Item |
Value |
Bioenergetics |
Standard conditions |
pH = 7.0; T = 25 oC(298
oK); [S] and [P] = 1 M/L |
Natural log |
ln = 2.303 log10 |
Equilibrium constant |
K'eq = [products] /
[substrates] |
Mass action ratio |
L =
[products] / [substrates] |
DGo'
for ATP hydrolysis |
DGo'
= -7.3 Kcal/mol |
DG
for ATP hydrolysis |
DG
= -14.2 Kcal/mol |
Phosphagen
System |
Muscle CrP - rest |
~24-26 mmol/kg wet wt. |
Muscle ATP - rest |
~ 5-8 mmol/kg wet wt. |
Muscle Pi - rest |
~ 3 mmol/kg/wet wt. |
Muscle CrP - fatigue |
~3 mmol/kg wet wt. |
Muscle ATP - fatigue |
~ 4-6 mmol/kg wet wt. |
Muscle Pi - fatigue |
~ 24 mmol/kg/wet wt. |
Glycogenolysis |
Muscle glycogen-rest |
~ 15-250 mmol/kg wet wt. |
Allosteric enzymes |
Phosphorylase |
Glycolysis |
|
Muscle La- - rest |
~ 1 mmol/kg/wet wt. |
Muscle pH - rest |
~ 7.0 |
Muscle La- -
intense fatigue |
~ 25-35 mmol/kg/wet wt. |
Muscle pH - intense sfatigue |
~ 6.1-6.4 |
ATP yield |
2 from glucose, 3 from glycogen |
Allosteric enzymes |
Hexokinase,
Phosphofructokinase, Pyruvate kinase |
Mitochondrial
Respiration |
NADH ATP equivalent |
3 |
FADH ATP equivalent |
2 |
Redox Potential |
[NAD+] / [NADH] |
Products of TCA Cycle |
3 NADH, 1
FADH, 1 GTP, 2 CO2 |
ATP tally - glucose |
36 or 38 (depends
on shuttle) |
ATP tally - palmitate |
129 |
Ergometry |
Work |
= Force x Distance |
Power |
= Work / Time |
Work (kgm) |
= cadence (rev/min) x
load (kg) x 6 m/rev x time (min) [for Monark ergometer] |
Power (kgm/min) |
= cadence (rev/min) x
load (kg) x 6 m/rev [for Monark ergometer] |
1 Watt |
= 6.118 kgm/min |
Calorimetry
and Conversions |
Mixed CHO energy |
4.0 Kcals/g |
Mixed FAT energy |
9.0 Kcals/g |
PROTEIN energy |
4.0 Kcals/g |
CHO energy equivalent |
5.05 Kcal/L VO2 |
FAT energy equivalent |
4.73 Kcal/L VO2 |
RER |
= VCO2 / VO2 |
FIO2 |
= 0.2093 |
FICO2 |
= 0.0003 |
FIN2 |
= 0.7903 |
Haldane Transformation |
VIN2 =
VEN2
VI = (VE * FEN2) / FIN2
VI = VE[(1 - (FECO2 +FEO2)]
/ 0.7903 |
VO2 |
= ((VE [(1
- (FECO2 +FEO2)] / 0.7903) *
0.2093) - (VE * FEO2) |
VCO2 |
= (VE * FECO2)
- (VI * FICO2) |
Kcals |
= VO2 x
Kcals/L x time (min) |
1 Kcal |
= 426.8 kgm = 4.1868
Kjoules |
1 kg |
= 2.204 lb |
1 m |
= 3.29 ft |
1 L |
= 2.1 pints = 4.23
cups |
1 cup |
= 234 mL |
Skeletal
Muscle Structure and Contraction |
3 types of muscle |
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth |
Muscle fiber |
muscle cell |
Sarcolemma |
cell membrane of skeletal
muscle |
Anatomical order |
fascicle, fiber, fibril,
sarcomeres, contractile proteins |
Contractile proteins |
actin, myosin |
Regulatory proteins |
troponin, tropomyosin |
Ca++ binds to |
troponin |
Types of
contractions/actions |
concentric, eccentric,
isometric, isokinetic |
Neuromuscular
Function |
2 main
neurotransmitters |
acetylcholine,
norepinephrine |
Motor cortex |
pre-central gyrus location;
where complex movement patterns originate |
Cerebellum |
posterior base of brain;
where movement patterns are refined, and simple patterns stored |
Somatosensory cortex |
post-central gyrus location;
where afferent sensory information is processed |
Neuromuscular junction |
where an alpha motor nerve
meets a muscle fiber |
Motor unit |
a single motor nerve and all
muscle fibers innervated by the nerve |
3 main types of motor units |
slow twitch oxidative (SO),
Fast twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG), Fast twitch glycolytic (FG) |
Size principle |
order of motor unit
recruitment - SO, FOG, FG |
Muscle
Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise |
VO2max |
Maximal rate of oxygen
consumption |
Resting VO2 |
250 mL/min or 3.5 mL/kg/min |
Elite trained VO2max |
~70-85 mL/kg/min |
1 MET |
= 3.5 mL/kg/min |
%VO2max |
exercise intensity expressed
relative to VO2max |
Lactate Threshold |
exercise intensity at an
abrupt increase in blood lactate accumulation ; maximal steady state
intensity |
Steady State |
intensity where practically
all cellular ATP regeneration is met by mitochondrial respiration |
VO2 drift |
steady increase in VO2
during an exercise intensity exceeding maximal steady state |
Oxygen deficit |
difference between
theoretical VO2 demand and measured VO2 during a transition to an
increased steady state exercise intensity |
EPOC |
excess post-exercise oxygen
consumption |
Running economy |
Steady state submaximal VO2
during running |
Cardiovascular
Function and Adaptations to Exercise |
Components |
Heart, blood, blood vessels |
Blood components |
plasma, white blood cells
and platelets, red blood cells |
Hematocrit |
cell component of blood ~45% |
Blood volume |
~5 L |
Plasma volume |
~2.75 L |
Transferrin |
iron binding globulin
protein in blood for iron transport to liver |
Ferritin |
storage form of iron in
blood, liver, spleen, small intestine |
Hemoglobin |
oxygen binding molecule on
red blood cell; 12-15 g/100 mL |
Osmolality |
particles in solution -
mOsmol/kg |
Normal osmolality of body
fluids |
~290 mOsmol/kg |
Tricuspid valve |
right atrium to ventricle |
Mitral valve |
left atrium to ventricle |
Resting BP |
~120/80 mmHg |
Resting EDV |
~100 mL |
Preload |
proportional to EDV |
Afterload |
proportional to diastolic
blood pressure |
Resting ejection fraction |
~60% |
Systole |
contraction phase of cardiac
cycle |
Diastole |
relaxation/filling phase of
cardiac cycle |
Resting stroke volume |
~60 mL (EDV - ESV) |
Cardiac output |
SV x HR |
Peak exercise ejection
fraction |
~80% |
Peak exercise stroke volume |
120-200 mL |
Peak exercise heart rate |
220 - age (±15 b/min) |
Peak exercise cardiac output |
20 - 35 L/min |
Fick equation |
VO2 = Q x (a-vO2
diff) |
Chronotropic |
concerning heart rate |
Inotropic |
concerning myocardial
contraction/performance |
Frank-Starling Law |
increased myocardial
performance with an increase in EDV |
Contractility |
increased myocardial
performance for a given EDV |
Hemoconcentration |
decreased plasma volume |
Hyperemia |
increased blood flow |
Pulmonary
Function and Adaptations to Exercise |
Conducting zone |
anatomical dead space = 150
mL |
Respiratory zone |
sites of gas exchange |
Pores of Kohn |
holes connecting neighboring
alveoli |
Surfactant |
lipid containing molecule on
surface of alveoli - decreases surface tension |
Tidal volume - rest |
air breathed each breath =
500 mL |
Ventilation - rest |
air breathed each minute = 6
L/min |
Breathing frequency - rest |
12 br/min |
Alveolar ventilation - rest |
air ventilating respiratory
zone = tidal volume - anatomical dead space = 350 mL/min x 12 = 4.2 L/min |
Compliance |
capacity to change volume
with minimal increase in pressure |
Respiration |
process of gas exchange |
External respiration |
that in the lungs |
Internal respiration |
that in the systemic tissues |
Water vapor pressure at
37ºC and 100% RH |
47 mmHg |
PAO2 |
alveolar partial pressure of
oxygen = 104 mmHg (rest, sea level) |
PACO2 |
alveolar partial pressure of
carbon dioxide = 40 mmHg (rest, sea level) |
PaO2 |
arterial partial pressure of
oxygen = 100 mmHg (rest, sea level) |
PaCO2 |
arterial partial pressure of
