A geometric representation of the aspectual and causal structure of verbs (San Diego State University, San Diego, 2006). Abstract - Handout (PDF)
Noun phrase structure in Radical Construction Grammar (7th Meeting of the High Desert Linguistic Society, Albuquerque, 2006). Abstract - Handout (PDF)
The relationship between grammar and language in an evolutionary model (Workshop on Semiotic Dynamics and Emergent Grammar, Paris, 2005). Abstract - Overheads (PDF)
Unity through diversity: toward a theory of language (San Marino, 2003). Abstract - San Marino lecture overheads (PDF) (109 pages; 4 page to 1 page reduction suggested)
Some implications of Radical Construction Grammar for syntactic organization and semantic structure (2nd International Conference on Construction Grammar, Helsinki, 2002). Long abstract
[W. Croft, J. Barddal, W. Hollmann, M. Nielsen, V. Sotirova & C. Taoka]. Discriminating verb meanings: the case of transfer verbs (Autumn Meeting of the Linguistic Association of Great Britain, Reading, 2001). Abstract
The external possession-indirect object continuum.
Locative subjects and related constructions. Abstract
Verbs: aspect and argument structure. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Partial Draft, August 2000 (PDF): Table of Contents - Chapter 1 - Chapter 2 - Semantic Maps - Chapter 3 - Chapter 4 - Chapter 5 - Chapter 6 - Chapter 7 - Appendices and References
[G. Baxter, R. Blythe, W. Croft and A. J. McKane] Modeling language change: an evaluation of Trudgill's theory of the emergence of New Zealand English. Abstract - Draft, January 2008 (PDF)
[W. Croft, J. Barddal, W. Hollmann, V. Sotirova & C. Taoka] Revising Talmy's typological classification of complex events. Draft, January 2008 (PDF)
Exemplar semantics. Draft, September 2007 (PDF)
Typological traits and genetic linguistics. Abstract - Draft, January 2004 (PDF)
Social evolution and language change. Abstract - Draft, August 2003 (PDF)
Variety sampling revisited. Linguistic Typology. Abstract
Countability in English Nouns denoting physical entities: a Radical Construction Grammar analysis. Draft, July 2000 (PDF) - Semantic maps (PDF, color)
[W. Croft & E. Deligianni] Asymmetries in noun phrase word order. Abstract - Text of oral presentation (PDF)
Language structure in its human context: new directions for the language sciences in the twenty-first century. Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Language Sciences, ed. Patrick Hogan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Final Draft, September 2007 (PDF)
The origins of grammaticalization in the verbalization of experience. Linguistics. Abstract - Final Draft, May 2007 (PDF)
Methods for finding language universals in syntax. Universals of language today, ed. Sergio Scalise and Elisabetta Magni. Berlin: Springer. Abstract - Final Draft, October 2007 (PDF)
Toward a social cognitive linguistics. New directions in cognitive linguistics, ed. Vyvyan Evans and Stéphanie Pourcel. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Abstract - Final Draft, April 2007 (PDF)
Evolutionary linguistics. Annual Review of Anthropology 37. Abstract - Draft, January 2008 (PDF)
Constructions and generalizations [review of Goldberg, Constructions at work]. Cognitive Linguistics.
[W. Croft & K. T. Poole] Inferring universals from grammatical variation: multidimensional scaling for typological analysis. Theoretical Linguistics. Abstract - Final Draft, March 2007 (PDF)
[W. Croft & K. T. Poole] Multidimensional scaling and other techniques for uncovering universals [response to commentaries]. Theoretical Linguistics.
Aspectual and causal structure in event representations. Routes to language development: in honor of Melissa Bowerman, ed. Virginia Gathercole. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Draft, January 2005 (PDF)
Joseph H. Greenberg. Lexicon Grammaticorum 2, ed. Harro Stammerjohann. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Joseph Harold Greenberg. Bibliographical Memoirs, National Academy of Sciences. Online version (PDF)
On iconicity of distance [comment on Haspelmath, "Frequency vs. iconicity in explaining grammatical asymmetries"]. Cognitive Linguistics 19.49-57.
[M. Bowerman and W. Croft] The English lexical causative alternation. Crosslinguistic perspectives on argument structure: implications for learnability, ed. Melissa Bowerman and Penelope Brown, 279-307. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Construction grammar. Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, ed. Dirk Geeraerts and Hubert Cuyckens, 463-508. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
The origins of grammar in the verbalization of experience. Cognitive Linguistics 18.339-82. Abstract
Typology and linguistic theory in the past decade: a personal view. Linguistic Typology 11.79-91.
