Anger, Mark Goodale: Terror and Violence: Imagination and the Unimaginable, John G. Galaty: Risk Management in a Hazardous Environment: A Comparative Study of Two Pastoral Societies, Li Zhang: Virtual Migration: The Programming of Globalization, Judy Bieber: The Forbidden Lands: Colonial Identity, Frontier Violence, and the Persistence of Brazil’s Eastern Indians, 1750–1830, David Stoll: Ch’orti’-Maya Survival in Eastern Guatemala: Indigeneity in Transition, Jeffrey R. Parsons: Breaking Through Mexico’s Past: Digging the Aztecs with Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, by David Carrasco, Maureen Trudelle Schwarz: History Is in the Land: Multivocal Tribal Traditions in Arizona’s San Pedro Valley, Maureen Trudelle Schwarz: Chiricahua Apache Enduring Power: Naiche’s Puberty Ceremony Paintings, Christopher Peebles: Light on the Path: The Anthropology and History of the Southeastern Indians, Nancy J. Parezo: Edward P. Dozier: The Paradox of the American Indian Anthropologist, David S. Whitley: Great Basin Rock Art: Archaeological Perspectives, Nan Rothschild: Tanana and Chandalar: The Alaska Field Journals of Robert A. McKennan, Dennis B. McGilvray: Languages and Nations: The Dravidian Proof in Colonial Madras, James Collins: Language in Late Modernity: Interaction in an Urban School, David C. Evans: Dyadic Data Analysis, Osbjorn M. Pearson: Skeleton Keys: An Introduction to Human Skeletal Morphology, Development, and Analysis, second ed., Debra Komar: The Taking and Displaying of Human Body Parts as Trophies by Amerindians, Lawrence G. Straus: Una Historia de la Investigación sobre el Paleolítico en la Península Ibérica, Lawrence G. Straus: The Palaeolithic Occupation of Vogelherd Cave. Implications for the Subsistence Behavior of Late Neanderthals and Early Modern Humans, Lawrence G. Straus: When Neanderthals and Modern Humans Met, Lawrence G. Straus: La Grotte du Boquete de Zafarraya (Málaga, Andalousie), Lawrence G. Straus: L’Aurignacien et le Gravettien de Mitoc-Malu Galben (Moldavie Roumaine), Donald O. Henry: Tübingen–Damascus Excavation and Survey Project 1999–2005, Frank Hole: The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East, C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky: The Origins of State Organizations in Prehistoric Highland Fars, Southern Iran: Excavations at Thomas H. McGovern: World of the Vikings, by Richard Hall Rani T. Alexander: The Maya and Catholicism: An Encounter of World Views, Keith Malcolm Prufer: Settlement and Archaeology at Quiriguá, Guatemala, Vernon Scarborough: Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica, William P. Mitchell: Precolumbian Water Management: Ideology, Ritual, and Power, |
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