F I N A L
E X A M I N A T I O N
This is an OPEN BOOK exam. There is NO TIME LIMIT.
Your goal is to prove to yourself that you have
learned these materials to your satisfaction.
There are 96 multiple-choice items. You should get at
least 80 items correct for a quality grade of "B" and
90 items for an "A".
Remember: DO NOT GUESS. If unsure of an answer,
refer back to the text. Also, try to explain WHY
each correct answer is correct, and WHY each
incorrect answer is incorrect.
(The correct sentences are given at the end.)
01. An optimistic student always keeps in mind how
a. little s/he knows
b. much s/he knows
c. little s/he doesn't know
d. much s/he doesn't know
02. In coping with a problem such as a weakness in
reading skills, Logan believes that you
a. need to find out the cause of the problem
in order to relieve your feelings of guilt
b. need to find out the cause of the problem
in order to increase your feelings of guilt
c. need to have the true facts
d. are willing to punish yourself severely
in order to decide how to deal with it
03. When studying, active participation refers to
a. covert behavior only
b. overt behavior only
c. both covert and overt behavior
d. finishing even if you're tired
04. Information processing is best described
a. as calculating answers
b. as digesting ideas
c. as storing words
d. as accumulating facts
05. It is important for students to know that
college textbooks are
a. edited
b. fallible
c. written for profit
d. written by professors
06. When does Logan think that learning is
consolidated?
