LOGAN: LAWS OF LEARNING (Basic Processes) January 2004 AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING: Excitation Historic Stimulus Independent Variables Contents Behavioral/Unnatural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation AEHS>>1:00. Early Experience on Avcond AG****krP Behavioral/Unnatural/Asocial/Emotionally-Negative/Independent Operation AEHS>>2:00. Effect of prior ECS on Avcond AG****ces Behavioral/Natural/Social/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation AEHS>>3:00. Vicarious (Observational) Avoidance Cond AG****qoH Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Independent-Operation Law AEHS>>4:00. S-Habituation AG****bas Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Negative/Independent-Operation Law AEHS>>5:00. US-Habituation (Classical) AG****ccu Law AEHS>>5:10. US-Habituation (Instrumental) AG****ciu Systematic Analysis of US-Preexposure AG****czu Relevant uncoded root-abstracts Relevant(?) unabstracted-uncoded literature Paradigmatic/Unnatural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Independent-Operation AEHS>>8:00. Paradigmatic Effects of Addictive Drugs AG****Ts1 AEHS>>6:10A. ALC: Chronic/Involuntary/Under-Influence AG****Ts1 AEHS>>6:10D. DRUGS: Chronic/Involuntary/Under-Influence AG****Ts2 AEHS>>6:20A. ALC: Chronic/Involuntary/Not-Under-Influence AG****Tt1 AEHS>>6:20D. DRUGS:Chronic/Involuntary/Not-Under-Influence AG****Tt2 Paradigmatic/Unnatural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation AEHS>>6:30A. ALC: Chronic/Voluntary/Under-Influence AG****ts1 AEHS>>6:30D. DRUGS: Chronic/Voluntary/Under-Influcnce AG****ts2 AEHS>>6:40A: ALC: Chronic/Voluntary/Not-Under-Influence AG****tt1 AEHS>>6:40D: DRUGS: Chronic/Voluintary/Not-Under-Influrnce AG****tt2 AEHS>>1:00. Early Experience on Avcond AG****krP AEHS>>2:00. Effect of prior ECS on Avcond AG****ces RNPS 10 prior paired or unpaired ECS trtmts decr acq AR - - - - Dar,DW"71+ RN S Repeated ECS during acq incr P(AR) w/tone or lite S - - - - Pry,GT'72e R RS ECS B4 relrng facil after lo, decr after hi acq criterion - Bru,RL'73e RNRS ECS 4-hr B4 trng decr ARi acq only if trng in dark phase - Pre,MJ'76+ ECS 24-hr B4 trng facil ARi acq only if trng in dark phase Pre,MJ'76+ AEHS>>3:00. Vicarious (Observational) Avoidance Cond AG****qoH RSR- Acq ARi to buzz w/out shock w/repeat pair w/trained subj - Ang,WF'59e FVOS Rapid acq ARi via follow/imitation w/cod/haddock - - - - - Ger,VV'62- H1LA Perf after observe diffcond decr w/change S orient - - - - Gre,AG'68+ RAJS Observe acq/perf of shuttle ARi facil later acq - - - - - - DRu,JE'75- RSJS Observe trnd > naive O re acq ARi but no facil vs pre-adapt San,E.'79+ Law AEHS>>4:00. S-Habituation AG****bas Pre-exposure to S decr later Avcond Issue: Is basis for "Learned Irrelevance?" R JS S preexpose decr acq, facil extn of shuttle ARi - - - - - - Ack,JE'69e No above S-preexposure effect w/subj w/hippocampal lesn Ack,JE'69e B Title: Exposure to apparatus on acq/extn - - - - - - - - - Gab,M.'70- R RS Acq facil w/explore same/diff box immed, not 24-h B4 trng - Pos,D.'70+ RUJS Pre-expose to either warning or safety S decr ARi acq - - - Fel,MA'77- RxRS No effect of pre-expose w/tone-door S on acq 1-way ARi - - Sol,PR'79e RUxS S preexposure decr acq 2-way, not 1-way ARi - - - - - - - Dor,FYI'82- OTOS S-preexposure decr acq ARc w/Pair(S,shock) w/honeybee - - - Abr,CI'86+ S-preexposure decr ARc to compound of S w/CS Abr,CI,86+ Law AEHS>>5:00. US-Habituation (Classical) AG****ccu Pre-exposure to US decr later Classical Avcond HUxx Avcond/classcond decr w/pre-adapt to shock/puff US - - - - MDo,A.'46- rTOS Prior expose to shock incr foot-mvmt not squeal threshold - Lit,RA'64e RNFS Prior nonconting leg shock decr acq maint-leg-flex AR Joy,RL'98- w/same or contralateral leg w/spinal O - - - - - - - - - Joy,RL'98- Law AEHS>>5:10. US-Habituation (Instrumental) AG****ciu Pre-exposure to US decr later Instrumental Avcond Issue: Is basis of above "Learned Helplessness?" DVJS Pre-expose w/inescapable shock decr ARi acq w/<48 h B4 test Ove,JB'67+ Above pre-expose context different from escape-avoid sit Ove,JB'67+ Above w/w/out curare during pre-expose, w/hi avoid USI Ove,JB'67+ DAJS Decr avcond w/inescapable preshock decr-f(delay B4 avcond) Ove,JB'68- RUJS Acq ARi facil w/pre-expose to unavoidable shock - - - - - - Bau,M.'69- FVJS Preexpose w/shock decr avcond up to 48, not 72 hr B4 trnr - Pad,AM'70e R1JS 1-way shuttle ARi facil by US-alone preexposure - - - - - - Ani,H.'71+ R1JS Indiv/strain