Amenorrhea
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Course Outline
Study Notes
Readings

1: Waters DL, Qualls CR, Dorin R, Veldhuis JD, Baumgartner RN. Increased pulsatility, process irregularity, and nocturnal trough concentrations of growth hormone in amenorrheic compared to eumenorrheic athletes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Mar;86(3):1013-9.

2: Gordon CM. Bone density issues in the adolescent gynecology patient. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2000 Nov;13(4):157-61.

3: Nattiv A. Stress fractures and bone health in track and field athletes. J Sci Med Sport. 2000 Sep;3(3):268-79.

4: Hobart JA, Smucker DR. The female athlete triad. Am Fam Physician. 2000 Jun 1;61(11):3357-64, 3367.

5: Greenberg LW, Badosa F, Niakosari A, Schneider A, Zaeri N, Schindler AM. Clinicopathologic exercise: hypoglycemia in a young woman with amenorrhea. J Pediatr. 2000 Jun;136(6):818-22.

6: Crawford SL, Casey VA, Avis NE, McKinlay SM. A longitudinal study of weight and the menopause transition: results from the Massachusetts Women's Health Study. Menopause. 2000 Mar-Apr;7(2):96-104.

7: Tudor-Locke C, McColl RS. Factors related to variation in premenopausal bone mineral status: a health promotion approach. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(1):1-24.

8: Branca F. Physical activity, diet and skeletal health. Public Health Nutr. 1999 Sep;2(3A):391-6.

9: De Cree C. Comment on health issues for women athletes: exercise-induced amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Dec;84(12):4750-1. No abstract available.

10: Anderson JM. The female athlete triad: disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. Conn Med. 1999 Nov;63(11):647-52.

11: Barr SI. Vegetarianism and menstrual cycle disturbances: is there an association? Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Sep;70(3 Suppl):549S-54S.

12: Warren MP, Stiehl AL. Exercise and female adolescents: effects on the reproductive and skeletal systems. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1999 Summer;54(3):115-20, 138.

13: Manore MM. Nutritional needs of the female athlete. Clin Sports Med. 1999 Jul;18(3):549-63.

14: Warren MP. Health issues for women athletes: exercise-induced amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Jun;84(6):1892-6.

15: Rubin LA, Hawker GA, Peltekova VD, Fielding LJ, Ridout R, Cole DE. Determinants of peak bone mass: clinical and genetic analyses in a young female Canadian cohort. J Bone Miner Res. 1999 Apr;14(4):633-43.

16: Stoving RK, Hangaard J, Hansen-Nord M, Hagen C. A review of endocrine changes in anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatr Res. 1999 Mar-Apr;33(2):139-52.

17: Kopp-Woodroffe SA, Manore MM, Dueck CA, Skinner JS, Matt KS. Energy and nutrient status of amenorrheic athletes participating in a diet and exercise training intervention program. Int J Sport Nutr. 1999 Mar;9(1):70-88.

18: Chen EC, Brzyski RG. Exercise and reproductive dysfunction. Fertil Steril. 1999 Jan;71(1):1-6.

19: Casper RC. Recognizing eating disorders in women. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1998;34(3):267-9.

20: Chrousos GP, Torpy DJ, Gold PW. Interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system: clinical implications. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Aug 1;129(3):229-40. Review.

21: Bass S, Pearce G, Bradney M, Hendrich E, Delmas PD, Harding A, Seeman E. Exercise before puberty may confer residual benefits in bone density in adulthood: studies in active prepubertal and retired female gymnasts. J Bone Miner Res. 1998 Mar;13(3):500-7.

22: Laughlin GA, Dominguez CE, Yen SS. Nutritional and endocrine-metabolic aberrations in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jan;83(1):25-32.

23: Nattiv A, Puffer JC, Green GA. Lifestyles and health risks of collegiate athletes: a multi-center study. Clin J Sport Med. 1997 Oct;7(4):262-72.

24: Bass S, Pearce G, Young N, Seeman E. Bone mass during growth: the effects of exercise. Exercise and mineral accrual. Acta Univ Carol [Med] (Praha). 1994;40(1-4):3-6.

25: Smits LJ, Willemsen WN, Zielhuis GA, Jongbloet PH. Conditions at conception and risk of menstrual disorders. Epidemiology. 1997 Sep;8(5):524-9.

26: Nattiv A, Armsey TD Jr. Stress injury to bone in the female athlete. Clin Sports Med. 1997 Apr;16(2):197-224.