a. In class
b. Right after class
c. While you're studying
d. While you're sleeping
07. In college courses, you should use mnemonics
a. only as a last resort
b. when recommended by the instructor
c. whenever they would help
d. if you don't understand the material
08. Conventional wisdom is to rid yourself of
test anxiety. In this case, such wisdom
a. is right
b. is right unless you need an excuse
c. is right if you know the material
d. is wrong
09. When trying to learn verbal material, there
a. is really only one way
b. is only one good way
c. are several ways
d. are really bad ways
10. To say that science accepts causality is
to say that scientists
a. recognize that accidents happen and
have to be taken into account
b. understand some phenomena better than others
c. believe that everything that happens is
determined by physical processes
d. sometimes have to use chance probabilities
11. According to Logan, the first step toward
success in college is to
a. know your aptitude test scores
b. have a definite major in mind
c. make a firm commitment
d. meet your professors
12. In dealing by yourself with your own personal
problems, it is most important that you
a. keep it strictly private
b. realize its real importance
c. need to find out the cause of the problem
d. should deal with the problem and not try
to find out what caused it
13. To say that world knowledge is non-verbal
is to say that it
a. cannot be put into words
b. cannot be understood without words
c. can be expressed in different words
d. can be expressed without words
14. If you process an item of information a large
number of times, processing
a. becomes boring
b. becomes variable
c. becomes automatic
d. becomes difficult
15. You should mark material in the textbook that
you think
a. is important to you now
b. will be important to you later
c. was important to the author
d. could be important to the professor
16. Comparing the mind with a muscle, it is important
to know that the mind
a. needs to warm up and gets tired
b. needs to warm up but doesn't get tired
c. doesn't need to warm up but does get tired
d. doesn't need to warm up and doesn't get tired
17. Your grade in a course depends on
how much you know AND
a. how advanced the course is
b. how much other students know
c. what kind of a test is given
d. where you learned it
18. In taking this test, you should be guided
LEAST toward the answer given by
a. yourself
b. the author of the text
c. the instructor
d. common knowledge
19. As distinct from practical knowledge that
you can use, most college learning
a. is useless
b. is finite
c. leads to more money
d. leads to more learning
20. When we say that information is subjective,
we mean that it is based on
a. personal opinion
b. public reaction
c. the use of a ruler
d. the use of a timer
21. Compared with the typical student, a professional
student spends
a. more time studying
b. less time studying
c. more or less time, depending on the assignment
d. more or less time, depending on other commitments
22. Your first experiences with a stimulus situation
are likely to
a. make a smaller impressing than your
later experiences
b. be especially prone to being forgotten
c. be repressed into your unconscious
d. affect you for the rest of your life
23. The cumulative curve of knowledge shows that
one learns faster
a. the younger one is, after childhood
b. the older one is, before old age
c. the more one already knows
d. the less one has left to learn
24. Successful performance on a mental
time-sharing task requires
a. divided attention
b. undivided attention
c. divided chunking
d. undivided chunking
25. The half-life of original learning is about
a. one hour
b. three hours
c. one day
d. three days
26. Logan recommends that, during a lecture
students take
a. no written notes
b. few written notes
c. a lot of written notes
d. as many written notes as possible
27. According to Logan, a major purpose of giving
course exams is to
a. find out who hasn't learned the material
b. encourage learning for learning's sake
c. show you how much you still don't know
d. reward good students
28. The best way to take an exam is to answer the
a. first items first
b. last items first
c. easiest items first
d. hardest items first
29. Self-discipline is acquired through
a. contingency management
b. contingency belief
c. identity management
d. identity belief
30. If, instead of repeating a definition word-for-
word, you paraphrase it into your own words, we
would say that you are
a. rehearsing it
b. decreasing your understanding of it
c. more likely to miss it on an exam
d. missing the point
31. In dealing with course assignments, the best
strategy is to work to
a. put in the expected amount of time
b. put in the minimal amount of time
c. put in the maximal amount of time
d. finish a job
32. According to Logan, sex and alcohol
a. should be avoided on school days/nights
b. are okay in moderation, as you decide
c. should not be mixed together
d. are important parts of the college experience
33. The most important thing to know about
selective attention is that it is
a. difficult
b. learnable
c. automatic
d. overt
34. When is the best time to take a nap?
a. Right before you study
b. While you're studying
c. Right after you've studied
d. As far removed from study as possible
35. As regards where to study, one should have
a. one place where you only study
b. only one place to study
c. one place where you usually study
d. only one place where you usually study
36. If the students at a college lecture act like
good secretaries taking dictation, it would be
a. a bad situation
b. an acceptable situation
c. a good situation
d. an ideal situation
37. The purpose of a recall cue is
to help you
a. understand something
b. learn something
c. remember something
d. process something
38. Which alternative should you choose in
a multiple-choice exam?
a. The one you know is correct
b. The one a person on the street would
think is correct
c. The one the instructor has scored
as correct
d. The one your neighbor marked as correct
39. Determinism says that
a. people should always be objective
b. the future is predictable
c. animals and humans are the same
d. there is a natural cause for everything
40. Correlational evidence
a. can make predictions and can
establish causality
b. can make predictions but can not
establish causality
c. can not make predictions but can
establish causality
d. can not make predictions and can not
establish causality
41. The pitfall associated with being a
pessimistic student is that one
a. can't possibly learn it all
b. hasn't a good background
c. won't work hard enough
d. isn't really learning to learn
42. According to Logan, masturbation (that is,
sexual self-stimulation)
a. only weakens you physically
b. only weakens you mentally
c. weakens you both physically and mentally
d. is healthy
43. According to Logan, the difference between a
cook and a teacher is that, in contrast with a
student's learning, a meal
a. has no choice but to get cooked
b. needs to cook gradually
c. is better overcooked than undercooked
d. will not spoil if it's not eaten
right away
44. If you were to summarize Logan's advice about
learning from lectures and textbooks, it would be to
a. give them your undivided attention
b. get in at least two hours study for
each class hour
c. be active in mental time-sharing
d. take lots of written notes in both
45. Verbal fluency is a good basis for judging
people because it
a. can be measured easily
b. cannot be changed
c. is hard to disguise
d. is not related to education
46. According to Logan, one important step in
learning from lectures is
a. mental time sharing
b. sitting near the front
c. shadowing
d. writing lots of notes
47. Why is it hard work for good students to
prepare for an exam?
a. There's usually so much to learn
b. There's little time left to learn
c. It's a source of anxiety
d. It's a different task from learning
48. In one follows Logan's textbook-review tactics,
one will have most frequently reviewed
a. the first part of the book
b. the middle part of the book
c. the last part of the book
d. the index of the book
49. Because of overshadowing, a student is very
likely to remember
a. important information
b. new information
c. redundant information
d. incidental information
50. Science is best characterized as
a. knowledge
b. instrumentation
c. method
d. ethics
51. Observational learning---imitating what one
sees in real life, reads in books, or watches on
T.V.---has
a. almost no lasting effect
b. some small lasting effect
c. considerable lasting effect
d. a very large lasting effect
52. In general, the hardest part of a difficult
task such as writing a paper
a. is getting started
b. is collecting the information
c. is organizing the information
d. is finishing
53. An important aspect of learning to pay
attention is learning to detect
a. important information
b. when attention starts to wander
c. redundant material
d. where to sit in class
54. To say that, "I don't have no money,"
literally means that you
a. are completely broke
b. don't have enough money for what
you're talking about
c. have some money
d. had better get off your duff and
go to work
55. The classic Doctrine of Formal Discipline
is that you can improve the organizational
structure of your mind by studying
a. math
b. science
c. logic
d. Latin
56. For most courses, what part of one's total
study time should be spent on recitation?
