Part B: Subjects, Themes, and Genres An Annotated Listing of Criticism ADAPTATIONS B1 GEISLER, ROLF. "Adapting Works of World Literature--Sacrilege or Necessity?" Bookbird 8, no. 1 (1970):3-9. Argues in favor of adaptations, but with careful limits that take into account the meaning, structure, and intention of the original work. B2 HAINES, MICHAEL. "Emasculated Classics." Use of English 32, no. 1 (Autumn 1980):66-69. Reviews a number of recent British adaptations of classics and other works designed for the foreign speaker of English and finds them "substitutes which cancel out the vital and meaningful confron tation between author and reader which we call reading." B3 LOFTIS, ANNE, and MARSHALL, RACHELLE. "Gresham's Law of Literature." Saturday Review 46 (21 September 1963):64-65. Argues against adaptations of classic literature for children, for "most great writing . . . requires a period of apprenticeship in the art of creative reading." B4 STEIN, RUTH. "The ABC's of Counterfeit Classics: Adapted, Bowdlerized, and Condensed." English Journal 55 (December 1966):1160-63. An indictment of revised classics. ADULTS B5 ELY, AMANDA, Sister. "The Adult Image in Three Novels of Adoles cent Life." English Journal 56 (November 1967):1127-31. Examines Golding's Lord of the Flies, Knowles's A Separate Peace, and Salinger's Catcher in the Rye in terms of their portrayal of adults. B6 STORCK, PATRICIA A., and CUTLER, MARION B. "Pictorial Repre sentations of Adults as Observed in Children's Literature." Educa tional Gerontology 2 (July-September 1977):293-300. Concludes from a survey of Caldecott-winning and runner-up books that adults are not portrayed realistically in children's books. -299- B7 WATSON, JERRY J. "The Less-than-Perfect Adult Image in Children's Books. Why." ERIC Educational Document Reproduction Service, 1977, 10 pp., ED 150 605. Defends the increasing appearance of negative portrayals of well- known adults--parents, teachers, and librarians--in children's books. Lists and annotates twenty-five books presenting these negative images, and discusses children's and adults' reactions to them. B8 WEICK, PAULA M. "Adult Portrayal in Novels for Teen-Age Girls." ERIC Educational Document Reproduction Service, 1977, 55 pp., ED 172 220. Analyzes the portrayal of adults in seven novels written for teenaged girls in the 1950s and late 1960s on the basis of four criteria: consistency, evident motivation, plausibility, and scope of activity. Concludes that stereotyping persists. ADVENTURE STORIES B9 BLACKBURN, WILLIAM, ed. ChLAQ 8, no. 3 (Fall 1983):7-33. Special Issue. Contents: "Mirror in the Sea: Treasure Island and the Internalization of Juvenile Romance," pp. 7-12, by William Black burn, compares and contrasts Treasure Island, Robinson Crusoe, and Peter Pan; "Captain Marryat and Sea Adventure," pp. 13-15, 30, by Anita Moss, traces the influence of Captain Frederick Marryat (1792-1848) on the nautical adventure story; "Youngsters `in the Great Lone Land': Early Canadian Adventure Stories," pp. 16-18, by Patri cia Demers, discusses Catherine Parr Traill's Canadian Crusoes, James De Mille's The "B.O.W.C.," G.A. Henty's With Wolfe in Canada, Egerton Ryerson Young's Three Boys stories, and Ernest Thompson Seton's Two Little Savages; "Fantasy as Adventure: Nineteenth Century Children's Fiction," pp. 18-22, by Roderick McGillis, dis cusses works of L.M. Montgomery, Lewis Carroll, George MacDonald, and others; "Authority, Autonomy, and Adventure in Juvenile Science Fiction," pp. 22-26, by Janis Svilpis, traces the influences of Jules Verne and adult science-fiction magazines on juvenile science-fiction writers, including Eleanor Cameron and Robert A. Heinlein; "The Adventurer and/or Hero: Paul Zweig's The Adventurer," pp. 26-29, by Glenn S. Burne; "Combining the Stereotypical and Archetypal: John Cawelti's Adventure, Mystery, and Romance," pp. 29-30, by Lois Kuznets; "Women as Heroes," p. 31, by Susan R. Gannon, reviews Carol Pearson's and Katherine Pope's The Female Hero in American and British Literature; "Some Help Along the Way," p. 32, by Linda Carroll, reviews Jean Craighead George's Journey Inward; and "The Expectations of Genre," pp. 32-33, by Robert Di Yanni, reviews Dennis Porter's The Pursuit of Crime." B10 CROUCH, MARCUS. "High Adventure." In The Nesbit Tradition, pp. 26-47. Examines the "adventure stories" of Ian Serrallier, Leon Garfield, Joan Aiken, Ren‚ Guillot, Paul Berna, Nina Bawden, and others. B11 DONELSON, KENNETH. "Adventure Stories." In Literature for Today's Young Adults, pp. 229-34. Contains a checklist for evaluating adventure stories and dis- cuss key elements of the genre with examples from contemporary young adult literature. B12 FISHER, MARGERY. "The Child in Adventure Stories." In Escarpit, Portrayal of the Child, pp. 273-81. Examines the degree of responsibility allowed young people in two branches of the adventure story, the crime thriller and the castaway tale or Robinsonade. B13 JAN, ISABELLE. "Adventure." In On Children's Literature, pp. 122-40. Sees adventure stories as stemming from one of three interpreta tions of the journey: "that of Ulysses, of Sinbad, or of Robinson Crusoe," and traces their permutations in children's literature. AFGHANISTAN--FOLKLORE B14 NILSEN, ALLEEN PACE. "Afghanistan: The `Tales' Behind the News." TON 37, no. 2 (Winter 1981):168-73. An overview of Afghan folktales. AFRICA B15 COUGHLAN, MARGARET N., comp. Folklore from Africa to the United States: An Annotated Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1976, 161 pp. Provides critical evaluations of African folklore collections, divided into those for children and those for adults, from all areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as those from cultures of African origin or influence in the West Indies and the United States. B16 HALL, SUSAN J. "Tarzan Lives!: A Study of the New Children's Books about Africa." IRBC 9, no. 1 (1978):3-7. Points out ten common stereotypes in children's books on Africa published since 1977. B17 HERMAN, GERTRUDE B. "Africana: Folklore Collections for Chil- dren." SLJ 18 (May 1972):35-39. Outlines general criteria for evaluating folklore for children, particularly African folklore. Includes a bibliography of recom mended sources of African folklore for children. B18 OSA, OSAYIMWENSE. "The Rise of African Children's Literature." Reading Teacher 38 (April 1985):750-54. Reports on the recent growth of African children's literature and the increasing scholarly attention it is receiving. Includes references. B19 OSAZEE, FAYOSE. "Picture Books for African Children." Orana 16 (February 1980):12-18. Argues that more and better books and more serious criticism are needed. B20 SCHMIDT, NANCY J. "African Folklore for African Children." Research in African Literature 8 (1977):304-26. An introductory essay and annotated bibliography of African fol klore written in English for children. B21 -----. "African Women Writers of Literature for Children." World Literature Written in English 17 (April 1978):7-21. A brief critical survey. B22 -----. "Books By African Authors for Non-African Children." Africana Library Journal 2, no. 4 (Winter 1971):11-13. Reviews the differences between children's books by African authors published in America and Britain in hard-cover editions, and those published in paperback editions for African children in Africa. A previous article in 2, no. 3 (Autumn 1971):5-6, examines titles in the African Readers Library, one of many series which are intended for use by African school children. B23 -----. "Children's Books by Well-Known African Authors." World Lit erature Written in English 18 (April 1979):114-23. A brief critical survey. Includes bibliography. B24 -----. Children's Fiction About Africa in English. New York and Owerri: Conch Magazine Limited, 1981, 248pp. Covers, in terms of their African context, books written for African children and 542 volumes of children's fiction written for Europeans. Individual authors discussed at length have been indexed separately in this bibliography. B25 -----. "Children's Literature About Africa." African Studies Bulletin 8 (December 1965):61-70. Provides a brief introduction and a bibliography of children's books about Africa. B26 -----. "The Development of Written Literature for Children in Subsa haran Africa." Zeitschrift fur Kulturaustausch 29 (1979 ):267-70. Reports on oral literature background, mission-produced literature, literature published in Europe, and literature published in Africa. B27 -----. "The Politics of African Independence in American Children's Books." Africa Today 27, no. 3 (1980):29-37. B28 -----. "The Writer as Teacher: A Comparison of the African Adven ture Stories of G.A. Henty, Ren‚ Guillot and Barbara Kimenye." African Studies Review 19 (September 1976):69-80. Finds none of the books teaches youthful readers about more than a "very limited, segment of African life." All, including Kimenye's, are grounded in European rather than African tradition. AGED B29 ABRAHAMSON, RICHARD F. "The Elderly Person as a Significant Adult in Adolescent Literature." Arizona English Bulletin 18, no. 3 (April 1976):183-89. Explores the roles of elderly characters in four recent adolescent novels: Norma Fox Mazer's A Figure of Speech, Barbara Wersba's The Dream Watcher, Theodore Taylor's The Cay, and John Dono van's Remove Protective Coating a Little at a Time. B30 ANSELLO, EDWARD F. "Age and Ageism in Children's First Litera ture." Educational Gerontology 2 (July-September 1977):255-74. Examines the portrayal of the aged in juvenile picture books and easy readers. Concludes that the image of old age which emerges is "noncreative and boring." B31 -----. "Ageism in Picture Books, Part I: How Older People are Ste reotyped. Part II: The Rocking Chair Syndrome in Action. Part III: Old Age as a Concept." IRBC 7, nos. 6-8 (1976):4-6, 7-10, 6-8. Part 1 presents statistics on age stereotypes in children's literature; part 2, examples and illustrations of age stereotypes; and part 3, summary and conclusions. B32 -----. "Ageism: The Subtle Stereotype." Childhood Education 54 (January 1978):118-22. Reports on research on negative stereotypes of the elderly in children's books. B33 ASHLEY-BROWN, ELIZABETH. "Grandparents in Children's Litera ture." Orana 18 (November 1982):129-37. Examines the role of grandparents in past and present children's literature and in today's society. B34 BAGGETT, CAROLYN. "Ageism in Contemporary Young Adult Fic tion." TON 37 (Spring 1981):259-63. Reports on a study of the portrayal of the elderly in books for young adults. Finds the overall image "less positive in the seventies than it had been in the sixties." B35 -----. "Positive Portraits of the Elderly in Realistic Fiction for Young Adults." Catholic Library World 54 (September 1982):60-63. Surveys research on negative portrayals of the elderly in chil dren's books and discusses a number of titles offering positive portrayals. Includes extensive references. B36 BAGGETT, MARY. "A Study of the Image of the Senior Adult in Selected Recommended American Fiction Intended for Adolescents, 1960-1978." Ed.D. dissertation, Mississippi State University, 1980, 243 pp., DA 41:3306A. Analyzes the depiction of the aged by using a forty-category checklist based on Butler's six myths of aging. Finds a difference in depiction of the aged between the 1960s and 1970s in most catego ries, four showing improvement and fifteen deterioration. B37 BARNUM, PHYLLIS WINET. "The Aged in Young Children's Litera ture." LA 54 (January 1977):29-32. (Reprinted in Barron, Jump Over the Moon, pp. 245-49.) Examines the treatment of the elderly in books for children of preschool through third grade. Concludes that the many negative stereotypes are reinforced. B38 -----. "Discrimination Against the Aged in Young Children's Litera ture." Elementary School Journal 77 (March 1977):301-7. Concludes that "old people appear infrequently in children's literature, and when they do appear they are depicted as "more pas sive, more sickly, and less self-reliant than other adults." B39 BENNE, MAE. "Leavening for the Youth Culture." PNLAQ [Pacific Northwest Library Association Quarterly] 41 (October 1976):4-8. Explores the portrayals of the aged and grandparents in a number of children's books. B40 BLUE, GLADYS F. "The Aging as Portrayed in Realistic Fiction for Children 1945-1975." Gerontologist 18 (April 1978):187-92. Concludes that portrayals of the aged were "neither negative nor stereotypic but were varied in presentation." B41 -----. "The Aging as Portrayed in Realistic Fiction for Children 1945-1975." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Akron, 1977, 296 pp., DA 38:2711A. Concludes there is "great diversity of characterization" and a "lack of negative or stereotyped portrayals." B42 CONSTANT, HELEN. "The Image of Grandparents in Children's Liter ature." LA 54 (January 1977):33-40. Points out that although a wide variety of grandparents are pre sented in children's books, most of them seem to have warm feelings toward their grandchildren. Asks if this is a stereotpye. B43 HORNER, CATHERINE T. The Aging Adult in Children's Books and Non-Print Media: An Annotated Bibliography. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1982, 242 pp. The introduction to this bibliography, pp. vii-xxiii, provides a fine overview of the topic. B44 KATZ, CAROL. "Outcasts and Renegades: Elderly People in Current Children's Fiction." Horn Book 54 (June 1978):316-21. Disagrees with studies which find that children's fiction stereot ypes the aged, and cites examples of recent works offering insights into old age and evidence of special bonds between young and old. B45 MAVROGENES, NANCY A. "Positive Images of Grandparents in Chil dren's Picture Books." Reading Teacher 35 (May 1982):896-901. Surveys the role of grandparents in children's books published between 1960 and 1980. Includes a list of books with positive images for young children, grades kindergarten through three. B46 PETERSON, DAVID A., and EDEN, DONNA Z. "Teenagers and Aging: Adolescent Literature As An Attitude Source." Educational Gerontology 2, no. 3 (July-September 1977):311-25. Concludes from an analysis of fifty-three Newbery Medal books that older people are "underdeveloped and consistently given periph eral roles within the plot." B47 PETERSON, DAVID A., and KARNES, ELIZABETH L. "Older People in Adolescent Literature." Gerontologist 16 (June 1976):225-30. Found that although older people were not underrepresented in adolescent fiction they were underdeveloped and peripheral to the action. B48 ROSE, KAREL. "The Young Learn About the Old: Aging and Chil dren's Literature." L&U 3, no. 2 (Winter 1979-80):64-75. Argues that many aged characters in children's literature are stereotypes. Exceptions may be found in Charlotte Zolotow's Wil liam's Doll, Barbara Williams's Kevin's Grandma, Mildred Kantrow itz's Maxie, Marjorie Weinman Sharmat's Edgement, Rose Blue's Grandma Didn't Wave Back, Norma Fox Mazer's A Figure of Speech, Gil Kaben's Changes, and Hadley Irwin's The Lilith Summer. B49 RUTHERFORD, WILMA. "An Exploratory Study of Ageism in Chil dren's Literature." Ed.D. dissertation, University of The Pacific, 1981, 168 pp., DA 42:1938A. Finds little stereotyping of the aged in eighty fictional books for children aged five to fifteen. B50 SEEFELDT, CAROLYN, et al. "The Coming of Age in Children's Lit erature." Childhood Education 54 (January 1978):123-27. Discusses portrayals of the elderly in a number of books, and includes a bibliography of additional articles and books on the topic as well as a selected bibliography of children's books. B51 SELTZER, MILDRED M. "Changing Concepts of and Attitudes Toward the Old As Found in Children's Literature, 1870-1960." Ph.D. disser tation, Miami University, 1969, 191 pp., DA 31:4268A. Found little consistency and uniformity in attitudes toward, and stereotypes about, the old. B52 SELTZER, MILDRED, and ATCHLEY, ROBERT C. "Concept of Old: Changing Attitudes and Stereotypes." Gerontologist 11 (Autumn 1971):226-30. Found decreasingly positive attitudes toward the elderly and the aging process in a content analysis of children's books published between 1870 and 1960. B53 SHACKFORD, JANE. "Images of the Elderly in 19th Century Chil dren's Literature: The Legacy of Author and Artist." Proceedings of the Children's Literature Association 5 (1978):87-92. Concludes that many older books provide valuable and meaningful images of the aged and cautions against sugar-coated, one-dimensional images that can follow sociological demands. B54 STOREY, DENISE C. "Fifth Graders Meet Elderly Book Characters." LA 56 (April 1979):408-12. Reports on a study of children's responses to the treatment of the elderly in children's books. B55 -----. "Gray Power: An Endangered Species? Ageism as Portrayed in Children's Book." Social Education 41 (October 1977):528-33. Finds that stereotyped and negative images of the elderly in children's books misinform and prejudice young readers. Includes an annotated bibliography of books portraying the elderly. B56 VRANEY, MARY W., and BARRETT, CAROL J. "Marital Status: Its Effects on the Portrayal of Older Characters in Children's Litera ture." Journal of Reading 24 (March 1981):487-93. Summarizes research on the aged in children's literature and reports on a study to determine how marital status of the aged affects the way they are portrayed. Includes references. B57 WATSON, JERRY J. "A Positive Image of the Elderly in Literature for Children." Reading Teacher 34 (April 1981):792-98. Discusses a number of children's books that present positive portrayals of the elderly. ALCOHOL B58 SALESI, ROSEMARY. "Alcohol Consumption in Literature for Children and Adolescents: A Content Analysis of Contemporary Realistic Fic tion." Ed.D. dissertation, University of Georgia, 1977, 186 pp., DA 38:4572A. Identifies and classifies images of alcohol consumption that appear in contemporary realistic fiction for children and adolescents. ALIENATION B59 GOODRICH, CATHERINE. "The Many Faces of Aloneness." EE 40 (February 1963):135-41. Examines children's books with aloneness as a theme. B60 LENZ, MILLICENT. "Varieties of Loneliness: Alienation in Contem porary Young People's Fiction." Journal of Popular Culture 13 (Spring 1980):672-88. Classifies loners according to the factors that precipitate their alienation and points out identifiable patterns. Also notes key images of loneliness and positive and negative results of loneliness. Examines treatment of this theme in a number of recent novels for young adults. B61 MORGAN, ARGIRO L. "The Child Alone: Children's Stories Remini scent of E.T.: The Extraterrestrial." CLE, n.s. 16, no. 3 (Autumn 1985):131-42. Points out that "the isolation of the protagonist from his home" is one of the fundamental story patterns of folklore and children's literature. Identifies four structural variations of isolation: the abandoned child, self-imposed isolation, isolation due to imprudence, and isolation due to catastrophe. ALPHABET BOOKS B62 PRESSLER, C. "Old ABC Books--Learning Through Pictures." Novum Gebrauchsgraphik 50 (March 1979):44-52. Discusses antique ABC books and reproduces pictures. B63 STEINFIRST, SUSAN. "The Origins and Development of the ABC Book in English from the Middle Ages through the Nineteenth Century." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1976, 385 pp., DA 37:3973A. Attempts to show "how the ABC book has reflected the historical, educational, cultural, social, religious, and literary trends throughout this period." B64 STEWIG, JOHN WARREN. "Alphabet Books: A Neglected Genre." LA 55 (January 1978):6-11. (Reprinted in Barron, Jump Over the Moon, pp. 115-21.) Explores ways alphabet books can be used to develop children's visual and verbal skills. B65 TAYLOR, MARY AGNES. "From Apple to Abstraction in Alphabet Books." CLE, n.s. 9, no. 4 (Winter 1978):173-80. A careful critical overview of the alphabet book, which is cate gorized as falling into one or several combinations of four basic patterns: (1) word-picture format, (2) simple narrative, (3) a collection of nonsense verse, or (4) a subject-oriented content. B66 THOMAS, DELLA. "From Aardvark to Zymurgy." Library Journal 93 (15 December 1967):4582-86. Primarily a bibliographic essay on alphabet books but also cate gorizes the books and discusses their ingenuity, variety, and literary imagination. Includes an extensive bibliography. ANIMALS B67 BIRKS, JOHN. "Horses in Books." Junior Bookshelf 10, no. 4 (Decem ber 1946):166-72. Discusses Will James's Smoky, Mary O'Hara's My Friend Flicka, Anna Sewell's Black Beauty, and Primrose Cumming's Ben, as well as, briefly, a number of "pony" stories. B68 BLOUNT, MARGARET. Animal Land: The Creatures of Children's Fiction. London: Hutchinson, 1974, 336 pp. Explores the role of animals--real, toy, and imaginary--in chil dren's literature. Also indexed separately in this bibliography under individual authors and topics treated at length. B69 BURNFORD, SHEILA. "Animals All The Way." Canadian Library 19 (July 1962):30-32. Explores the role of animals in children's books from those for the very youngest up to the adult level. B70 BUSH, MARGARET. "In Search of the Perfect Shark Book." SLJ 25 (March 1979):108-9. Reviews a number of recent nonfiction books on sharks. B71 BYRNE, BARBARA. "Cats in Literature." EE 51 (October 1974):955-58. A brief bibliography of six fictional works and one informational book about cats. Each annotation includes "not only a summary of the work, but a statement of basic concepts within the work, a cri tique of literary value, read-aloud possibilities and illustrations within the work." B72 CAMPBELL, A. "Stories About Dogs: A Critical Survey." School Librarian 20, no. 2 (June 1972):107-12. A critical international bibliography of dog stories. B73 Canadian Children's Literature "The Canadian Animal Story." 1, no. 2 (Summer 1975). Special issue. Includes articles on Roderick Haig-Brown, Charles G.D. Roberts, and a general survey, "Tales of the Wilderness: The Canadian Animal Story," by Muriel Whitaker (pp. 38-46). B74 COLWELL, EILEEN. "Of Mice and Men: Some Light-Hearted Thoughts on Mice in Children's Books." Junior Bookshelf 21, no. 4 (1957):180-86. After examining a number of stories about mice, concludes, "But why do children enjoy reading about mice in stories? Let a six-year- old boy answer: `Because they are small--and because they have whiskers.'" B75 CROUCH, MARCUS. "Open Air." In The Nesbit Tradition, pp. 142-60. Analyzes several stories about outdoor adventure and animals, many by British and Australian authors. Includes Ransome's Great Northern, Kathleen Peyton's Fly-By-Night, and others. B76 ELLEMAN, BARBARA. "The Animal Fact." Booklist 73 (1977):664-65. Sets forth criteria for evaluating various categories of children's informational books about animals. B77 ELLIS, ALEC. "Man and Beast." Junior Bookshelf 32, no. 5 (October 1968):279-83. Considers briefly the theme of kindness to animals. B78 FARMER, LILLAH. "Rabbits in Children's Books." LA 53 (May 1976):527-30. An overview of many favorite rabbit books for children. Includes a bibliography. B79 FORD, MARY. "The Wolf as Victim." CCL 7 (1977):5-15. Traces the history of the wolf in literature, emphasizing chil dren's literature, showing the falseness of the stereotypes, and concluding with the more accurate portrayals of wolves in the works of Charles G.D. Roberts, and the favorable views in Julie of the Wolves and works by Farley Mowat and Claude Aubrey. B80 JAN, ISABELLE. "Animal Land." In On Children's Literature, pp. 79-89. Explores the role of animals in children's literature, particularly in Kipling's books. Sees the animal world as the child's earthly paradise, as represented in such works as Kenneth Grahame's Wind in the Willows and Randall Jarrell's Animal Family. B81 JORDAN, ALICE M. "Animals in Fairyland." Horn Book 17 (Novem ber 1941):439-43. (Reprinted in Fryatt, Horn Book Sampler, pp. 146-49.) Discusses "real animals in an unreal world" in a number of books from the 1930s. B82 LAWRENCE, JOSEPH. "Animals and `Dressed Animals.'" Junior Book shelf 21 (December 1967):289-94. Provides a brief overview of various categories of animal books. B83 MAGEE, WILLIAM H. "The Animal Story: A Canadian Specialty." CCL 14 (1979):67-69. Reviews Muriel Whitaker's anthology, Great Canadian Animal Stories, commenting on the nature of the Canadian contribution to the genre. B84 -----. "The Animal Story: A Challenge in Technique." Dalhousie Review, Summer 1964. (Reprinted in Egoff, Only Connect, pp. 221-32.) Discusses the development of the realistic animal story beginning with Anna Sewell's Black Beauty and Margaret Marshall Saunders' Beautiful Joe, but emphasizing the work of Canadian writer Sir Charles G.D. Roberts. B85 O'DONNELL, HOLLY. "Animals in Literature." LA 57 (April 1980):451-54. A bibliographic essay mentioning critical articles on animals in children's literature available in documents from the Educational Document Reproduction Service. B86 OSBORNE, EDGAR. "Animals In Books." Junior Bookshelf 9, no. 1 (March 1945):1-9;no. 2 (July 1945):47-56. Part 1 discusses the realistic animal story, up to Kipling; part 2 the fanciful and nonsense animal story. B87 PITTS, DEIRDRE DWEN. "Discerning the Animal of a Thousand Faces." Children's Literature 3 (1974):169-72. Discusses the animal as hero in myth, folklore, and children's literature. B88 POLL, BERNARD. "Why Children Like Horse Stories." EE 38 (November 1961):473-75. Discusses the psychological reasons for children's love of horse stories. B89 PROCTER, GERALDINE. ". . . Masses of Bears. . . ." Junior Book shelf 25 (March 1961):63-70. Surveys bears in children's books. Additional comments by Roger L. Green, "Sing Ho! The Life of a Bear," follow in October 1961, pp. 202-4. B90 RAYNER, MARY. "Some Thoughts on Animals in Children's Books." Signal 29 (May 1979):81-87. Discusses the ways in which predatory aggression is handled in children's fiction and nonfiction about animals. B91 SALE, ROGER. Fairy Tales, pp. 77-99. Sees the animal story as the strongest link between fairy tales and modern children's literature. Discusses the conventions of "talking animals." B92 "Sense and Sensibility: The Course of Animal Fiction." TLS, 2 July 1971, pp. 763-4. Comments on the history of animal stories with an animal point of view and reviews several recent titles. B93 SIMON, MINA LEWITON. "Crickets, Raccoons, and Writers." Library Journal 90 (15 May 1965):2336-37 and SLJ 12 (May 1965):32-33. Urges awareness of stereotyped and prejudiced portrayals of ani mals in children's books and argues animals should be presented fairly and accurately. B94 TULLY, DEBORAH SHIELDS. "Nature Stories--Unrealistic Fiction." EE 51 (March 1974):348-52. Discusses danger in animal stories that are too realistic to be fantasy but are full of half-truths about animals. B95 VINSON, ESTHER. "The Newer Animal Story." EER 6 (October 1929):197-200. Sees a trend toward simple realism and away from sentimentalism and pseudorealism. Comments upon several