carbon dioxide = 45 mmHg (rest, sea level) |
PvO2 |
venous partial pressure of
oxygen = 40 mmHg (rest, sea level) |
PvCO2 |
venous partial pressure of
carbon dioxide = 45 mmHg (sea level) |
PIO2 |
inspired partial pressure of
oxygen = (PB * 0.2093) - 47 mmHg = (760 * 0.2093) - 47 = 112
mmHg (sea level and dry air) |
O2 solubility |
20.3-fold lower than CO2 |
Ventilation-perfusion |
ratio between VE and Q for
the lungs |
O2 carrying
capacity of hemoglobin |
1.34 mL/g |
Blood O2 content |
[Hb] x 1.34 mL/g x HbO2
saturation |
Typical arterial blood O2
content |
180 to 200 mL/L (depends
on [Hb], sea level) |
Normal blood pH |
7.4 |
Arterial HbO2
saturation at
sea level |
98% |
Bohr effect |
decreased HbO2
saturation with increased 2,3 BPG and PCO2, decreased pH, and
increased temperature |
Carbonic anhydrase |
enzyme converting CO2
+ H2O to H2CO3 and vice-versa |
Haldane effect |
decreasing Hb-CO2
affinity as PO2 increases |
Myoglobin |
muscle intracellular O2
binding protein |
Stimulants to Ventilation |
decreased pH, increased PCO2,
joint movement, CNS, decreased PaO2 |
Aortic and Carotid bodies |
chemoreceptors to PaCO2
and PaO2 |
VE/VO2 |
ventilatory equivalent for O2 |
VE/VCO2 |
ventilatory equivalent for
CO2 |
VT |
ventilation threshold -
first consistent increase in VE/VO2, followed ~2 min later by
an increase in VE/VCO2 : approximates the LT |
Hypoxemia |
decreased in PaO2 |
Pulmonary transit time |
time red cells are in
respiratory zone of lung: needs to be >350 ms for PAO2
to PaO2
equilibration |
asthma |
airway obstruction caused by
acute inflammation from an over-responsiveness to certain stimuli |
Neuroendocrine
Adaptations to Exercise |
3 types of hormones |
amine, peptide, steroid |
main second messengers |
cAMP, IP3, DG |
hormones that alter
metabolism |
epinephrine, norepinephrine,
cortisol, growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, estrogen |
GLUT4 proteins |
glucose transporters |
hypoglycemia |
blood glucose < 4.5 mmol/L |
hormones that alter protein
synthesis |
cortisol, testosterone,
growth hormone, IGF-1 |
hormones that alter fluid
balance |
ADH, aldosterone, ANP |
hormones that alter
cardiovascular function |
epinephrine, norepinephrine,
angiotensin 1, ADH, endothelin, nitric oxide, |
endorphins |
endogenous opioids from
anterior pituitary |
athletic amenorrhea |
loss of menstrual cycle due
to exercise-induced hormonal negative feedback to anterior pituitary,
causing inhibition of release of FSH and LH |
Nutrition
and Exercise |
monosaccharides |
glucose, fructose, galactose |
disaccharides |
sucrose, lactose, maltose |
polysaccharides |
glycogen, starch, fiber |
glycogen loading |
increased CHO intake causing
increased muscle glycogen stores |
RDA for protein - sedentary |
0.8 g/kg body weight |
adjusted RDA for protein -
highly trained |
up to 1.2 g/kg body weight |
rebound hypoglycemia |
lowering of blood glucose
after exercise preceded too closely by glucose ingestion |
glycemic index |
blood glucose response to a
food relative (%) to that from white bread |
hyperhydration |
increased hydration beyond
normally attainable |
CHO needed for ergogenic
effect during exercise |
45-60 g/hr |
maximal rate of gastric
emptying |
1200 mL/hr |
factors that increase
gastric emptying |
increased volume, decreased
temperature of drink (?), lower CHO content |
factors that decrease
gastric emptying |
increases in each of
osmolality, CHO content, protein, fats, fructose and acidity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|