a. Ten percent
b. Twenty-five percent
c. About a third
d. at least half
57. The purpose of a learning code is to
a. keep the information secret
b. make the information easier to remember
c. reduce the amount of information
d. change the modality of the information
58. If the text and the professor disagree on
some point, you should learn
a. what the text says
b. what the professor says
c. what both say
d. what a third source says
59. When we say that science is objective, we
mean that scientific propositions are
a. based on observation
b. statistically analyzed
c. important to society
d. not influenced by personal opinions
60. In developing self-control, you have to
a. show maturity of judgment
b. be willing to suffer
c. learn to obey orders
d. have a strong will power
61. Which of the following is a good
problem-solving heuristic?
a. Cognitive set
b. Impulsive action
c. Functional fixedness
d. Working backward from goal
62. According to the Principle of Contiguity
a. it takes a lot of regular practice
to make perfect
b. a picture is worth a thousand words
c. studying with someone else is better
than studying alone
d. wrong responses are as readily learned
as right ones
63. It is often difficult to maintain attention
to a text or lecture because of the Principle of
a. Contiguity
b. Active Participation
c. Primacy
d. Minimizing Work
64. Educated grammar is "good" grammar
because it
a. follows logical rules
b. is consistent in usage
c. avoids double negatives
d. is used by educated people
65. When reading difficult material, the best
tactic is to read
a. slowly and out loud
b. slowly and silently
c. rapidly and out loud
d. rapidly and silently
66. Redundancy in our natural language applies to
a. letters, not words
b. words, not letters
c. both letters and words
d. all units of language
67. When reciting the ideas in a textbook or
lecture, you should
a. be sure to repeat them word-for-word
b. put them into your own words
c. use words that are easy to remember
d. use words that are grammatically correct
68. The best way to insure that you don't misread
an item is to
a. read it several times
b. read it slowly
c. mark up the exam sheet
d. mark up the answer sheet
69. In controlling one's own behavior, Logan
advises the use of
a. both self-reinforcement and self-punishment
b. self-reinforcement, not self-punishment
c. self-punishment, not self-reinforcement
d. neither self-reinforcement nor
self-punishment
70. Logan told the story about out-running a bear
to make the point that
a. test performance is relative
b. speed is more important than accuracy
c. learning is easier if you're
physically healthy
d. it's still dangerous out in the wilderness
71. The experimental method requires two
conditions that
a. differ in only one way
b. are the same in only one way
c. differ in every way
d. are the same in every way
72. In the hypothetical if-then syllogism,
a deduction is logically VALID if one
a. affirms either the antecedent
or the consequent
b. affirms the antecedent, or
denies the consequent
c. denies the antecedent, or
affirms the consequent
d. denies either the antecedent
or the consequent
73. College students need
a. to night-dream, not day(c)-ream
b. to day-dream, not night-dream
c. both night-dream and day-dream
d. neither night-dream nor day-dream
74. Which statement is good educated grammar?
a. I and you were meant for you and I.
b. Me and you were meant for you and me.
c. I and you were meant for you and me.
d. Me and you were meant for you and I.
75. A college student who moves her/his hand
across the pages of a book when reading is a
a. slow, poor reader
b. fast, poor reader
c. slow, good reader
d. fast, good reader
76. In learning a foreign language, one should
associate the foreign-language word with
a. its English language equivalent
b. another foreign language equivalent
c. the idea/image of its meaning
d. the context
77. Information is easier to recall from memory
if it is
a. factual
b. numerical
c. memorized
d. organized
78. Conventional wisdom is never to change answers
in a multiple-choice exam. In this case, such
wisdom is
a. right
b. right if you're a good student
c. right if you're a poor student
d. wrong
79. Compared to essay exams, multiple-choice exams
a. are easier
b. are equally difficult
c. are harder
d. may be easier, equally difficult, or harder
80. If half of the students in the class did better on
the exam than you did, your score is at the
a. average
b. mean
c. median
d. mode
81. As Logan uses the term, a "habit" can be
a. mental but not physical
b. physical but not mental
c. either physical or mental
d. only partly physical
82. In the hypothetical if-then syllogism,
a conclusion is logically INVALID if one
a. affirms either the antecedent
or the consequent
b. affirms the antecedent, or
denies the consequent
c. denies the antecedent, or
affirms the consequent
d. denies either the antecedent
or the consequent
83. According to Logan, the amount that a college
student can learn in a day
a. is limited
b. depends on motivation
c. depends on intelligence
d. is unlimited
84. According to the Hypothesis of Verbal Discipline,
you can learn to think faster by learning to
a. type faster
b. react faster
c. listen faster
d. write faster
85. When reading, a good reader's eyes
a. move smoothly across and down
b. move smoothly across and skip down
c. skip across and move smoothly down
d. skip both across and down
86. Which of the following statements about
mnemonics is NOT true?