[M. Vihman & W. Croft] Phonological development: toward a 'radical' templatic phonology. Linguistics 45.683-725. Abstract
Language. The language of science, ed. Giandomenico Sica. Monza: Polimentrica. Online publication
Beyond Aristotle and gradience: a reply to Aarts. Studies in Language 31.409-30. Abstract
Intonation units and grammatical structure in Wardaman and in crosslinguistic perspective. Australian Journal of Linguistics 27.1-39. Abstract
On explaining metonymy: comment on Geeraerts and Piersman, "Metonymy as a prototypical category". Cognitive Linguistics 17.317-26.
The relevance of an evolutionary model to historical linguistics. Different models of linguistic change, ed. Ole Nedergård Thomsen. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Abstract
Evolutionary models and functional-typological theories of language change. Handbook of the History of English, ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los, 68-91. Oxford: Blackwell. Abstract
[G. Baxter, R. Blythe, W. Croft and A. J. McKane] Utterance selection model of linguistic change. Physical Review E 73.046118. Abstract
[W. Croft, ed.]. Genetic linguistics: essays on theory and method, by Joseph H. Greenberg. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Includes: Croft, "Editor's Introduction", x-xxxv, and "Bibliography of works related to Joseph H. Greenberg's theory and methods for genetic linguistics", 389-410.) Description
Word classes, parts of speech and syntactic argumentation [commentary on Evans and Osada, "Mundari: the myth of a language without word classes"]. Linguistic Typology
Comment on Karstedt and Hage. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 128.333-38.
Joseph H. Greenberg. Fitzroy Dearborn Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, ed. Philipp Strazny. New York: Taylor and Francis.
[W. Croft and D. A. Cruse] Cognitive linguistics. (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Description
Syntactic theories and syntactic methodology: a reply to Seuren. Journal of Linguistics 40.637-54.
Logical and typological arguments for Radical Construction Grammar. Construction Grammar(s): Cognitive and cross-language dimensions (Constructional Approaches to Language, 3), ed. Mirjam Fried and Jan-Ola Östman, 273-314. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Abstract
Form, meaning and speakers in the evolution of language (Commentary on Kirby et al., From UG to universals: linguistic adaptation through iterated learning). Studies in Language 28.608-11.
Typology and universals, second edition. (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Description - Problem sets (PDF) - Errata, January 2005 (PDF)
Mixed languages and acts of identity: an evolutionary approach. The mixed language debate, ed. Yaron Matras & Peter Bakker, 41-72. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Lexical rules vs. constructions: a false dichotomy. Motivation in Language: Studies in honour of Günter Radden, ed. Hubert Cuyckens, Thomas Berg, René Dirven & Klaus-Uwe Panther, 49-68. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Abstract
Typology. Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, ed. L. Nadel, vol. 4, 434-40. London: Nature Publishing Group.
The Darwinization of linguistics. Selection. 3.75-91. Abstract
Correction to Greenberg obituary. Language 78.560-64. Corrected version (PDF) - Complete bibliography of the works of Joseph H. Greenberg (PDF)
On being a student of Joe Greenberg. Linguistic Typology 6.3-8.
Joseph H. Greenberg. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia.
Radical Construction Grammar: syntactic theory in typological perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Description
[W. Croft, C. Taoka & E. J. Wood]. Argument linking and the commercial transaction frame in English, Russian and Japanese. Language Sciences 23.579-602. Abstract
Functional approaches to grammar. International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil J. Smelser & Paul B. Baltes, 6323-30. Oxford: Elsevier Sciences. Abstract
Joseph Harold Greenberg. Language 77.815-30. Corrected version (PDF) - Complete bibliography of the works of Joseph H. Greenberg (PDF)
Professor Joseph Greenberg. The Independent, 21 June 2001, p. 6.
Explaining language change: an evolutionary approach. Harlow, Essex: Longman. Description
Parts of speech as typological universals and as language particular categories. Approaches to the typology of word classes, ed. Petra Maria Vogel and Bernard Comrie, 65-102. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Abstract
[W. Croft & E. J. Wood]. Construal operations in linguistics and artificial intelligence. Meaning and cognition: a multidisciplinary approach, ed. Liliana Albertazzi, 51-78. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Abstract
Typology. The Blackwell Handbook of Linguistics, ed. Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees-Miller, 337-68. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Grammatical and lexical semantics. Morphology: A Handbook on Inflection and Word Formation, ed. Geert Booij, Christian Lehmann and Joachim Mugdan, 257-63. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
[Timothy C. Clausner and William Croft] Domains and image-schemas. Cognitive Linguistics 10.1-31. Abstract
Some contributions of typology to cognitive linguistics. Cognitive linguistics: foundations, scope and methodology, ed. Theo Janssen & Gisela Redeker, 61-93. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Abstract
What (some) functionalists can learn from (some) formalists. Functionalism and Formalism in Linguistics, ed. Michael Darnell, Edith Moravcsik, Frederick Newmeyer, Michael Noonan and Kathleen Wheatley, 85-108. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Abstract
Adaptation, optimality and diachrony [commentary on Martin Haspelmath, Optimality and diachronic adaptation]. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 18.206-8.