27: Harber VJ, Sutton JR, MacDougall JD, Woolever CA, Bhavnani BR. Plasma concentrations of beta-endorphin in trained eumenorrheic and amenorrheic women. Fertil Steril. 1997 Apr;67(4):648-53.

28: Warren MP. Anorexia, bulimia, and exercise-induced amenorrhea: medical approach. Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab. 1997;6:13-7.

29: Cumming DC. Exercise-associated amenorrhea, low bone density, and estrogen replacement therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1996 Oct 28;156(19):2193-5.

30: Reeder MT, Dick BH, Atkins JK, Pribis AB, Martinez JM. Stress fractures. Current concepts of diagnosis and treatment. Sports Med. 1996 Sep;22(3):198-212.

31: Rome ES, Imrie RK, Rybicki LA, Gidwani G. Prevalence of abnormal eating attitudes and behaviors in hospital-based primary and tertiary care clinics: a window of opportunity? J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 1996 Aug;9(3):133-8.

32: Rencken ML, Chesnut CH 3rd, Drinkwater BL. Bone density at multiple skeletal sites in amenorrheic athletes. JAMA. 1996 Jul 17;276(3):238-40.

33: Timmerman MG. Medical problems of adolescent female athletes. Wis Med J. 1996 Jun;95(6):351-4.

34: Tutten A, Laan E, Panhuysen G, Everaerd W, de Haan E, Koppeschaar H, Vroon P. Discrepancies between genital responses and subjective sexual function during testosterone substitution in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. Psychosom Med. 1996 May-Jun;58(3):234-41.

35: Dueck CA, Matt KS, Manore MM, Skinner JS. Treatment of athletic amenorrhea with a diet and training intervention program. Int J Sport Nutr. 1996 Mar;6(1):24-40.

36: Kiningham RB, Apgar BS, Schwenk TL. Evaluation of amenorrhea. Am Fam Physician. 1996 Mar;53(4):1185-94.

37: Snow CM. Exercise and bone mass in young and premenopausal women. Bone. 1996 Jan;18(1 Suppl):51S-55S.

38: Andersen AE, Woodward PJ, LaFrance N. Bone mineral density of eating disorder subgroups. Int J Eat Disord. 1995 Dec;18(4):335-42.

39: Dallongeville J, Marecaux N, Isorez D, Zylbergberg G, Fruchart JC, Amouyel P. Multiple coronary heart disease risk factors are associated with menopause and influenced by substitutive hormonal therapy in a cohort of French women. Atherosclerosis. 1995 Nov;118(1):123-33.

40: Haberland CA, Seddick D, Marcus R, Bachrach LK. A physician survey of therapy for exercise-associated amenorrhea: a brief report. Clin J Sport Med. 1995 Oct;5(4):246-50.

41: Constantini NW, Warren MP. Menstrual dysfunction in swimmers: a distinct entity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Sep;80(9):2740-4.

42: Hetland ML, Haarbo J, Christiansen C. Body composition and serum lipids in female runners: influence of exercise level and menstrual bleeding pattern. Eur J Clin Invest. 1995 Aug;25(8):553-8.

43: Patterson DF. Menstrual dysfunction in athletes: assessment and treatment. Pediatr Nurs. 1995 May-Jun;21(3):227-9, 310.

44: Okano H, Mizunuma H, Soda M, Matsui H, Aoki I, Honjo S, Ibuki Y. Effects of exercise and amenorrhea on bone mineral density in teenage runners. Endocr J. 1995 Apr;42(2):271-6.

45: Aulin KP. Gender-specific issues. J Sports Sci. 1995 Summer;13 Spec No:S35-9.

46: Robinson TL, Snow-Harter C, Taaffe DR, Gillis D, Shaw J, Marcus R. Gymnasts exhibit higher bone mass than runners despite similar prevalence of amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea. J Bone Miner Res. 1995 Jan;10(1):26-35.

47: Puffer JC. Athletic amenorrhea and its influence on skeletal integrity. Bull Rheum Dis. 1994 Aug;43(5):5-6.

48: Golden NH, Shenker IR. Amenorrhea in anorexia nervosa. Neuroendocrine control of hypothalamic dysfunction. Int J Eat Disord. 1994 Jul;16(1):53-60.

49: Marshall LA. Clinical evaluation of amenorrhea in active and athletic women. Clin Sports Med. 1994 Apr;13(2):371-87.

50: Paty JG Jr. Running injuries. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1994 Mar;6(2):203-9.