books illustrating this trend. B96 WIDDICOMBE, JOAN T. "Children's Science Books About Animals-- Criteria and Evaluation." In MacLeod, Children's Literature, pp. 36-54. Provides criteria for evaluating informational books about animals and evaluates a number of titles based upon these criteria. Includes a bibliography on children's science book evaluation. ANTHROPOMORPHISM B97 DERBY, JAMES. "Anthropomorphism in Children's Literature or `Mom, My Doll's Talking Again.'" EE 47 (February 1970):190-92. A brief introduction to the topic of anthropomorphism in chil dren's literature. B98 MARKOWSKY, JULIET KELLOGG. "Why Anthropomorphism in Chil dren's Literature?" EE 52 (April 1975):460-62, 466. Examines the role of talking animals in children's books by Rob ert Lawson, L. Leslie Brooke, Beatrix Potter, and E.B. White. Sug gests that writers use anthropomorphic animals to help children identify with the characters, to engage in a needed flight of fancy, for variety, and for humor. Suggests a few outstanding anthropo morphic animal fantasy stories and discusses them briefly. B99 SCHWARCZ, JOSEPH. "The Benign Image of Dehumanization." In Ways of the Illustrator, pp. 150-68. (Reprinted in part from "Machine Animism in Modern Children's Literature," in Fenwick, Critical Approaches, pp. 78-95.) Provides a fairly extensive discussion of a number of books feat uring anthropomorphized machines. B100 VON ZWEIGBERGK, EVA. "What Are They Saying, Those Flowers and Animals?" Bookbird 10, no. 3 (1972):23-28. Traces the development of the anthropomorphic animals and flowers so common to children's literature back to J.J. Grandville (pseudonym of Jean-Ignace-Isidore Gerard, 1803-1847). APPALACHIA B101 HATHAWAY, JOYCE A. "The Uses of Appalachian Culture and Oral Tradition in the Teaching of Literature to Adolescents." Ph.D. disser tation, Ohio State University, 1979, 182 pp., DA 40:3933A. Emphasizes the Jack Tales and compares their use in the oral tradition and their use in written literature. B102 HINSON, CAROLYN M. "Appalachian Literature and the Adolescent Reader." ALAN Review 11, no. 1 (Fall 1983):4-10. Discusses the portrayal of Appalachian mountain life in five young adult novels. B103 TROY, ANNE. "Appalachia in Children's and Adolescents' Fiction." LA 54 (January 1977):55-58. A bibliographic essay focusing on the characteristics of children's literature of the Appalachian region. Includes a bibliography. ARCHAEOLOGY B104 LUBELSKI, AMY. "Archaeology: A Young Science for Young Read ers." L&U 6 (1982):77-83. An overview of children's literature in the field, which concludes that "mixing of fact and conjecture is a major problem in archae ology books for children." ARGENTINA B105 COLAVITA, FEDERICA DOMINGUEZ. "The Current State of Chil dren's Literature in Argentina." Children's Literature 7 (1978):169-80. Summarizes information about research trends, professional orga nizations, children's writers, publishers, and information sources. ARMENIA B106 FRASER, JAMES H. "Armenian Language Maintenance in the United States and Literature for Children." Phaedrus 6, no. 1 (Spring 1979):79-81. Discusses the programs of the Armenian General Benevolent Union and cooperating organization to develop literature and pro grams for teaching the language to American-born Armenian children. ART B107 GAINER, RUTH STRAUS. "Beyond Illustration: Information about Art in Children's Picture Books." Art Education, March 1982, pp. 16-19. (Reprinted in Barron, Jump Over the Moon, pp. 487-91.) Suggests using picture books to help teach children about art. Includes a short list of picture books "which have been rich sources of information in our art studio." B108 WILTON, SHIRLEY M. "The Pleasure Principle: Where Is It in Kids' Art Books?" SLJ 23 (February 1977):44-45. Criticizes the concentration in children's art books on art history, on art as an intellectual activity, and on the development of creati vity. Recommends what good children's art books should do, and offers examples. Comment and corroboration by Phyllis J. Yuill in a letter in SLJ 23 (May 1977):6. ARTISTS B109 ALBERGHENE, JANICE MARIE. "From Alcott to Abel's Island: The Image of the Artist in American Children's Literature." Ph.D. disser tation, Brown University, 1980, 206 pp., DA 41:5100A. This study of image of the artist in American children's literature concludes that "Despite the widely-held belief that modern children's literature encourages creativity and expressiveness . . . most images of the artist provide very little encouragement for choosing to become an artist." B110 HOFFMAN, B. "Studies in the Quest of the Artist-Hero in Children's Literature of the Past Century." Ph.D. dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 1979, 186 pp., DA 40:2645A. Explores the portrayal of the developing artist-hero in six juve nile books: Louise de la Ramee's (Ouida) A Dog of Flanders, Louisa May Alcott's Little Women, Kenneth Grahame's Wind in the Willows, and E.B. White's Stuart Little, Charlotte's Web, and The Trumpet of the Swan. ARTHURIAN LEGENDS B111 WHITAKER, MURIEL. "Swords at Sunset and Bog-Puddings: Arthur in Modern Fiction." CLE, n.s. 8, no. 4 (Winter 1977):143-53. Examines the treatment of Arthurian legends in modern children's fiction, including William Mayne's Earthfasts, Mary Stewart's The Hollow Hills, Rosemary Sutcliff's Sword at Sunset, Henry Treece's The Eagles Have Flown, and T.H. White's The Sword in the Stone. ASIA AND ASIAN AMERICANS B112 AOKI, ELAINE M. "`Are You Chinese? Are You Japanese? Or Are You Just a Mixed-Up Kid?': Using Asian American Children's Lit erature." Reading Teacher 34 (January 1981):382-85. Suggests guidelines for evaluating and using books portraying Asians and Asian-Americans. B113 Bridge 4 (July 1976):5-29. Special issue on Asian American images in children's books. Presents criteria for evaluating children's books and reports on widespread stereotyping and misrepresentation. B114 COUNCIL ON INTERRACIAL BOOKS FOR CHILDREN. "Asian Americans in Children's Books." IRBC 7, nos. 2-3 (1976):40 pp. (Excerpt in MacCann, Cultural Conformity, pp. 83-96.) Special Double issue. Includes an article pointing out common stereotypes of Asian-Americans in children's literature, a statement of criteria for analyzing books on Asian Americans, and sections of reviews of books relating to Chinese Americans, Japanese Americans, Korean Americans, and Vietnamese Americans. Also includes an article by Frank Chin stating that "Only in the works of Taro Yash ima and Laurence Yep are the literary sensibility, language and vision of the universe Asian and Asian American." B115 HARADA, VIOLET. "Ginger Root and Ginseng Tea: The World of The Asian Novel." TON 31 (January 1975):167-71. Discusses four books recommended to dispel some of the mystery of the Orient for the young reader: Rama Mehta's The Life of Keshar, Yukio Mishima's The Sound of Waves, Mary Lois Dunn's The Men in The Box: A Story from Vietnam, and Elizabeth Fore man Lewis's To Beat a Tiger. B116 -----. "The Treatment of Chinese and Japanese Characters in American Settings in Selected Works of Fiction for Children." Ed.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii, 1982, 248 pp., DA 43:1027A. Notes certain stereotypic tendencies, particularly in books written by non-Asians prior to 1970. B117 KAMM, ANTONY. "Children's Literature: The South Asian Picture." International Library Review 1 (April 1969):183-96. Surveys the nature of children's literature in each of the follow ing countries as of 1966: Burma, Ceylon, India (Hindi speaking), India (Southern Region), Iran, Nepal, Pakistan (East and West), and Thailand. ASTRONOMY B118 GREENLEAF, SARAH A. "Astronomy Through the Centuries." Appraisal 15, no. 2 (Spring-Summer 1982):4-14. Surveys astronomy books for children, including several twen tieth-century books, and discusses approaches to science writing for children. AUNTS B119 QUIGLEY, MARJORY C. "Aunts in Literature: Or Farewell to Orphans." Horn Book 8 (February 1932):20-25. A humorous survey of aunts in children's books from the latter half of the nineteenth century to 1930. Includes a bibliography and quotations by and about "a few particular aunts." AUSTRALIA B120 ANDERSON, HUGH. The Singing Roads: A Guide to Australian Chil dren's Authors and Illustrators. 4th ed. 2 vols. Surrey Hills, N.S.W: Wentworth Press, 1970, 76 pp.; 1972, 117 pp.. Includes brief biographies, personal statements, and bibliographies of primary works of a number of Australian authors and illustrators. B121 BARLOW, ALEX. "Holding the Country: Carrying the Law." Orana 19 (May 1983):98-108. Reflections on the Aborigines in Australian children's literature. B122 BUICK, BARBARA. "An Indigenous Children's Literature." SLJ 14 (November 1967):35-37. (Reprinted in Haviland, Children and Liter ature, pp. 340-44.) Provides a concise overview of the development of Australian children's literature from 1841 to the 1960s. B123 BUICK, BARBARA, and WALKER, MAXINE. "Books for Children." In The Literature of Western Australia. Edited by Bruce Bennett. Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, 1979, pp. 215-49. Surveys Western Australian children's literature according to a number of recurrent themes: Aborigines and race relations, sense of place, treasure-seeking, convicts, and bushrangers. Also examines the use of humor and satire, conventions, and illustrations. Includes bibliographies of primary and secondary sources. B124 CRAGO, HUGH. "Australian Children's Periodicals: Scope for Research." Phaedrus 4, no. 2 (Fall 1977):17-18. Discusses Australian children's periodicals and the fact that no research has been done on them. B125 CRAGO, HUGH, and CRAGO, MAUREEN. "Children's Literature Research: A Bibliographic Essay." Phaedrus 3, no. 1 (Spring 1976):26-27. States that the level of scholarship on children's literature in Australia is low compared to that in Germany and Scandinavia, and that it lacks institutional support. Discusses several recent studies of Australian children's literature. B126 DONKIN, NANCE; FATCHEN, MAX; INGRAM, ANNE; GREEN WOOD, TED; WRIGHTSON, PATRICIA; and PHIPSON, JOAN. "Is There a Distinct Australian Identity in Children's Literature?" In Robinson, M., Readings in Children's Literature, pp. 148-72. The panelists discuss the extent and the nature of a distinct Australian identity in children's literature. B127 DUGAN, MICHAEL, comp. Early Dreaming: Australian Children's Authors and Childhood. Queensland, Australia: Jacaranda Press, 1980, 114 pp. Australian authors of books for children recollect their own childhoods and influences on their writing. Authors are Hesba Brins mead, Mavis Thorpe Clarke, Max Fatchen, Christobel Mattingley, Lil ith Norman, Joan Phipson, Noreen Shelley, Ivan Southall, Eleanor Spence, and Colin Thiele. Includes biographical sketches, portraits, and bibliographies. B128 DUNKLE, MARGARET. "Changing Attitudes in Australian Children's Literature: An Historical View." Orana 17 (February 1981):30-31. A brief summary of changes. B129 FRASER, GAEL. "Small Press Children's Books: An Alternative View of the World." Australian Library Journal 26 (1 April 1977):68-79. Surveys the social aspects of Australian small-press children's books. Includes a bibliography. B130 FURNISS, ELAINE R. "Australian Adventuring Through Children's Books." LA 54 (January 1977):59-62. A concise overview of Australian children's literature. Includes bibliography. B131 HILL, MARJI. "Of the Lives and Deeds of the Immortal Beings, Aboriginal Stories: A Cultural Perspective." Orana 19 (May 1983):109-12. Suggests guidelines for the responsible handling of traditional Aboriginal literature. B132 LEVERSON, DOROTHY. "We looked in the library but. . . ." IRBC 9, no. 2 (1978):13-14. Discusses portrayals of Australian native people (Aborigines) in Australian children's fiction and nonfiction. B133 LIPPMANN, LORNA, ed. "Children's Literature and the Aborigines." In Generations of Resistance: The Aboriginal Struggle for Justice. Melbourne: Longman Chesire, 1981, pp. 212-26. Includes criteria for evaluating racism in textbooks. Comments on writings by white authors about Aborigines and on the writings of Aborigine writers. Includes references. B134 MacKENZIE, MAVIS. "Children's Literature in the '80s." Orana 17 (November 1981):141-45. Compares the children's literature of the 1980s with that of the fifties, sixties, and seventies. B135 McVITTY, WALTER. "Australian Children's Literature: Some Thoughts on Two Decades of Change." Orana 18 (May 1982):39-42. Questions whether children's literature is becoming more "about" rather than for children. rather than for children. B136 -----. Innocence and Experience: Essays on Contemporary Australian Children's Writers. Melbourne, Australia: 1981, 277 pp., bibl. Sees Australian children's literature as becoming increasingly sophisticated and proposes reasons for this development. Discusses Mavis Thorpe Clark, Joan Phipson, Eleanor Spence, Patricia Wright son, H.F. Brinsmead, David Martin, Colin Thiele, and Ivan Southall in separate chapters. B137 MUSGRAVE, P.W. "From `Chummy Innocence' to Concerned Individu ality: A Case Study in the Sociology of Literature." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 18, no. 2 (June 1982):162-71. Responds to McVitty's Innocence and Experience, arguing that the nature and causes of change in Australian children's and young adult literature is "different and more complex" than he suggests. B138 ORME, NEDRA. "The Image of the Migrant in Australian Children's Fiction." Orana 15 (February 1979):20-23. Surveys the portrayal of migrants in Australian children's litera ture. B139 RYAN, J.S. "Australian Fantasy and Folklore." Orana 17 (May 1981):63-79; (August 1981):112-33; (November 1981):164-77. This three-part article provides an extensive overview and analy sis of Australian fantasy and folklore traditions. B140 SAXBY, H.M. A History of Australian Children's Literature 1941-1970. Sidney: Wentworth Books, 1971, 316 pp. Provides a comprehensive overview of Australian children's litera ture, but contains little in-depth discussion of individual authors. B141 SIMPSON, ANNE. "Australian Fiction for Adolescents." Orana 15 (May 1979):45-52. An overview. B142 SINGH, MICHAEL J. "Aboriginal Children's Literature: Continuing Resistance to Colonization." Reading Time 86 (January 1983):9-18. Emphasizes the importance of mythology to traditional Aboriginal communities and the problems associated with its exploitation by non-Aboriginal authors. Suggests guidelines for its use. AUSTRIA B143 BAMBERGER, RICHARD. "Children's Literature in Austria." In Read ing and Children's Books, pp. 56-76. Provides an overview of the history and current trends in Aus trian children's literature, briefly discussing significant authors. B144 BINDER, LUCIA. "Theoretical work in Children's Literature and Research in Reading in Austria: An Overview." Phaedrus 2, no. 2 (Fall 1975):12-15. Discusses research centering on such organizations as the Austrian Children's Book Club, the Institute for Children's Literature and Reading Research, and the pedagogical academies. B145 HELLER, FRIEDRICH C. "Stilkunst and Viennese Children's Book Illus tration 1895-1925." Phaedrus 9 (1982):1-6. A scholarly account of children's book illustration in turn-of-the- century Vienna. B146 LEDERER, EVA M. "Children's Literature in Austria." Children's Liter ature 3 (1974):43-47. Discusses the status of research in children's literature in Austria. BATCHELDER AWARD BOOKS B147 HELBIG, ALETHEA K. "Innocence and Experience in Batchelder Books." Proceedings of the Children's Literature Association 6 (1979):112-21. Examines the world visualized by European Batchelder award- winners, as compared to that generally envisioned in British and American books for young people, and finds the Batchelder books far more didactic and polarized "in their attitudes toward life and in the treatment of their subjects." B148 HOYLE, KAREN NELSON, and SCAPPLE, SHARON M. "Panel: The Mildred L. Batchelder Award." Proceedings of the Children's Litera ture Association 6 (1979):31-39. Discusses the award committee and its selection criteria. Includes a bibliography of articles relating to the awards and to translation and internationalism in children's books. B149 NIST, JOAN STIDHAM. "Cultural Constellations in Translated Chil dren's Literature: Evidence from the Mildred L. Batchelder Award." Bookbird 17, no. 2 (1979):3-8. Discusses the difficulties of translating books from one culture to another and comments on characteristics of Batchelder books to date. B150 -----. "The Mildred L. Batchelder Award Books, 1968-1977: A Decade of Honored Children's Literature in Translation." Ph.D. disser tation, Auburn University, 1977, 156 pp., DA 38:4633A. Examines the characteristics of Batchelder Award and nominee books for the first ten years. Finds that (1) many publishers are included, (2) many translators are involved, (3) Germanic language books dominate, (4) European settings predominate, (5) contemporary or recent past settings are preferred, (6) modern and historical fiction are the main genres, and (7) progressive narrative is the main struc tural form. B151 -----. "Patterns of Cultural Interchange in Children's Literature." Proceedings of the Children's Literature Association 6 (1979):136-45. (A version entitled "The Mildred L. Batchelder Award: Around the World with Forty-Two Books" appears in LA 56 [April 1979]:368-74.) Reports on a study to identify patterns in original languages, settings, genres, and structures in Batchelder Award-Winning books and nominees. Includes a bibliography. BIBLE STORIES B152 HARMS, JEANNE M., AND LETTOW, LUCILLE J. "A Flood of Noah Stories: A Concern About the Re-Telling of Old Stories." TON 40 (Fall 1983):56-61. Examines a number of picture-book retellings, adaptations, and imaginative and modern versions of the story of Noah's ark. Sug gests criteria for evaluating the retelling of traditional tales. B153 MAY, JILL P. "Looking at the Twentieth Century: Three Picture Book Adaptations of Noah's Ark." Catholic Library World 51 (September 1979):54-57. Examines three versions of the Noah story: Maud and Miska Petersham's The Ark of Father Noah and Mother Noah (1930), Peter Spier's Noah's Ark (1977), and Gail E. Haley's Noah's Ark (1971). B154 PIEHL, KATHY. "Noah As Survivor: A Study of Picture Books." CLE, n.s. l3, no. 2 (Summer 1982):80-86. Examines a number of picture-book versions of the story of Noah. B155 SCHWARCZ, JOSEPH. "Jonah: Seven Images of a Prophet." In Ways of the Illustrator, pp. 131-49. Examines seven recent picture-book versions for children of the story of Jonah and the whale, including two English-language edi tions: Beverly Brodsky's Jonah: An Old Testament Story and Clyde Robert Bulla's Jonah and the Great Fish illustrated by Helga Aich inger. BIOGRAPHY B156 BILLMAN, CAROL. "Once Upon a Time . . . Telling Children Bio graphical History." Proceedings of the Children's Literature Associa tion 7 (1980):91-97. Argues that biography and history for children are often more fantastic than realistic. Discusses William Armstrong's Education of Abraham Lincoln as an example of a realistic biography. B157 CARR, JO, ed. "Biography: Facts Warmed By Imagination." In Beyond Fact, pp. 118-53. Contains Carr's introductory essay, "What Do We Do About Bad Biographies?"; Margery Fisher's "Biography," adapted from chapter 4, pp. 300-308 of Matters of Fact; Denise Wilms's "An Evaluation of Biography," reprinted from WLB 49 (October 1974):146-50; and Eliza beth Segel's "In Biography for Readers, Nothing is Impossible," reprinted from L&U 4, no. 1 (Summer 1980):4-14. B158 -----. "What Do We Do About Bad Biographies?" SLJ 27 (May 1981):19-22. (Reprinted in Barron, Jump Over The Moon, pp. 226-35.) Examines the dismal state of biography for children and suggests alternatives: use of autobiography, use of books focusing on a short segment of someone's life, and use of biographical material in non fiction and historical fiction. Concludes with criteria for evaluating biographies. B159 COOLIDGE, OLIVIA. "My Struggle with Facts." WLB 49 (October 1974):146-51. (Reprinted in Varlejs, Young Adult Literature, pp. 374-80, and in Carr, Beyond Fact, pp. 141-48.) Describes the difficulties a biographer, particularly one writing for children and young adults, has in ascertaining and selecting facts, reconciling contradictions, making judgments, limiting research, determining how much background information is necessary, and handling one's own opinions. B160 DONELSON, KENNETH. "Current Trends in Biographies." In Litera ture for Today's Young Adults, pp. 287-93. Includes a checklist for evaluating biographies. B161 FISHER, MARGERY. "Life Course or Screaming Force?" CLE, o.s., no. 22 (Autumn 1976):108-15. Points out the need for better biographies for young people. Discusses different approaches and argues for better writing, more enterprising use of material, a greater respect for readers' intelligence, and more personal writing. "It is the task of the biographer to select, from material more or less limited, those facts that will best enable him to reveal to his readers a particular person as he sees him." B162 GROFF, PATRICK. "Biography: The Bad or the Bountiful?" TON 29 (April 1973):210-17. Attempts to show that biography does not have the moral and psychological influences credited to it; and questions whether "true biography can be written for children" and whether children can understand or identify with the adult lives depicted. Concludes that common assumptions about biography for children are wrong. B163 -----. "How Do Children Read Biography About Adults?" Reading Teacher 24 (April 1971):609-15, 629. Questions standard assumptions about the responses of children to biographies. B164 HERMAN, GERTRUDE B. "Footprints on the Sands of Time: Biogra phy for Children." CLE, n.s. 9, no. 2 (Summer 1978):85-93. Examines biography and autobiography for children in terms of its relationship to personality integration and suggests criteria for selection. Contains a section on pitfalls for both the authors and critics of biographies. B165 JURICH, MARILYN. "What's Left Out of Biography for Children?" Children's Literature 1 (1972):143-51. Surveys the field of juvenile biography and concludes there is a need for biographies of great human beings who are not famous, and a need for fuller treatment of the subjects, written without conde scension. B166 KOCH, SHIRLEY LOIS. "Portrayal of Life Form in Selected Biogra phies for Children Eight to Twelve Years of Age." ERIC Educa tional Document Reproduction Service, ED 089 311. Examines the literary devices and symbolism used by writers of biography for children to communicate the biographees' religious and social commitment. B167 Lion & Unicorn 4, no. 1 (Summer 1980). Special issue on biography. Includes an article on Dorothy Aldis's biography of Beatrix Potter, articles on picture-book and sports biographies, and on biographies of Emma Goldman, George Sand, Mary Shelley, Billy Holiday, Bessie Smith, Mahalia Jackson, Marx and Engels, and others. B168 McCONNELL, GAITHER. "Achievement Factors in Juvenile Biogra phies." EE 32 (April 1955):240-44. A content analysis of twenty-four biographies for children. B169 -----. "Criteria for Juvenile Biographies." EE 33 (April 1956):231-35. Argues that individuality and truth are the two most important criteria for juvenile biography and that identification with heroes is important in forming character. B170 -----. "Modern Biographies for Children." EE 30 (May 1953):286-89. A survey of children's biographies indicates (1) there are still heroes to be written about, (2) better writing is needed, (3) more biographies for younger children are needed, (4) more biographies about women are needed, and (5) new biographies of old subjects are needed. B171 MARCUS, LEONARD S. "Life Drawings: Some Notes on Children's Picture Book Biographies." L&U 4, no. 1 (Summer 1980):15-31. Discusses the work of Ingri and Edgar Parin D'Aulaire, Anne Rockwell, Jean Fritz, Margot Tomes, and others. "The biographer's task is life drawing in which the comic sense, fantasy, and common sense have a part." B172 MARTIN, FRAN. "Stop Watering Down Biographies." Library Journal 84 (15 December 1959):3887-88. Castigates the convention, common in popular children's biogra phy series, that "great men and women invariably started out as normal and likeable youngsters, good mixers, and good sports." Compares popular treatments of Nancy Hanks and Mary Todd Lin coln with Carl Sandburg's. Calls for accuracy and realism in biogra phy for children. B173 MELTZER, MILTON. "Notes on Biography." ChLAQ 10, no. 4 (Win ter 1986):172-75. Offers insights into the art of biography and comments upon its criticism. B174 MORGAN, C.J. "Biography for Children." Orana 14 (February 1978):5-9; (May 1978):58-64. B175 SAYERS, FRANCES CLARKE. "Biography for Children." EER 9 (1932):197-99, 216. Stresses that well-written biographies are not merely collections of facts. Biography should be a tale of "mystic and symbolic combats." B176 SCULLEY, JAMES DAVID. "An Analysis of Five United States Mili tary Officers As They Are Portrayed by Authors and Illustrators in Biographical Literature for Intermediate Grade Children Published during the World War II Years of 1941-1946 and Viet Nam Years of 1970-1975." Ed.D. dissertation, Temple University, 1981, 102 pp., DA 42:5022A. Analyzes biographies of Dwight D. Eisenhower, George Washing ton, Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, and John Paul Jones. B177 STOTT, JON C. "Biographies of Sports Heroes and the American Dream." CLE, n.s. 10, no. 4 (Winter 1979):74-85. "This article examines relationships between four areas: children's fairy tales, the North American dream of going from rags to riches, the role of sports in North American society, and the uses and mis uses of biographies written for younger readers." B178 -----. "Biography for Children." Children's Literature 3 (1974):245-48. Stott makes some general comments about biography for children and reviews seven books. B179 SUTHERLAND, ZENA. "Biography in the United States." CLE, o.s., no. 22 (Autumn 1976):116-20. Sets forth, briefly, criteria for judging juvenile biography and then compares recent trends with past standards. Among recent trends she mentions, with examples, "more books about minorities, minor figures, more varied approaches, more books for young chil dren, more candor in presentation, and more documentation." Con cludes that on the whole biographical writing is better than it used to be. B180 TAYLOR, M. IONA. "A Study of Biography as a Literary Form for Children." Ed.