a. They mediate between question and answer
b. They aid comprehension
c. They aid recall
d. They drop out with repeated use
87. This is a difficult item because it
a. is tricky
b. permits guessing
c. involves identifying negatives
d. is ambiguous
88. If an alternative on an exam seems to fit
right in with common knowledge, you
a. can be quite sure it's right
b. probably mis-read the item
c. should suspect that it is wrong
d. gain confidence in common knowledge
89. An "idea," as the conceptual unit of writing,
is expressed in a
a. word
b. sentence
c. paragraph
d. chapter
90. You are most likely to "lose your mind" through
a. worry
b. disuse
c. overwork
d. old age
91. Making up possible exam items is the
best preparation for
a. essay, not multiple-choice exams
b. multiple-choice, not essay exams
c. both essay and multiple-choice exams
d. anything except true-false exams
92. The number of positive outcomes divided by
the number of possible outcomes determines the
a. gambler's fallacy
b. gambler's ratio
c. objective probability
d. subjective probability
93. Most college learning is verbal learning in
the sense that one must learn
a. words
b. about words
c. from words
d. word associations
94. Logan says that learning and motivation
combine in such a way that
a. you can get along with only one
if it's learning
b. you can get along with only one
if it's motivation
c. you need both, but more
learning than motivation
d. you need both, but more
motivation than learning
95. You should stop and be sure that you
understand the meaning of every
a. word
b. phrase
c. sentence
d. paragraph
96. If you have followed Logan's advice about
taking exams, the FIRST time that you read
this very item you will probably
a. be able to answer it without thinking
b. be able to answer it from an acronym
c. have left some earlier items unanswered
d. be ready to leave
The correct sentences on the final exam are:
01. An optimistic student always keeps in mind how
much s/he knows.
02. In coping with a problem such as a weakness in
reading skills, Logan believes that you need to
have the true facts.
03. When studying, active participation refers to
both covert and overt behavior
04. Information processing is best described
as digesting ideas
05. It is important for students to know that
college textbooks are fallible.
06. When does Logan think that learning is
consolidated? While you're sleeping
07. In college courses, you should use mnemonics
whenever they would help
08. Conventional wisdom is to rid yourself of
test anxiety. In this case, such wisdom
is wrong
09. When trying to learn verbal material, there
are several ways
10. To say that science accepts causality is
to say that scientists believe that everything
that happens is determined by physical processes
11. According to Logan, the first step toward
success in college is to make a firm commitment
12. In dealing by yourself with your own personal
problems, it is most important that you should
deal with the problem and not try to find out
what caused it
13. To say that world knowledge is non-verbal
is to say that it can be expressed in different
words
14. If you process an item of information a large
number of times, processing becomes automatic
15. You should mark material in the textbook that
you think will be important to you later
16. Comparing the mind with a muscle, it is important
to know that the mind needs to warm up and gets
tired
17. Your grade in a course depends on how much you
know AND how much other students know
18. In taking this test, you should be guided
LEAST toward the answer given by common knowledge
19. As distinct from practical knowledge that
you can use, most college learning leads to more
learning
20. When we say that information is subjective,
we mean that it is based on personal opinion
21. Compared with the typical student, a professional
student spends more or less time, depending on
the assignment
22. Your first experiences with a stimulus situation
are likely to affect you for the rest of your
life.
23. The cumulative curve of knowledge shows that
one learns faster the more one already knows
24. Successful performance on a mental
time-sharing task requires divided attention
25. The half-life of original learning is about
one day
26. Logan recommends that, during a lecture
students take few written notes
27. According to Logan, a major purpose of giving
course exams is to reward good students
28. The best way to take an exam is to answer the
easiest items first
29. Self-discipline is acquired through
contingency management
30. If, instead of repeating a definition word-for-
word, you paraphrase it into your own words,
we would say that you are rehearsing it
31. In dealing with course assignments, the best
strategy is to work to finish a job
32. According to Logan, sex and alcohol
are okay in moderation, as you decide
33. The most important thing to know about
selective attention is that it is learnable
34. When is the best time to take a nap?
Right after you've studied
35. As regards where to study, one should have
one place where you only study
36. If the students at a college lecture act like
good secretaries taking dictation, it would
be a bad situation
37. The purpose of a recall cue is
to help you remember something
38. Which alternative should you choose in
a multiple-choice exam?