51: Loucks AB, Heath EM. Induction of low-T3 syndrome in exercising women occurs at a threshold of energy availability. Am J Physiol. 1994 Mar;266(3 Pt 2):R817-23.

52: Lindholm C, Hagenfeldt K, Ringertz BM. Pubertal development in elite juvenile gymnasts. Effects of physical training. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1994 Mar;73(3):269-73.

53: Putukian M. The female triad. Eating disorders, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. Med Clin North Am. 1994 Mar;78(2):345-56.

54: Young N, Formica C, Szmukler G, Seeman E. Bone density at weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing sites in ballet dancers: the effects of exercise, hypogonadism, and body weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Feb;78(2):449-54.

55: Armstrong AL, Wallace WA. The epidemiology of hip fractures and methods of prevention. Acta Orthop Belg. 1994;60 Suppl 1:85-101.

56: Tuiten A, Jansen A, Koppeschaar HP. Anorexia, bulimia, and exercise-induced amenorrhea: multidisciplinary approach. Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab. 1994;5:12-5.

57: Friday KE, Drinkwater BL, Bruemmer B, Chesnut C 3rd, Chait A. Elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in amenorrheic athletes: effects of endogenous hormone status and nutrient intake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Dec;77(6):1605-9.

58: Myburgh KH, Bachrach LK, Lewis B, Kent K, Marcus R. Low bone mineral density at axial and appendicular sites in amenorrheic athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993 Nov;25(11):1197-202.

59: Bachrach LK. Bone mineralization in childhood and adolescence. Curr Opin Pediatr. 1993 Aug;5(4):467-73.

60: [No authors listed] Women and exercise. ACOG Technical Bulletin Number 173--October 1992. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1993 Aug;42(2):179-88.

61: Hetland ML, Haarbo J, Christiansen C, Larsen T. Running induces menstrual disturbances but bone mass is unaffected, except in amenorrheic women. Am J Med. 1993 Jul;95(1):53-60.

62: Loucks AB, Callister R. Induction and prevention of low-T3 syndrome in exercising women. Am J Physiol. 1993 May;264(5 Pt 2):R924-30.

63: Yen SS. Female hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Hypothalamic amenorrhea syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1993 Mar;22(1):29-58.

64: Rogol AD, Weltman JY, Evans WS, Veldhuis JD, Weltman AL. Long-term endurance training alters the hypothalamic-pituitary axes for gonadotropins and growth hormone. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1992 Dec;21(4):817-32.

65: Seeman E, Szmukler GI, Formica C, Tsalamandris C, Mestrovic R. Osteoporosis in anorexia nervosa: the influence of peak bone density, bone loss, oral contraceptive use, and exercise. J Bone Miner Res. 1992 Dec;7(12):1467-74.

66: Haller E. Eating disorders. A review and update. West J Med. 1992 Dec;157(6):658-62.

67: Loucks AB, Laughlin GA, Mortola JF, Girton L, Nelson JC, Yen SS. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroidal function in eumenorrheic and amenorrheic athletes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992 Aug;75(2):514-8.

68: Kanaley JA, Boileau RA, Bahr JA, Misner JE, Nelson RA. Substrate oxidation and GH responses to exercise are independent of menstrual phase and status. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992 Aug;24(8):873-80.

69: Hay PJ, Delahunt JW, Hall A, Mitchell AW, Harper G, Salmond C. Predictors of osteopenia in premenopausal women with anorexia nervosa. Calcif Tissue Int. 1992 Jun;50(6):498-501.

70: Kanaley JA, Boileau RA, Bahr JM, Misner JE, Nelson RA. Cortisol levels during prolonged exercise: the influence of menstrual phase and menstrual status. Int J Sports Med. 1992 May;13(4):332-6.

71: Otis CL. Exercise-associated amenorrhea. Clin Sports Med. 1992 Apr;11(2):351-62.

72: Sandyk R. The pineal gland and the menstrual cycle. Int J Neurosci. 1992 Apr;63(3-4):197-204.

73: Armeanu MC, Lambalk CB, Berkhout GM, Schoemaker J. Effects of opioid antagonism with naltrexone on pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea in basal conditions and after discontinuation of treatment with pulsatile LHRH. Gynecol Endocrinol. 1992 Mar;6(1):3-12.

74: Frederick L, Hawkins ST. A comparison of nutrition knowledge and attitudes, dietary practices, and bone densities of postmenopausal women, female college athletes, and nonathletic college women. J Am Diet Assoc. 1992 Mar;92(3):299-305.