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1970, 119 pp., DA31:5679A. Identifies distinctive qualities of biography for children as compared to that intended for adults. Traces the development of the genre away from didacticism and toward imaginative appeal, realism, and humor. B181 VIPOND, Mary. "Biography for Children: The Case of Dr. Frederick Banting." CCL 30 (1983):21-32. Comments on the problems confronting biographers; uses as an example four juvenile biographies of Dr. Frederick Banting. B182 WILMS, DENISE M. "An Evaluation of Biography." Booklist 75 (15 September 1978):218-20. (Reprinted in Barron, Jump Over the Moon, pp. 220-25.) Sets forth criteria for evaluating biographies for children and criticizes a frequent disregard for quality, questionable notions of suitability, and excessive fictionalization. B183 WITUCKE, VIRGINIA. "Trends in Juvenile Biography." TON 37 (Winter 1981):158-67. Surveys and comments upon the characteristics of juvenile biogra phies published in 1978. Finds an emphasis on young, contemporary Americancs, often entertainers or athletes. B184 -----. "Trends in Juvenile Biography: Five Years Later." TON 42 (Fall 1985):45-53. This follow-up to the above study examines juvenile biographies published in 1983. Finds an improved balance between living and deceased biographies, but fewer books published. B185 ZANDERER, LEO. "Evaluating Contemporary Children's Biography: Imaginative Reconstruction and Its Discontents." L&U 5 (1981):33-51. Places biography for children in the context of recent theories of biography for adults. An examination of three examples finds them falling short of standards set forth by Michael Holroyd and Jean Paul Sartre. BLACKS B186 AGREE, ROSE HYLA. "Black American in Children's Books: A Criti cal Analysis of the Portrayal of the Afro-American as Delineated in the Contents of a Select Group of Children's Trade Books Published in America from 1950-1970." Ed.D. dissertation, New York Univer sity, 1973, 245 pp., DA 34:3442A. Concludes that the portrayal of the black American in children's books during this period is unenlightening, lacks honesty and integ rity, and for the most part lacks distinction. B187 ANDERSON, ORA S. "Fiction for the Young Black Reader: A Cri tique of Selected Books." Journal of Negro Education 50 (Winter 1981):75-82. Concludes that very few unbiased books of fiction for black juvenile readers exist. B188 BACHNER, SAUL. "Three Junior Novels on the Black Experience." Journal of Reading 24 (May 1981):692-95. Discusses Robert Lipsyte's The Contender, Dorothy Sterling's Mary Jane, and Mary Elizabeth Vroman's Harlem Summer. B189 BADER, BARBARA. "Negro Identification, Black Identity." In Ameri can Picturebooks, pp. 373-82. Discusses the evolution in the portrayal of blacks in picture books through the 1960s. B190 BAKER, AUGUSTA. "The Black Experience in Children's Books: An Introductory Essay." Bulletin of the New York Public Library 75 (March 1971):143-46. Originally published as the introduction to The Black Experience in Children's Books, a 109-page bibliography compiled by Baker and published by the New York Public Library in 1971, this article sets forth criteria for evaluating children's books portraying blacks. B191 -----. "The Changing Image of the Black in Children's Literature." Horn Book 51 (February 1975):79-88. Traces the changes in depictions of blacks in children's literature from the 1920s and 1930s to the 1970s, and raises new concerns. B192 -----. "Guidelines for Black Books: An Open Letter to Juvenile Edi tors." Publishers Weekly 196 (14 July 1969):131-33. (Reprinted in MacCann, Black American, pp. 50-56, and in Haviland, Children and Literature, pp. 110-15.) Discusses criteria for illustrations, language, themes, and attitudes. Also discusses guidelines for selecting imported books and reprints and reissues. Concludes that the final criterion is that "The books must be worth reading." B193 BANFIELD, BERYLE, and WILSON, GERALDINE L. "The Black Experience through White Eyes--The Same Old Story Once Again." IRBC 14, no. 5 (1983):4-13. Argues that two award-winning picture books, Margot Zemach's Jake and Honeybunch Go to Heaven and Marcia Brown's Shadow, raise serious questions about the presentation of the black experience in children's books. Provides charts analyzing the uses of cultural symbols in the two books, statements from well-known writers, illus trators, and critics on the two books and related issues, and discus sions of evaluation versus censorship. B194 BAXTER, KATHERINE B. "Combating the Influence of Black Stereot ypes in Children's Books." Reading Teacher 27 (May 1974):540-44. (Excerpt in MacCann, Cultural Conformity, pp. 155-61.) Concentrates on ways of evaluating stereotypes, using several popular titles as examples. B195 BECKER, J™RG. "Racism in Children's and Young People's Literature in the Western World." Journal of Peace Research 10, no. 3 (1973):295-303. Makes an international and historical examination of the portray als of blacks in Western children's literature. Includes a lengthy international bibliography of books and journal articles. B196 BINGHAM, JANE MARIE. "A Content Analysis of the Treatment of Negro Characters in Children's Picture Books 1930-1968." Ph.D. dis sertation, Michigan State University, 1970, 218 pp. DA 31:2411A. "The purpose of the study was to ascertain how the American Negro had been depicted in the illustrations of children's picture books published between 1930 and 1968." B197 -----. "The Pictorial Treatment of Afro-Americans in Books for Young Children 1930-68." EE 48 (November 1971):880-85. Based on the author's doctoral dissertation, the article discusses the pictorial treatment of Afro-Americans in children's books from 1930 to 1968 and makes several recommendations for improvements. Includes a list of the forty-one books studied. B198 BIRTHA, JESSIE M. "Portrayal of the Black in Children's Literature." Philadelphia Library Association Bulletin 24 (July 1969):187-97. (Also in TON 26 [June 1970]:395-408 and MacCann, Black Americans, pp. 63-71.) Offers criteria for evaluating children's books relating to black Americans. Includes book lists and selection aids. B199 BOOTH, MARTHA F. "Black Ghetto Life Portrayed in Novels for the Adolescent." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Iowa, 1971, 172 pp., DA 32:1503A. Examines and evaluates "selected aspects of adolescent novels published since 1950, treating the Black adolescent, aged 10-19, living in an inner-city ghetto." B200 BRODERICK, DOROTHY M. Image of the Black in Children's Fiction. New York: Bowker, 1973, 219 pp. Examines the portrayal of blacks in children's fiction between 1827 and 1967. Considers such topics as slavery, religion and super stition, music, segregation, and black-white relationships. "The major problem with the books in the study and most of the Black books published and accepted since its cutoff date, is that they personalize the race issue instead of recognizing it as the social-economic- political problem it is." Based on the author's doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, 1971. B201 -----. "Lessons in Leadership." SLJ 18 (February 1971):31-33. Reports on reactions of librarians and reviewers to the depictions of blacks, particularly in illustrations, in children's books over a number of years. Comments especially on the work of Ellis Credle and Marguerite de Angeli. Feels Tobe by Stella Sharpe, with photo graphs by Charles Farrell, should have been a landmark book but was overlooked. B202 BROWN, ESTELLE. "Emerging Concepts of Social-Developmental Tasks of the Young Black Adolescent in Ten Selected Black Junior Novels." Ed.D. dissertation, Temple University, 1974, 192 pp., DA 36:3380A. Identifies the handling of the following themes in ten "Black junior novels" published from 1902 to 1972: achievement of individu ality, the social milieu, social values and ethnic understanding, group-peer relationships, family relationships, and world view and social change. B203 CARLSON, JULIE ANN. "A Comparison of the Treatment of the Negro in Children's Literature in the Periods 1929-38 and 1959-68." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Connecticut, 1969, 165 pp., DA 30:3452A. Concludes that stereotyping of the Negro in children's literature decreased in the period from 1929-38 to 1959-68. B204 CHALL, JEANNE S., et al. "Blacks in the World of Children's Books." Reading Teacher 32 (February 1979):527-33. This replication of Nancy Larrick's 1965 study finds definite improvements in the portrayal of blacks in children's books, but concludes that much remains to be done "with regard to both quan tity and quality." B205 COOLIDGE, ANN ELIZABETH. "Origins of Our Negro Folk Story." EER 9 (June 1932):161-62. Describes some of the origins of Negro folklore, including Afri can, American regional, and American Indian influences. Includes a bibliography. B206 CROSSON, WILHELMINA. "The Negro in Children's Literature." EER 10 (December 1933):249-55. Suggests children need to become more familiar with literature by and about Negroes. Provides extensive discussion of several works and appends a bibliography. Useful primarily for its historical perspective. B207 DAVIS, MAVIS WORMLEY. "Black Images in Children's Literature: Revised Editions Needed." Library Journal 97 (15 January 1972):261-63 and SLJ 19 (January 1972):37-39. (Reprinted in Ger hardt, Issues in Children's Book Selection, pp. 75-80.) Argues that the classics should be edited to remove offensive racial and social stereotypes. B208 DEANE, PAUL C. "The Persistence of Uncle Tom: An Examination of the Image of the Negro in Children's Fiction Series." Journal of Negro Education 37, no. 2 (Spring 1968):140-45. Examines the stereotypes of blacks in children's fiction series, concluding that although dialects have been removed, the traditional images remain. B209 DUFF, OGLE. "Treatment of Blacks in Selected Literature Anthologies for Grades Nine through Twelve Published Since 1968." Ph.D. dis sertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1974, pp. 155, DA 35:2219A. Concludes that "although the image of blacks in high school liter ature anthologies is improving, there are still critical omissions." B210 DYBEK, CAREN. "Black Literature for Adolescents." English Journal 63 (January 1974):64-67. (Reprinted in Varlejs, Young Adult Litera ture, pp. 245-50.) Surveys recent trends in adolescent literature by black writers. Includes bibliography. B211 EVANS, EVA KNOX. "The Negro in Children's Fiction." Publishers Weekly 140 (30 August 1941):650-53. Argues that books portraying real people in real situations are needed, and discusses the reactions of black and white children to dialect and illustrations in books portraying blacks. Letters in response to Evans's comments on dialect follow, in "Negro Dialect in Children's Books," Publishers Weekly 140 (18 October 1941):1555-58, and in "A Further Statement on Negro Dialect in Children's Books," Publishers Weekly 141 (10 January 1942):104-5. B212 FISHER, WINIFRED MAXINE. "Images of Black American Children in Contemporary Realistic Fiction for Children." Ed.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1971, 174 pp., DA 32:2302A. Describes the images of the everyday lives of black American children in contemporary realistic fiction, based on a sample of forty books. B213 FRANK, ZELMA ANN LLOYD. "The Portrayal of Black Americans in Pictures and Content in the Caldecott Award Books and Honor Books from 1938-1978." Ed.D. dissertation, University of Missouri- Columbia, 1979, 193 pp., DA 40:4398A. Investigates the "qualitative and quantitative portrayal of black Americans in illustrations and content in Caldecott Award and Honor books from 1938 to 1978." B214 GANT, LIZ. "That One's Me." Redbook, August 1972. (Reprinted in Meek, Cool Web, pp. 348-54.) A positive view of new directions in children's books having a black perspective and utilizing black English. Authors cited and quoted include Walter Myers, Sonia Sanchez, Sharon Bell Mathis, and Lorenz Graham. B215 GODDARD, ROSALIND K. "Humanizing the Black Hero in Fiction for Children." California Librarian 34 (October 1973):50-54. Argues that "quality fiction which depicts the experience of black people must embody all of the standards of character development, plot development and setting, but at the same time be consciously committed to realism and above all authenticity." B216 GRAHAM, BERYL. "Multi-Ethnic Literature: Where Are We Now?" Bulletin of the Children's Literature Assembly 6, no. 2 (Spring- Summer 1981). Delineates common stereotypes in literature about black children and provides a brief overview of ten positive and realistic books published between 1978 and 1980. B217 HAMILTON, VIRGINIA. "High John Is Risen Again." Horn Book 51 (April 1975):113-21. (Reprinted in Heins, Crosscurrents, pp. 59-67.) Discusses the role of black folklore and slave tradition in chil dren's and adult's literature. B218 HOPKINS, LEE BENNETT. "Negro Life in Current American Chil dren's Literature." Bookbird 6, no. 1 (1968):12-16. Surveys picture books, juvenile fiction, biography, nonfiction, and books about Africa. B219 JORDAN, JUNE. "Black English: The Politics of Translation." In Issues in Children's Book Selection, New York: Bowker, 1973, pp. 85-89. (Also in Library Journal 98 [15 May 1973]:1631-34 and SLJ 19 [May 1973]:21-24.) Argues in favor of children's books written in black English. B220 KIAH, ROSALIE BLACK. "The Black Teenager in Young Adult Nov els By Award-Winning Authors." Paper presented at the Southeast National Council of Teachers of English Affiliate Conference (Atlanta, Georgia, 25-27 September, 1980). ERIC Educational Docu ment Reproduction Service, 1980, 14 pp., ED 193 636. Examines over eighty young adult novels for blacks "to determine how they revealed the shared experience of black people in the fam ily setting and the social world (including the world of work)." Concludes that more authenticity and development of social problems are needed. B221 -----. "Content Analysis of Children's Contemporary Realistic Fiction About Black People in the United States to Determine If and How a Sample of These Stories Portray Selected Salient Experiences of Black People." Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, 1976, 274 pp., DA 37:3781A. Concludes that writers are focusing on "salient shared experiences of black people" and are focusing on social issues but "are not developing the stories to the extent that the child will be able to gain from the experience." B222 KRAUS, K. "From Steppin Stebbins to Soul Brothers: Racial Strife in Adolescent Fiction." Arizona English Bulletin 18, no. 3 (April 1976):154-60. (Reprinted in Varlejs, Young Adult Literature, pp. 235-44.) Traces the changing portrayals of black-white relations in adoles cent fiction. Among works examined are Hope Newell's A Cap for Mary Ellis, Jesse Jackson's Call Me Charley, Gilbert Douglas's Hard to Tackle, Gretchen Sprague's A Question of Harmony, and Kristin Hunter's The Soul Brothers and Sister Lou. B223 LANES, SELMA. "Black Is Bountiful." In Down the Rabbit Hole, pp. 158-77. Begins by summarizing the publishing history and controversies surrounding Helen Bannerman's Little Black Sambo, then discusses several aspects of the portrayal of blacks in children's books. Concludes with a brief discussion of John Steptoe's Stevie. B224 LARRICK, NANCY. "The All-White World of Children's Books." Sat urday Review 48 (11 September 1965):63-65, 84-85. (Also in Mac Cann, Black American, pp. 156-74.) This highly influential article was one of the first to raise the public's awareness of the extent of racism in children's books. Letters in response in 48 (16 October 1965):78-79. B225 LASS, BONNIE. "Trade Books for Black English Speakers." LA 57 (April 1980):413-19. An annotated bibliography of twenty-two books containing black English, with synopsis and language sample for each. B226 LATIMER, BETTYE I. "Children's Books and Racism." Black Scholar 4 (May-June 1973):21-27. Classifies flaws in the portrayal of blacks in children's literature as the romantic syndrome, the avoidance syndrome, the bootstrap syndrome, the oasis syndrome, and the ostrich-in-the-sand syndrome. B227 MacCANN, DONNARAE, and RICHARD, OLGA. "Picture Books for Children." WLB 57 (December 1982):332-33, 365. Reviews Margot Zemach's Jake and Honeybunch Go to Heaven and Marcia Brown's Shadow, and concludes that in both "The prob lems with portrayal of black life and culture seem to be caused by unconscious ethnocentrism and historical stereotyping." B228 MacCANN, DONNARAE, and WOODARD, GLORIA, eds. Black American in Books for Children: Readings in Racism. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1972, 223 pp. This anthology is divided into sections on criteria for judging the treatment of blacks in literature, racism in Newbery prize books, examples of racism in recent and older books, and racism in the publishing world. Also indexed separately under authors and topics covered in depth. B229 McGUIRE, ALICE. "The Minority Image in Books for Youth: Evolu tion and Evaluation." ERIC Educational Document Reproduction Ser vice, 1971, 13 pp., ED 052 907. Traces changes in the portrayals of blacks in children's literature from the forties and fifties to the present. B230 MADISON, JOHN. "School Integration in Children's Literature." Inte grated Education 16 (May-June 1978):10-11. Looks at "interesting and disconcerting results" in the way school integration is handled in May Justus's New Boy In School, Natalie Savage Carlson's The Empty Schoolhouse, and Dead End School by Robert Coles. B231 MIKKELSEN, NINA. "Censorship and The Black Child: Can the Real Story Ever Be Told?" Proceedings of the Children's Literature Association 9 (1982):117-27. Censorship of the black child in American children's literature has meant misrepresentation and neglect and also rejection, banning, and revision of books. A historical approach may help disseminate the "real story" that children greatly need. B232 MILLENDER, DHARATHULA H. "Through a Glass Darkly: Represen tation of the Negro in Books for Children." Library Journal 92 (15 December 1967):4571-76. (Excerpted in MacCann, Black American, pp. 143-52.) Describes the evolution of the representation of blacks in chil dren's books and the long history of distorted reality and stereotypes. Includes detailed listings of books discussed. B233 MULLER, AL. "Some Thoughts on the Black Young Adult Novel." SLJ 24 (April 1978):1963. (Reprinted from ALAN Review, Winter 1978.) Explores reasons for the decline of interest in the black young adult novel. B234 MUSE, DAPHNE. "Black Children's Literature: Rebirth of a Neglected Genre." Black Scholar 7 (December 1975):11-15. Praises the renaissance of a new black children's literature. B235 NOLEN, ELEANOR W. "The Colored Child in Contemporary Litera ture." Horn Book 18 (September 1942):348-55. Interesting in part for its historical perspective, this article discusses the problems and controversies surrounding dialect as well as several other issues. Includes a short reading list entitled "Some Well-Written, Sincere Stories of Negro Child Life." B236 OTEY, RHETA WASHINGTON. "An Inquiry into the Themes of Isola tion in Adolescent Literature about Black Youth: An Examination of Its Treatment by Selected Writers." Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 1978, 248 pp., DA 29:4699A. Focuses mainly on Virginia Hamilton, but includes a survey of blacks in children's literature from 1936 through 1975. Concludes that most works for children inadequately portray black life. B237 PARKS, CAROLE A. "Good-bye Black Sambo." Ebony, November 1972, pp. 60-70. Provides an overview of recent literature by black children's writers. B238 PREER, BETTE BANNER. "Guidance in Democratic Living through Juvenile Fiction." WLB 22 (May 1948):679-81, 708. Summarizes the history of the portrayals of blacks in children's books up to the 1940s, offers a set of guidelines for judging the portrayal of any minority group, and concludes with a rated list of books about blacks. B239 RICHARDSON, JUDY. "Black Children's Books: An Overview." Jour nal of Negro Education 43 (Summer 1974):380-400. Chronicles changes in black children's literature before and after 1954 and 1966. B240 ROLLINS, CHARLEMAE. "The Role of the Book in Combating Preju dice." WLB 42 (October 1967):176-79. Summarizes briefly the history of the portrayals, distortions, and omissions of blacks in children's books and the efforts of herself and others to effect change. B241 ROSNER, SOPHIE P. "A Descriptive Study to Identify Manifestations of Racist Ideology of Whites toward Blacks in Picture Books Pub lished in the United States: 1959, 1964, 1969." Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, 1975, 358 pp., DA 36:8063A. "The purpose of this study was to determine how the text and/or illustration of children's picture books convey to young children the values of society concerning black and White people." B242 SHEPARD, RAY ANTHONY. "Adventures in Blackland with Keats and Steptoe." IRBC 3, no. 4 (Autumn 1971):3. Compares Ezra Jack Keats's books about Peter (an outsider's view of the black world) with John Steptoe's Stevie (an insider's view). B243 SIMS, RUDINE. "A Question of Perspective." Advocate 3, no. 3 (Spring 1984):145-56. Discusses the complexities of whites writing about the black experience. B244 -----. Shadow and Substance: Afro-American Experience in Contem porary Children's Fiction. Urbana, Ill.: National Council of Teachers of English, 1982, 111 pp. Chapter 1 places "contemporary realistic fiction about Afro- Americans in a sociocultural and historical context." Chapter 2 discusses "`social conscience' books . . . written to help whites know the condition of their fellow humans." Chapter 3 discusses the "`melting pot' books" Chapter 4 discusses "`culturally conscious' books . . . written primarily for Afro-American readers." Chapter 5 pro vides "brief overviews of the work of five Afro-American writers who have made major contributions to Afro-American children's fic tion since 1965." These are Lucille Clifton, pp. 80-82, Eloise Greenfield, pp. 83-86; Virginia Hamilton, pp. 86-90; Sharon Bell Mathis, pp. 90-92, and Walter Dean Myers, pp. 92-96. A final chapter "summarizes the current status of children's fiction about Afro-Americans and suggests some frontiers yet to be explored." B245 -----. "What Has Happened to the `All-White' World of Children's Books?" Phi Delta Kappan 64 (May 1983):650-53. Argues that despite a growing group of prolific black writers, the characters, authors, and audience of children's books remain largely white. B246 SIMS, RUDINE, and HURMENCE, BELINDA. "Point of View: A Question of Perspective II and III." Advocate 4 (Fall 1984):20-23. Sims and Hurmence debate the issue of whether whites can write about blacks from a black perspective. B247 SMALL, ROBERT C. "An Analysis and Evaluation of Widely Read Junior Novels with Major Negro Characters." Ed.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, 1970, 395 pp., DA 31:4634A. Explores the question: To what extent do junior novels with major Negro characters possess recognized literary qualities? Found six books that received consistently high ratings for literary quality, listed in order: Lipsyte's The Contender, Means's Shuttered Windows, Bonham's Durango Street, Hentoff's Jazz Country, Vroman's Harlem Summer, and Fox's How Many Miles to Babylon?. B248 -----. "The Junior Novel and Race Relations." Negro American Liter ature Forum 8, no. 1 (Spring 1974):184-89. Argues that "although motivated by good intentions, the authors of a large number of recent junior novels on the theme of race rela tions have, to a great extent, been unable to break away from the narrow conventions and overt moralizing which have spoiled many junior novels with other themes." Discusses a number of well-known titles. B249 SODERBERGH, P.A. "Bibliographical Essay: The Negro in Juvenile Series Books, 1899-1930." Journal of Negro History 58 (April 1973):179-86. Examines series books as reinforcers of Negro stereotypes. B250 TATE, BINNIE. "In House and Out House: Authenticity and the Black Experience in Children's Books." Library Journal 95 (15 October 1970):3595-98. (Reprinted in MacCann, Black American, pp. 39-49.) Compares the responses of black and white librarians to several books by black and white authors about the black experience. B251 THOMPSON, JUDITH, and WOODARD, GLORIA. "Black Perspective in Books for Children." WLB 44 (December 1969):416-24. (Reprinted in MacCann, Black American, pp. 14-27.) Points out examples of stereotyping in a number of children's books and argues for more awareness of unconscious prejudices and stereotypes and for the validity of racial attitude as a criteria for judging literature. B252 TREMPER, ELLEN. "Black English in Children's Literature." L&U 3, no. 2 (Winter 1979-80):105-24. Discusses the role of black English in John Steptoe's Stevie and Trainride, in Lucille Clifton's My Brother Fine with Me, and in June Jordan's His Own Where. B253 WHARTON, LINDA R. "Black American Children's Singing Games: A Structural Analysis." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1979, 513 pp., DA 40:2356A. Collects and investigates American black children's singing games and analyzes their roles and functions. B254 WILLIAMS, LILLIANN B. "Black Traditions in Children's Literature: A Content Analysis of the Text and Illustrations of Picture Story Books about Black People in the United States to Determine How Selected Black Traditions Have Been Portrayed and to Determine What Impact These Portrayals Have on the Self-Concept of Children Who Are Exposed to These Books." Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, 1979, 267 pp., DA 40:4888A. Studies the impact on third graders of selected picture books portraying blacks. B255 WUNDERLICH, ELAINE. "Black Americans in Children's Books." Reading Teacher 28 (December 1974):282-85. Attempts to show an improvement in the portrayal of blacks in children's books since 1972. B256 YOUNG, JACQUELINE. "Criteria in Selection of Black Literature for Children." Freedomways 13 (1973):107-16. "Black literature must completely nullify the deceptive influences that prevent Black children from finding self esteem; Black literature must convey realism; and Black literature must be authentic." BOOK DESIGN B257 BEILENSON, EDNA. "Children's Books in `The Fifty Books of the Year.'" Horn Book 26 (May 1950):161-70. Examines the design qualities of the six children's books included in the fifty best selected by the American Institute of Graphic Arts and four which were not selected among the fifty that she felt had special merit. B258 DALGLIESH, ALICE, and EVANS, MARGARET B. "Designing Chil dren's Books." Bulletin of the New York Public Library 60 (Novem ber 1956):573-78. Comments on considerations in the design of books for children. B259 HOGROGIAN, NONNY. "The Story Sets The Pace: An Illustrator's View of Design." Publishers Weekly 189 (21 February 1966):100-103. Discusses various considerations in book design, with examples from her own work. Emphasizes the priority of the text, the signifi cance of typeface, and the use of another designer's format. BOONE, DANIEL B260 SMITH, CAROLYN. "Literary Image of Daniel Boone: A Changing Ideal in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Popular Literature." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Utah, 1974, 184 pp., DA 35:1635A. Examines the image of Daniel Boone in juvenile as well as in adult popular literature. BOYS' FICTION B261 SPARAPANI, HENRY R. "American Boy-Book: 1865-1915." Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1971, 181 pp., DA 32:7006A. Examines the "bad boy" in American literature, beginning with Thomas Bailey Aldrich's The Story of A Bad Boy (1870) and ending with Booth Tarkington's Penrod series (1914-16). B262 TURNER, E.S. Boys Will Be Boys: The Story of Sweeney Todd, Deadwood Dick, Sexton Blake, Billy Bunter, Dick Barton, et al. London: Michael Joseph, 1948, 269 pp. A history of popular British periodicals for boys since the early nineteenth century. Includes sections on the Boy's Own Paper (pp. 93-98), Gem and Magnet (pp. 198-220), and a detailed index. B263 UNSWORTH, ROBERT. "Holden Caulfield, Where Are You?" SLJ 23 (January 1977):40-41. Argues that more books are needed that portray "rites-of-passage" for adolescent boys, that "relates to and possibly relieves their anxieties," especially about sex, and "convinces them they do not agonize alone." BRAZIL B264 WERNECK, REGINA YOLANDA MATTOSO. "Illustration of Chil dren's Books in Brazil." Bookbird 11, no. 2 (1973):64-69. A summary of the history and current state of children's book illustration in Brazil. BRITAIN B265 DONOVAN, JOHN. "American Dispatch." Signal 28 (January 1979):3-8. Includes comments of prominent American reviewers and critics concerning differences between American and British juvenile fiction. B266 EYRE, FRANK. "British Children's Books in the Twentieth Century." In Haviland, Children and Literature, pp. 335-39. (Excerpts from Frank Eyre, British Children's Books in the Twentieth Century, pp. 26-30, 35, 77-79.) An overview of trends in children's books since World War II and the recent growth in criticism of children's literature. B267 HANNABUSS, STUART. "What We Used to Read: A Survey of Chil dren's Reading in Britain, 1910-1950." CLE, n.s. 8, no. 3 (1977):127-34. Compares what was actually read during these years with what experts advised teachers, librarians, and children to read. B268 LEESON, ROBERT. Children's Books and Class Society: Past and Pre sent. Edited by the Children's Rights Workshop Papers on Children's Literature, no. 3. London: Writers & Readers Publishing Coopera tive, 1977, 62 pp. Examines issues of social class in British children's books over two centuries. B269 MOSS, ELAINE. "The Seventies in British Children's Books." In Chambers, Signal Approach, pp. 48-80. Surveys sociological concerns of the seventies, publishing econom ics, fiction, picture books, verse, information books, and book reviewing and promotion. B270 TOWNSEND, JOHN ROWE. "The Present State of English Children's Literature." WLB 43 (October 1968):126-33. An overview. B271 TREASE, GEOFFREY. "The Revolution in English Children's Litera ture." Bookbird 9, no. 4 (1971):6-13. Discusses changes in the scope and subject matter of English children's books since the 1930s. Warns against future dangers from pressure groups, and expresses fears that in the desire to raise critical standards and achieve academic respectability "we shall produce books to please teachers and librarians more than the children themselves." A similar article, entitled "The Revolution in Children's Literature," appears in Blishen's Thorny Paradise, pp. 13-24. BULGARIA B272 BOSSER, ASSEN. "Children's Literature in Bulgaria." Bookbird 10, no. 3 (1972):14-18. A survey of Bulgarian authors, illustrators, and periodicals. CANADA B273 BLAIR, HEATHER. "Canadian Native Peoples in Adolescent Litera ture." Journal of Reading 26 (December 1982):217-21. Examines the content and readability of young adult fiction about Canadian native peoples by both native and nonnative authors. Includes an annotated chart of books discussed. B274 Canadian Literature 78 (Autumn 1978):135 pp. Special issue. Includes articles indexed separately in this bibliography by and about Mordecai Richler, Christie Harris, and Catherine A. Clark. B275 CARPENTER, CAROLE HENDERSON. "Native Folklore for Canadian Children." Proceedings of the Children's Literature Association 5 (1978):57-63. Discusses problems and difficulties of using folklore with children and urges that more care be taken in presenting "other cultures" to children. Includes examples from Canadian native American folklore. B276 CLEMENT, BEATRICE. "Children's National Literature in French Canada." TON 17 (December 1960):27-31. Provides an overview of the history and development of French- Canadian children's literature. See also in the same issue Guy Sylvester's "The Young Adult and French-Canadian Writing," pp. 9-12. B277 EGOFF, SHEILA. "Children's Literature." In Literary History of Canada. Edited by Carl Frederick Klinck. 2d ed. Toronto: Univer sity of Toronto Press, 1976, 3:204-11. Provides a brief overview of Canadian children's literature. B278 -----. "Reflections and Distortions: Canadian Folklore as Portrayed in Children's Literature." International Library Review 4 (July 1972):265-79. Discusses the use of Eskimo, Indian, French, and English- Canadian folklore in Canadian children's literature. B279 -----. The Republic of Childhood: A Critical Guide to Canadian Children's Literature in English. 2d ed. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1975, 335 pp. Includes discussions of Indian and Eskimo legends, folktales, fantasy, historical fiction, the realistic animal story, realistic fiction, history and biography, poetry and drama, illustration and design, picture books, and early Canadian children's books. B280 ELLIS, SARAH. "News from the North." Horn Book 60 (February 1984):99-103. Discusses three recent Canadian books for young adults, Brian Doyle's Up to Low, Kevin Major's Hold Fast, and Jan Truss's Jasmin, seeing each as firmly rooted in time and place. B281 -----. "News from the North." Horn Book 60 (June 1984):375-79. Discusses four Canadian picture books written from the perspec tive of an adult looking back: William Kurelek's A Prairie Boy's Summer (1975) and A Prairie Boy's Winter (1973), Sing Lim's West Coast Chinese Boy (1979), and Shizuyo Takashima's A Child in Prison Camp (1971). B282 FEE, MARGERY. "Romantic Nationalism and the Child in Canadian Writing." CCL 18-19 (1980):46-61. Explores the connection between the romantic invention of the modern child, the romantic concept of nationalism, and the relation ship between the two in Canadian literature. B283 GAGNON, ANDRE. "French Canadian Literature for Children." Pro ceedings of the Children's Literature Association 6 (1979):106-11. An overview of recent French Canadian children's literature. B284 MENDELSOHN, LEONARD R. "The Current State of Children's Liter ature in Canada." Children's Literature 4 (1975):138-52. Maintains that the overshadowing by English and American pub lishers has led to a relatively small number of books of excellent quality by Canadian authors. Discusses several recent examples. Includes a bibliography of Canadian children's books published from 1970 to 1974. B285 ORD, PRISCILLA, ed. "Canadian Children's Literature." ChLAQ 2, no. 3 (Autumn 1977):16pp. (Reprinted in part in Dooley, First Steps, pp. 6-10.) Includes articles on Canadian children's literature as a mirror of culture, by Carole Henderson Carpenter, on Canadian children's poetry, by William Blackburn, and on the realistic animal story, by Margaret Wilson. Also includes articles, indexed separately, on William Kurelek and Ruth Nichols, and a lengthy review by Patricia Dooley of Lillian Smith's Unreluctant Years and Sheila Egoff's Republic of Childhood. B286 SORFLEET, JOHN R. "Children's Books in Canada, or, the Twittering of the Penguins." In Children's Books International 2. Proceedings and Book Catalog. Boston: Boston Public Library, 1977, pp. 41-48. Provides an overview of Canadian children's literature, pointing out some of its distinguishing regional characteristics. B287 -----. "Children's Periodicals in Canada." Phaedrus 4, no. 2 (Fall 1977):19-20. Provides an introduction to the field, designed "to spur additional research." B288 ZOLA, MEGUIDO. "Children's Magazines: High-Flyers of Canadian Publishing." Bookbird 3 (1981):33-38. An overview. CARNEGIE MEDAL BOOKS B289 CROUCH, MARCUS, and ELLIS, ALEC, eds. Chosen for Children: An Account of Books Which Have Been Awarded the Library Asso ciation Carnegie Medal, 1936-1975. 3d ed. London: Library Asso ciation, 1977, 180 pp. Each section contains a short introduction to an award-winning book, an account of the circumstances of the award, an excerpt from a chapter of the winning book, and a comment by the author on the origins of the book. CENSORSHIP B290 BRODERICK, DOROTHY. "Censorship--Reevaluated." Library Journal 96 (15 November 1971):3816-18 and SLJ (November 1971):30-32. (Reprinted in Gerhardt, Issues in Children's Book Selection, pp. 61-66.) Argues that intellectual freedom should not be an issue in cases of pornography and racism. "The whole concept of social responsi bility implies value judgments--some things are right and some things are wrong and it is that simple." Argues that bigotry is not just another point of view. Against Broderick's point of view, James A. Harvey's "Acting for the Children?" follows, in Gerhardt, pp. 67-72, and in SLJ (February 1973), arguing that some individuals may find valuable and useful those works Broderick detests. B291 -----. "A Different Look at The Diviners." Emergency Librarian 4, no. 2 (November-December 1976):14-15. (Reprinted in Varlejs, Young Adult Literature, pp. 208-10.) Examines the real issues in the censorship of Margaret Laurence's book and comments on censorship. B292 DARLING, RICHARD L. "Censorship--An Old Story." EE 51 (May 1974):691-96. A historical overview of the censorship of children's books. Includes references. B293 HEARNE, BETSY. "Sex, Violence, Obscenity, Tragedy, Scariness and Other Facts of Life in Children's Literature." Learning 10, no. 7 (February 1982):104-7. Attempts to strike a balance between freedom and protection. B294 HENTOFF, NAT. "Any Writer Who Follows Anyone Else's Guidelines Ought to Be in Advertising." SLJ 24 (November 1977):27-29. (Reprinted in Lenz, Young Adult Literature, pp. 454-60, and in Carr, Beyond Fact, pp. 176-80.) Attacks the checklists and activities of the Council on Interracial Books for Children as censorship. The "CIBC not only distrusts individualism . . . but it also distrusts children." B295 KLEIN, NORMA. "Some Thoughts on Censorship: An Author Sympo sium." TON 39 (Winter 1983):137-53. A number of authors comment on the way censorship by editors and libraries has affected their literary careers. Writers are Robin Brancato, Judy Blume, Sandra Scoppettone, David Rees, and Betty Miles. In the second part of the symposium Klein discusses her own experiences with editors and her own books. B296 KOSINSKI, JERZY. "Against Book Censorship." Media and Methods 12 (January 1976):21-24. (Reprinted in Lenz, Young Adult Litera ture, pp. 460-64.) Censorship "undermines one of the basic reasons for teaching contemporary literature: to present the students with hypothetical situations--emotional, moral, political, religious, sexual--which they are likely to face once they leave the protective structure of school, family, or community, or which they may be struggling to face already." B297 LEHMANN-HAUPT, HELMUT. "What the Nazis Did to Children's Books." Horn Book 25 (May 1949):220-30. Describes how Nazi propaganda was "cunningly grafted onto existing concepts," resulting in subtle changes that were in many ways more effective and lasting than overt indoctrination. B298 LETTIS, RICHARD. "The Book Is Not for Burning." Journal of Read ing 21 (November 1977):106-8. (Reprinted in Lenz, Young Adult Literature, pp. 452-54.) Compares censorship as "protection" with Holden Caulfield's role as a "catcher" in Salinger's Catcher in the Rye, suggesting that Holden learns, in the course of the novel, the dangers and impossi bilities of the role of "catcher," while the censors have not. B299 McCLURE, AMY. "Censorship." ChLAQ 8, no. 1 (Spring 1983):22-25. Provides a brief historical overview of the history of censorship of children's literature. Includes references. B300 -----. "Intellectual Freedom and the Young Child." ChLAQ 8, no. 3 (Fall 1983):41-43. Surveys the reasons for censorship in various categories of issues and explores ways of balancing intellectual freedom with the need to protect. B301 MacLEOD, ANNE SCOTT. "Censorship and Children's Literature." Library Quarterly 53 (January 1983):26-38. Attempts to place current arguments over censorship of children's books into a historical context. Suggests that the consensus and homogeneity among people involved in the production of children's books broke up in the 1960s, and "enormous changes in the content of children's literature followed. . . . The 1980s promises to be a period of conflict, as conservative reaction against the liberal trends of the 1970s tries to reverse an accomplished transformation in the literature." B302 MAZER, NORMA FOX. "Comics, Cokes, and Censorship." TON 32 (January 1976):167-70. (Reprinted in Varlejs, Young Adult Litera ture, pp. 211-14.) Comes out strongly against the censorship of children's reading matter yet leaves the reader with the questions "What is censorship?" and "If we are censoring, however discreetly, whether as parents, readers, teachers, librarians, or writers, what are we risking?" B303 MOOD, ROBERT G. "Let' em Read Trash." EE 34 (November 1957):444-50. Censorship to protect children from corrupting their taste and intelligence does not keep