Linguistic evidence and mental representations. Cognitive Linguistics 9.151-73. Abstract
[Responses: D. Sandra, What linguists can and can't tell you about the human mind: a reply to Croft, Cognitive Linguistics 9.361-78; R. W. Gibbs Jr. & T. Matlock, Psycholinguistics and mental representations, Cognitive Linguistics 10.263-69; David Tuggy, Linguistic evidence for polysemy in the mind: a response to William Croft and Dominiek Sandra, Cognitive Linguistics 10.343-68.]
[S. Gelman, W. Croft, P. Fu, T. C. Clausner & G. Gottfried] Why is a pomegranate an apple? The role of shape, taxonomic relatedness, and prior lexical knowledge in children's overextensions. Journal of Child Language 25.267-91. Abstract
Event structure in argument linking. The projection of arguments: lexical and compositional factors, ed. Miriam Butt and Wilhelm Geuder, 1-43. Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information. Abstract
The structure of events and the structure of language. The new psychology of language: cognitive and functional approaches to language structure, ed. Michael Tomasello, 67-92. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Not revolutionary enough: commentary on Tomasello, The return of constructions. Journal of Child Language 25.479-83.
Ein formbezogener Beschreibungsrahmen für deskriptive Grammatiken. Deskriptive Grammatik und allgemeine Sprachvergleich, ed. Dietmar Zaefferer, 17-28 (translated by Andreas Dufter & Dietmar Zaefferer). Tübingen: Niemeyer.
[Timothy C. Clausner and William Croft] The productivity and schematicity of metaphor. Cognitive Science 21.247-82. Abstract
Review of Francesca Merlan, A grammar of Wardaman. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 50.109-112.
Review of Rudi Keller, On language change: the invisible hand in language. Journal of Pragmatics 27.393-402.
Linguistic selection: an utterance-based evolutionary theory of language. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 19.99-139. Abstract
What's a head? Phrase structure and the lexicon, ed. Laurie Zaring & Johan Rooryck. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Abstract
'Markedness' and 'universals': from the Prague school to typology. Multiple perspectives on the historical dimensions of language, ed. Kurt R. Jankowsky, 15-21. Münster: Nodus. Abstract
Review of George van Driem, A grammar of Dumi. Linguistics 34.420-24.
Review of Zygmund Frajzyngier, A grammar of Mupun. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 49.389-92.
Autonomy and functionalist linguistics. Language 71.490-532. Abstract
Intonation units and grammatical structure. Linguistics 33.839-882. Abstract
Modern syntactic typology. Approaches to Language Typology: Past and Present, ed. Masayoshi Shibatani and Theodora Bynon, 85-143. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Review of Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Nominalizations. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 18.75-83.
Review of M. H. Klaiman, Grammatical Voice. Studies in Language 19.553-62.
Semantic universals in classifier systems. Word 45:145-71. Abstract
The semantics of subjecthood. Subjecthood and Subjectivity, ed. Maria Yaguello, 29-75. Paris: Ophrys.
Voice: beyond control and affectedness. Voice: Form and Function, ed. Paul Hopper and Barbara Fox, 89-117. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Abstract
Sentence typology and the taxonomy of speech acts. Foundations of Speech Act Theory, ed. S. L. Tsohatzidis, 460-77. London: Routledge. Abstract
The typological approach to grammar. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, ed.-in-chief R. E. Asher, 4807-13. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Linguistic universals. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, ed.-in-chief R. E. Asher, 4850-52. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Sequoia grove management: natural or humanistic? Proceedings of the Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society (General Technical Report PSW-GTR-151), ed. Philip Aune, 8-10. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, U. S. Forest Service.
The role of domains in the interpretation of metaphors and metonymies. Cognitive Linguistics 4:335-70. Abstract
[Reprinted with an afterword in Lexicon-Encyclopedia Interface, ed. Bert Peeters. Amsterdam: Elsevier, to appear. Revised version printed in Metaphor and metonymy in comparison and contrast, ed. René Dirven & Ralf Pörings, 161-205. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2002.]