75: Johnson J, Whitaker AH. Adolescent smoking, weight changes, and binge-purge behavior: associations with secondary amenorrhea. Am J Public Health. 1992 Jan;82(1):47-54.

76: Laughlin GA, Loucks AB, Yen SS. Marked augmentation of nocturnal melatonin secretion in amenorrheic athletes, but not in cycling athletes: unaltered by opioidergic or dopaminergic blockade. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991 Dec;73(6):1321-6.

77: Deuster PA, Kyle SB, Singh A, Moser PB, Bernier LL, Yu-Yahiro JA, Schoomaker EB. Exercise-induced changes in blood minerals, associated proteins and hormones in women athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1991 Dec;31(4):552-60.

78: Dugowson CE, Drinkwater BL, Clark JM. Nontraumatic femur fracture in an oligomenorrheic athlete. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991 Dec;23(12):1323-5.

79: Sallis RE, Jones K. Stress fractures in athletes. How to spot this underdiagnosed injury. Postgrad Med. 1991 May 1;89(6):185-8, 191-2.

80: Rigotti NA, Neer RM, Skates SJ, Herzog DB, Nussbaum SR. The clinical course of osteoporosis in anorexia nervosa. A longitudinal study of cortical bone mass. JAMA. 1991 Mar 6;265(9):1133-8.

81: Samuels MH, Sanborn CF, Hofeldt F, Robbins R. The role of endogenous opiates in athletic amenorrhea. Fertil Steril. 1991 Mar;55(3):507-12.

82: De Cree C, Vermeulen A, Ostyn M. Are high-performance young women athletes doomed to become low-performance old wives? A reconsideration of the increased risk of osteoporosis in amenorrheic women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1991 Mar;31(1):108-14.

83: Elia EA. Exercise and the elderly. Clin Sports Med. 1991 Jan;10(1):141-55.

84: Warren MP. Exercise in women. Effects on reproductive system and pregnancy. Clin Sports Med. 1991 Jan;10(1):131-9.

85: Kanaley JA, Ji LL. Antioxidant enzyme activity during prolonged exercise in amenorrheic and eumenorrheic athletes. Metabolism. 1991 Jan;40(1):88-92.

86: Laatikainen TJ. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and opioid peptides in reproduction and stress. Ann Med. 1991;23(5):489-96.

87: Myburgh KH, Hutchins J, Fataar AB, Hough SF, Noakes TD. Low bone density is an etiologic factor for stress fractures in athletes. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Nov 15;113(10):754-9.

88: Seifer DB, Collins RL. Current concepts of beta-endorphin physiology in female reproductive dysfunction. Fertil Steril. 1990 Nov;54(5):757-71.

89: Prior JC, Vigna YM, Schechter MT, Burgess AE. Spinal bone loss and ovulatory disturbances. N Engl J Med. 1990 Nov 1;323(18):1221-7.

90: De Souza MJ, Maguire MS, Rubin KR, Maresh CM. Effects of menstrual phase and amenorrhea on exercise performance in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990 Oct;22(5):575-80.

91: Rarick LD, Shangold MM, Ahmed SW. Cervical mucus and serum estradiol as predictors of response to progestin challenge. Fertil Steril. 1990 Aug;54(2):353-5.

92: Crist DM, Hill JM. Diet and insulinlike growth factor I in relation to body composition in women with exercise-induced hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Am Coll Nutr. 1990 Jun;9(3):200-4.

93: Dalsky GP. Effect of exercise on bone: permissive influence of estrogen and calcium. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990 Jun;22(3):281-5.

94: Loucks AB. Effects of exercise training on the menstrual cycle: existence and mechanisms. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990 Jun;22(3):275-80.

95: Shangold M, Rebar RW, Wentz AC, Schiff I. Evaluation and management of menstrual dysfunction in athletes. JAMA. 1990 Mar 23-30;263(12):1665-9.

96: Abraham S, Mira M, Llewellyn-Jones D. Should ovulation be induced in women recovering from an eating disorder or who are compulsive exercisers? Fertil Steril. 1990 Mar;53(3):566-8.

97: Joyce JM, Warren DL, Humphries LL, Smith AJ, Coon JS. Osteoporosis in women with eating disorders: comparison of physical parameters, exercise, and menstrual status with SPA and DPA evaluation. J Nucl Med. 1990 Mar;31(3):325-31.

98: Weltman EA, Stern RC, Doershuk CF, Moir RN, Palmer K, Jaffe AC. Weight and menstrual function in patients with eating disorders and cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics. 1990 Mar;85(3):282-7.