children from reading trash. Defends comics and maintains that the four elements people most often want to eliminate in them are also found in the classics. These are: (1) violence and terror, (2) incitement to misconduct and crime, (3) banality, and (4) sex. B304 MOORE, ROBERT B., and BURRESS, LEE. "Bait/Rebait: Criticism vs. Censorship." English Journal 70 (September 1981):14-19. Issue: "The criticizing of racism and sexism by the Council on Interracial Books for Children is not censorship." B305 MUSSER, LOUISE A. "Censoring Sexist and Racist Books: Unjustified and Unjust." ChLAQ 9, no. 1 (Spring 1984):36-37. Summarizes briefly a number of recent censorship issues and cases. Concludes that "arguments against censorship in general must also apply to censorship of those books that may be sexist or racist." B306 NODELMAN, PERRY. "The Case of the Disappearing Jew." CLE, n.s. 10, no. 1 (Spring 1979):44-48. Examines the disappearance of the anti-Semitic tale "The Jew in the Bush" from a Puffin "reprint," raising questions of values, censorship, and literary criticism. B307 SULLIVAN, PEGGY, ed. "Freedom and Constraint in Children's Liter ature." WLB 51 (October 1976):144-76. Special issue. Contains "What shall They Read? A History Per spective," by W. Boyd Rayward, pp. 146-53; "Children's Books in a Pluralistic Society," by Donnarae MacCann, pp. 154-62; "The Intellec tual Rights of Children," by Pamela Ellen Procuniar, pp. 163-67; "The Students Right to Free Expression," by Eileen S. Sullivan, pp. 168-76; and "Somewhat Free: Post-Civil War Writing for Children," by Evelyn Geller, pp. 172-76. B308 WARD, NANCY. "Feminism and Censorship." LA 53 (May 1976):536-37. Argues not to take away or change older, sexist materials, but to add new. B309 WEST, MARK I. "Not to Be Circulated: The Response of Children's Librarians to Dime Novels and Series Books." ChLAQ 10 (Fall 1985):137-39. Reviews the history of librarians' attempts to censor dime novels and series books, and shows that librarians have not always defended freedom to read. B310 WHITE, MARY LOU. "Censorship--Threat Over Children's Books." Elementary School Journal 75 (October 1974):2-10. Points out the wide range of opinions on many censored chil dren's books. B311 YATES, JESSICA. "Censorship in Children's Paperbacks." CLE, n.s. 11, no. 4 (Winter 1980):180-91. Discusses the prevalence of moral and political censorship in children's books, particularly the changes frequently made in paper back editions, with examples from many well-known books. Letters in response and Yates's reply follow in CLE, n.s. 12, no. 1 (Spring 1981):56-58. CHILD ABUSE B312 FIEDLER, LESLIE. "Child Abuse and the Literature of Childhood." Children's Literature 8 (1980):147-53. Discusses approaches to child abuse in children's literature. B313 HEARNE, BETSY. "The American Connection." Signal 31 (January 1980):36-41. Discusses two recent children's books centering on child abuse. B314 SHANNON, GEORGE. "The Survival of the Child: Abuse in Folk tales." CLE, n.s. 12, no. 1 (Spring 1981):34-38. Examines the treatment of child abuse in the folktales of several cultures. B315 WOOLRIDGE, CONNIE N. "Masquerading as Realism: Child Abuse in Juvenile Novels." SLJ 24 (March 1978):102-3. Examines the treatment of child abuse in five juvenile novels: Irene Hunt's The Lottery Rose, Willo D. Roberts's Don't Hurt Laurie, Jacklyn O'Hanlon's Fair Game, Betsy Byars's Pinballs, and Marion D. Bauer's Foster Child. CHILDREN B316 BARRICK, JEAN ANNE. "The Authority of Childhood: Three Com ponents of the Childlike Spirit in Poems by Robert Louis Stevenson, Kate Greenaway, and Christina Rossetti." Ed.D. dissertation, Colum bia University, 1971, 249 pp., DA 32:3146A. Discusses wonder, play, and construction/reconstruction as means by which young children "author and authenticate their life- experiences, values, and commitments" in literature written for adults about children and in literature written for children. B317 BILDMAN, JOAN. "Study of Child-Adult Relationships as Revealed in Selected Contemporary Picture-Storybooks for Children in the Primary Grades." Ed.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1972, 510 pp., DA 33:950A. Explores the depiction of child-adult relationships in one hundred picture books published between 1950 and 1970. B318 CAMERON, ELEANOR. "The Characterization of the Child in Trans lated Books." Ripples 5, no. 3 (Fall-Winter 1980):4-10. Analyzes the characters and weighs the relative importance of character and place in several translated books, including J”rg Steiner's Rabbit Island, Maria Gripe's The Night Daddy, Tove Jansson's Tales from Moominvalley, and Van Iterson's Pulga. B319 ESCARPIT, DENISE, ed. The Portrayal of the Child in Children's Lit erature: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the International Research Society for Children's Literature. Bordeaux, France: University of Gascony, September 1983. Munich: K.G. Saur, 1985, 392 pp. Includes 36 papers in French and in English, with summaries in the alternate language. Papers are grouped under the following topics: the child in national literature, the child in illustration, the child in minority groups, the child in the literary genres, and individual visions of the child. Selected papers have been indexed under individual topics in this bibliography. B320 GLASSER, WILLIAM. "Creative Children: Characterized and Criti cized." L&U 1, no. 2 (Fall 1977):40-46. Examines two picture books which "foster the idea that the child's creative capacities should be selectively restrained," Edward Fenton's Fierce John and Else Minarik's Little Bear. B321 HAYDEN, GRETCHEN PURTELL. "A Descriptive Study of the Treat ment of Personal Development in Selected Children's Fiction Books Awarded the Newbery Medal." Ed.D. dissertation, Wayne State Uni versity, 1969, 303 pp., DA 31:1663A. Examines four Newbery award-winning books in terms of their depiction of the personal development of the main character: Irene Hunt's Up a Road Slowly, Joseph Krumgold's And Now Miquel, Emily Neville's It's Like This Cat, and Esther Forbes's Johnny Tremain. B322 HOMZE, ALMA CROSS. "Interpersonal Relations in Children's Litera ture, 1920 to 1960." Ed.D. dissertation, Pennsylvania State Univer sity, 1963, 222 pp., DA 24:5079A. Found adult characters becoming decreasingly authoritarian and decreasingly critical in their relationships with child characters, child characters increasingly outspoken and critical in interactions with adult characters, child characters increasingly independent, and increasing competition and less affection among adults and children. B323 KELLY, R. GORDON. "Changing Lifestyles in Children's Books." Catholic Library World 53 (Summer 1981):65-69. Reflects on the changing nature of childhood and the child's preparation for the adult world in Louisa May Alcott's Little Women, in Horatio Alger's Ragged Dick, in Richard Hughes's Tom Brown's School Days, in Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, in Kate Douglas Wiggin's Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, and in Mary Stolz's Look Before You Leap. B324 KORTH, VIRGINIA. "The Gifted Child in Children's Fiction." Gifted Child Quarterly 21 (Summer 1977):246-60. Describes research to identify children's fiction about gifted children. Finds mostly positive portrayals. B325 NYE, MARILYN L. "Children's Literature to Educate Adults." LA 54 (January 1977):51-54. Discusses several books that provide insights into children's feelings and actions in terms of child-child and child-adult relation ships. B326 PEARCE, PHILIPPA. "The Writer's View of Childhood." Horn Book 38 (February 1962):74-78. Reflects on attitudes toward childhood expressed by various well- known and classic writers. B327 TODD, ROBERT. "The Treatment of Childhood Stress in Children's Literature." CLE, o.s., no. 5 (1971):26-45. (Originally published in Child in Care, the magazine of the Residential Childcare Association, in a slightly different form.) Examines depictions of stress in books ranging from "Snow White" to a number of modern problem novels. Comments by David Evans follow, pp. 46-50. B328 TWAY, EILEEN. "The Gifted Child in Literature." LA 57 (January 1980):14-20. Surveys the gifted child in more than two dozen contemporary children's books. CHILDREN AS AUTHORS B329 MOLSON, FRANCIS. "Portrait of the Young Writer in Children's Fic tion." L&U 1, no. 2 (Fall 1977):77-90. Discusses Louise Fitzhugh's Harriet the Spy, Irene Hunt's Up the Road Slowly, Jean Little's Look Through My Window, Eleanor Cam eron's A Room Made of Windows, and Mollie Hunter's A Sound of Chariots. B330 SMITH, LOUISA A. "Child Writers in Children's Literature." LA 57 (May 1980):519-23. Discusses the portrayal of the child as a writer in Louisa May Alcott's Little Women, Carol Ryrie Brink's Louly, Eleanor Cameron's Julia and the Hand of God, and Maud H. Lovelace's Betsy and Tacy Go Downtown. CHILE B331 BRAVO-VILLASANTE, CARMEN. "The History of Juvenile Literature in Chile." Bookbird 5, no. 3 (1967):28-34. Concentrates on Chilean folktale collections. CHINA B332 BLUMENTHAL, EILEEN P. "Models in Chinese Moral Education: Per spectives from Children's Books." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1976, 250 pp., DA 37:6357A. Investigates Chinese children's books that are produced as part of a broad program of moral education in China, paying particular attention to the Chinese theory of model emulation. B333 CHANG, PARRIS H. "Children's Literature and Political Socialization." In Moving a Mountain: Cultural Change in China. Edited by God win C. Chu and Francis L.K. Hsu. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii for East-West Center, 1979, 446 pp. Discusses Chinese picture story books, identifying major themes, and explores the implications of early political socialization. B334 CHU, LEONARD L. "Sabers and Swords for the Chinese Children: Revolutionary Children's Folk Songs." In Popular Media in China: Shaping New Cultural Patterns. Edited by Godwin C. Chu. Hono lulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1978, pp. 16-50. Provides an extensive account, with examples, of Chinese chil dren's folk songs, contrasting the traditional songs of the past, which were communicated by parents and grandparents, to the modern rev olutionary songs, which are mass circulated. Includes extensive references. B335 COLE, DAVID, and COLE, DOROTHEA. "Two Cultures, Two Kinds of Children's Books." IRBC 8, no. 7 (1977):9-11. Identifies major themes and values expressed in Chinese literature for children and contrasts them with American themes and values. B336 DOOLEY, PATRICIA. "Porcelain, Pigtails, Pagodas: Images of China in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Illustrated Editions of the Nightingale." Proceedings of the Children's Literature Association 6 (1979):94-105. Examines European ideas of China as revealed in nineteenth- and twentieth-century illustrations and translations of "The Nightingale," and provides extensive background information on the various ver sions. B337 ECO, UMBERTO. "Little Red Comic Books." Atlas 20 (November 1971):36-38. Finds Mao's new way of reaching the people through comics to be humane, educational, and revolutionary. "With few exceptions, there is no distinction between strips for children and for adults." B338 HANNABUSS, STUART. "Muscular Ideology: A Look at Chinese Children's Books." Signal 20 (May 1976):68-77. Discusses what he sees as the almost overwhelming emphasis on ideology in Chinese children's books. B339 HWANG, JOHN C. "Lien Huan Hua: Revolutionary Serial Pictures." In Popular Media in China: Shaping New Cultural Patterns. Edited by Godwin C. Chu. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1978, pp. 51-72. Discusses the Chinese equivalents of Western comic books, placing them in their historical centers and showing how they are used to communicate political messages. B340 KRASILOVSKY, PHYLLIS. "What Chinese Children Read: A Morality Tale." Publishers Weekly 203 (26 February 1973):100-101. (Reprinted in White, Children's Literature, pp. 64-68.) Examines the messages communicated in a sampling of Chinese children's books. B341 MITCHELL, EDNA. "Children's Books from the People's Republic of China." LA 57 (January 1980):30-37. Surveys recent Chinese children's literature discussing trends, artistic qualities, and values portrayed. B342 "`Monkey': A Chinese Children's Classic." In Childhood in Contempo rary Cultures. Edited by Margaret Mead and Martha Wolfenstein. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955, pp. 246-52. Provides a detailed analysis of the traditional tale "Monkey," a favorite of Chinese children between the ages of six and ten, and attempts to explain the reasons for its appeal to this age group. B343 "People's Republic of China: Educating the Masses with Picture-Story Books." Interracial Books for Children 5, nos. 1-2 (1974):7-10. A lengthy report on children's books in China that includes the following categories: (1) stories written as object lessons, (2) stories about the "Bitter Years," 1920s-1940s, (3) stories about revolutionary movements in other countries, (4) adaptations of works by foreign authors, (5) reading texts, and (6) folklore. B344 SCOTT, DOROTHEA H. Chinese Popular Literature and the Child. Chicago: American Library Association, 1980, 181 pp. Surveys China's popular literature, oral and written, over several centuries and shows its influences on Chinese children's literature. Includes a bibliography and index. B345 -----. "Chinese Stories: A Plea f