Functional-typological theory in its historical and intellectual context. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 1:15-26. Abstract
[Revised version translated as La théorie de la typologie fonctionelle dans son contexte historique et intellectuel. Verbum 20.289-307, 1998.]
Case marking and the semantics of mental verbs. Semantics and the Lexicon, ed. James Pustejovsky, 55-72. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. Abstract
What are the connections? Language acquisition and linguistic theory. Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual Child language Research Forum, ed. Eve V. Clark, 1-6. Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
A noun is a noun is a noun - or is it? Some reflections on the universality of semantics. Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. Joshua S. Guenter, Barbara A. Kaiser and Cheryl C. Zoll, 369-80. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
[B. Comrie, W. Croft, C. Lehmann, D. Zaefferer] A framework for descriptive grammars. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Linguists, Vol. I, ed. Andre Crochetière, Jean-Claude Boulanger and Conrad Ouellon, 159-70. Sainte-Foy, Canada: Les Presses de l'Université Laval.
Review of Ernest Davis, Representations of Commonsense Knowledge. Artificial Intelligence 61:105-12.
Review of Edwin Battistella, Markedness. Journal of Linguistics 28:228-33.
Review of William MacGregor, A Functional Grammar of Gooniyandi. Language 68:440.
Syntactic Categories and Grammatical Relations: The Cognitive Organization of Information. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Description
The evolution of negation. Journal of Linguistics27:1-27. Abstract
Review of John A. Hawkins (ed.), Explaining Language Universals. Language 67:146-50.
[William Croft, ed.] Cognitive Approaches to Grammar (University of Michigan Working Papers in Linguistics No. 2). Ann Arbor: Program in Linguistics, University of Michigan .
Introduction: principles of cognitive grammar. Cognitive Approaches to Grammar (University of Michigan Working Papers in Linguistics No. 2). ed. W. Croft, v-x. Ann Arbor: Program in Linguistics, University of Michigan .
Typology and Universals. (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
A conceptual framework for grammatical categories (or, a taxonomy of propositional acts). Journal of Semantics 7:245-279. Abstract
Possible verbs and event structure. Meanings and Prototypes: Studies on Linguistic Categorization, ed. S. L. Tsohatzidis, 48-73. London: Routledge. Abstract
[William Croft, Keith Denning and Suzanne Kemmer, ed.] Studies in Typology and Diachrony for Joseph H. Greenberg. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
[William Croft, Keith Denning and Suzanne Kemmer]. Typology and diachrony in the work of Joseph H. Greenberg. Studies in Typology and Diachrony for Joseph H. Greenberg, ed. W. Croft, K. Denning and S. Kemmer, ix-xviii. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Agreement vs. case marking and direct objects. Agreement in Natural Language: Approaches, Theories, Descriptions, ed. Michael Barlow and Charles A. Ferguson, 159-180. Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
Review of Russell Tomlin, Basic Word Order. Linguistics 26:892-895.
[Jerry Hobbs, William Croft, Todd Davies, Douglas Edwards, and Kenneth Laws]. Commonsense metaphysics and lexical semantics. Computational Linguistics 13:241-250. Abstract
[W. Croft, H. Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot, and S. Kemmer]. Diachronic semantic processes in the middle voice. Papers from the VIIth International Conference on Historical Linguistics, ed. Anna Giacolone Ramat, Onofrio Carruba and Giuliano Bernini, 179-192. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Review of Suzanne Romaine, Sociohistorical Linguistics. Language in Society 15:273-280.
Indirect object 'lowering'. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. Mary Niepokuj et al., 39-51. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
Determiners and specification. Commonsense Summer: Final Report, by Jerry Hobbs et al., Chapter 7. (CSLI Report No. 35.) Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
Semantic and pragmatic correlates to syntactic categories. Papers from the Parasession on Lexical Semantics, Twentieth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, ed. D. Testen, V. Mishra and J. Drogo, 53-71. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Verbal semantics, disambiguating scope and distributive readings. Proceedings of the Third West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, ed. M. Cobler, S. MacKaye and M. Wescoat, 48-61. Stanford, CA: Department of Linguistics, Stanford University.
The representation of adverbs, adjectives and events in logical form. (SRI Technical Note 344.) Menlo Park, CA: SRI International. Abstract
Grammatical relations vs. thematic roles as universals. Papers from the Nineteenth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, ed. A. Chukerman, M. Marks and J. Richardson, 76-94. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Quantifier scope ambiguity and definiteness. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. A. Dahlstrom et al., 25-36. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
Transitivity and possession in Quiché (and elsewhere). Papers from the Sixteenth Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistic Society, ed. J. Kreiman and A. E. Ojeda, 30-44. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.