The one the instructor has scored as correct
39. Determinism says that there is a natural
cause for everything
40. Correlational evidence can make predictions
but can not establish causality
41. The pitfall associated with being a
pessimistic student is that one can't
possibly learn it all
42. According to Logan, masturbation (that is,
sexual self-stimulation) is healthy
43. According to Logan, the difference between
a cook and a teacher is that, in contrast
with a student's learning, a meal has no
coice but to get cooked
44. If you were to summarize Logan's advice about
learning from lectures and textbooks, it would
be to be active in mental time-sharing
45. Verbal fluency is a good basis for judging
people because it is hard to disguise
46. According to Logan, one important step in
learning from lectures is mental time sharing
47. Why is it hard work for good students to
prepare for an exam?
It's a different task from learning
48. In one follows Logan's textbook-review
tactics, one will have most frequently
reviewed the first part of the book
49. Because of overshadowing, a student is very
likely to remember incidental information
50. Science is best characterized as method
51. Observational learning---imitating what one
sees in real life, reads in books, or watches on
T.V.---has a very large lasting effect
52. In general, the hardest part of a difficult
task such as writing a paper is getting started
53. An important aspect of learning to pay
attention is learning to detect when attention
starts to wander
54. To say that, "I don't have no money,"
literally means that you have some money
55. The classic Doctrine of Formal Discipline
is that you can improve the organizational
structure of your mind by studying Latin
56. For most courses, what part of one's total
study time should be spent on recitation?
at least half
57. The purpose of a learning code is to
make the information easier to remember
58. If the text and the professor disagree on
some point, you should learn what both say
59. When we say that science is objective, we
mean that scientific propositions are not
influenced by personal opinions
60. In developing self-control, you have to
learn to obey orders
61. Which of the following is a good
problem-solving heuristic?
Working backward from goal
62. According to the Principle of Contiguity
wrong responses are as readily learned
as right ones
63. It is often difficult to maintain attention
to a text or lecture because of the Principle of
Minimizing Work
64. Educated grammar is "good" grammar
because it is used by educated people
65. When reading difficult material, the best
tactic is to read slowly and out loud
66. Redundancy in our natural language applies to
all units of language
67. When reciting the ideas in a textbook or
lecture, you should put them into your own words
68. The best way to insure that you don't misread
an item is to mark up the exam sheet
69. In controlling one's own behavior, Logan
advises the use of self-reinforcement,
not self-punishment
70. Logan told the story about out-running a bear
to make the point that test performance is relative
71. The experimental method requires two
conditions that differ in only one way
72. In the hypothetical if-then syllogism, a
deduction is logically VALID if one affirms
the antecedent, or denies the consequent
73. College students need both night-dream and
day-dream
74. Which statement is good educated grammar?
I and you were meant for you and me.
75. A college student who moves her/his hand
across the pages of a book when reading is a
fast, good reader
76. In learning a foreign language, one should
associate the foreign-language word with
the idea/image of its meaning
77. Information is easier to recall from memory
if it is organized
78. Conventional wisdom is never to change answers
in a multiple-choice exam. In this case, such
wisdom is wrong
79. Compared to essay exams, multiple-choice exams
may be easier, equally difficult, or harder
80. If half of the students in the class did better
on the exam than you did, your score is at the
median
81. As Logan uses the term, a "habit" can be
either physical or mental
82. In the hypothetical if-then syllogism,
a conclusion is logically INVALID if one
denies the antecedent, or
affirms the consequent
83. According to Logan, the amount that a college
student can learn in a day is limited
84. According to the Hypothesis of Verbal Discipline,
you can learn to think faster by learning to
listen faster
85. When reading, a good reader's eyes
skip both across and down
86. Which of the following statements about
mnemonics is NOT true?
They aid comprehension
87. This is a difficult item because it
involves identifying negatives
88. If an alternative on an exam seems to fit
right in with common knowledge, you should
suspect that it is wrong
89. An "idea," as the conceptual unit of writing,
is expressed in a paragraph
90. You are most likely to "lose your mind" through
disuse
91. Making up possible exam items is the best
preparation for both essay and multiple-choice
exams
92. The number of positive outcomes divided by
the number of possible outcomes determines the
objective probability
93. Most college learning is verbal learning in
the sense that one must learn from words
94. Logan says that learning and motivation
combine in such a way that you need both,
but more motivation than learning
95. You should stop and be sure that you
understand the meaning of every paragraph
96. If you have followed Logan's advice about
taking exams, the FIRST time that you read
this very item you will probably have left
some earlier items unanswered