diff in above related to acty between shock Ani,H.'71+ RVRS Acq ARi decr-incr-f delay after inescapable shock pretrtmt Ani,H.'71+ Above w/sh pretrtmt in start or goal, but former better Ani,H.'71+ Decr above effect w/shock-box confinement B4 trng Ani,H.'71+ RYRS ARi perf decr-incr-f interval after shock B4 test - - - - - Bar,RJ'71e Above w/avoid/unavoid shock, w/no effect of choice beh Bar,RJ'71e R OS Pair(S,shock) w/w/out ER facil later shuttle ARi w/goldfish Gal,RL'72- No effect of pretrng ER or preexpose to shock alone Gal,RL'72- RxxS Preexpose w/signal inescapable shock facil 1- and 2-way ARi Ani,H.'73- Decr effect re 2-way ARi w/harness during preexposure Ani,H.'73- RCJS Preexpose w/severe inescapable shock decr acq shuttle ARi - MDo,JM'73e Note: Above preexposure did not decr open-field explor MDo,JM'73e F S Prior escapable/inescapable shock decr AR acq w/goldfish - Pad,AM'73- Interpolated inescapable, not escapable sh decr acq ARi Pad,AM'73- RAJS Effect of shock preexpose decr w/interpolated reinf run R - Bur,DR'75e R S Decr effect of inescapable sh on AR Acq incr-decr-f(delay) Ril,EP'75e R RS Acq ER/AR decr-f(N/prior inescapable sh), w/strain diff - - Shu,AJ'75+ RUUS Pre-expose w/inescapable shock duration > 5-sec necessary Gla,HI'76+ for interference w/later acq AR/ER - - - - - - - - - - - Gla,HI'76+ RCJS Pre-expose w/constant shock-->no-mvmt, decr later AR/ER acq Cro,CR'78e Pre-expose w/intermittent sh --> mvmt, no decr in AR/ER acq Cro,CR'78e X S W/dog/rat, pre-expose w/ac or continuous dc shock decr acq Law,JA'78e Above effect persist w/rat only w/continuous ac Law,JA'78e RUJS Decr in acq ARi w/pre-expose to escapable > inescapable sh And,DC'79e Max above effect if pre-exposure ER is total immobility And,DC'79e RUJS Attrib effect of shock pre-exposure to beh during shock And,DC'79e RCJS Omission pretrng w/no-acty ER decr later acq shuttle ARi - Cro,CR'79+ Above decr > matched inescapable sh, attrib to acty w/sh Cro,CR'79+ RxxS No consistent evidence of lrnd helpless w/bar-press/shuttle Cog,DC'81+ RSLS Acq lite-discrim ARi decr w/pre-trng Pair(tone,sc shock) - Tsu,A.'82- Above decr less if pre-trng done in pairs w/aggression Tsu,A.'82- FUUS W/goldfish, AR acq decr w/pre-expose to inescapable shock - Nas,SM'83e F RS W/goldfish, preexpose w/inescapable shock incr N/trials to Bro,GE'85e 1st ARi, but no diff in total N/ARi - - - - - - - - - - Bro,GE'85e RVJS Acq 1-way shuttle decr w/preexpose (un)signalled shock - - Cap,ED'85e OCO- Avcond decr by pre-expose to shock US in honeybees - - - - Abr,CI'86+ RAJS Preexpose to inescapable tail-shock decr ARi only w/male O Kir,RC'86+ Attrib above diff to greater acty during shock w/females Kir,RC'86+ OCJS Preexpose to inescapable shock decr acq ARi w/cockroach - - Bro,GE'88+ R JS Pretrng w/escape-US decr later shuttle avcond - - - - - - - Bro,RT'89+ RTJS Bilat adrenalectomy incr N/helpless O re uncontrollable sh Edw,E.'90e RUOS Female > male re lrnd helpless w/inescapable shock - - - - Par,A.'91e R S Lrnd helpless re escape failure decr w/chronic nicotine - - Sem,J.'98e RSJS Pre-expose to shock decr acq ARi, less if paired w/fighting Zhu,DA'98+ Systematic Analysis of US-Preexposure AG****czu RUxS Pre-expose w/long mod-inten shock decr acq shuttle/lever AR Gla,HI'76+ Pre-expose w/long mod-inten shock facil acq nose-poke AR Gla,HI'76+ Interp above re inescapable shock --> lrnd inactivity Gla,HI'76+ RUUS Decr effect of prior shock on acq w/nonreative > reactive O Fra,RV'79+ XXXX Anal lrnd helplessness as sched-shift sim to PREE - - - - - MRe,WT'80- R1Us Ulceratn w/inescapable > predictable > escape/avoidable sh Tsu,A.'84e RUJS Anti-depressants elim ER/ARi deficit re inescapable shock - Mar,P.'86e RUUS Anti-anxiety drug decr helpless, interp re fear-->inacty - Nij,A.'87+ RUJS Decr lrng helpless w/5-HT-IA agonists anti-depressant drug Gir,P.'88e RUUS Antidepressants decr BABA B receptors-->decr lrnd helpless Mar,P.'89e RVJS Hippocamp serotonin mech w/helpless > nonhelpless O - - - - Edw,E.'92e RVJS Hippocamp norepinephrine release w/helpless < nonhelpless O Pet,F.'93e R S Concl: Lrnd helpless is-f(cortical serotonergic excess) - - Pet,F.'94e R S Benzodiazepine elim reversal of lrnd helpless w/indalpine - Mar,P.'96+ Relevant uncoded root-abstracts RAJS _Perf decr-incr-f(0-1-24-hr delay B4 testing after min acq) MKi,BR'73+ _ No above decr effect if 3 ECS daily for 3 days B4 trng MKi,BR'73+ SNJS _Some decr ARi at 30/60-d age after 15-d prenatal irradiatn She,KB'73- Relevant(?) unabstracted-uncoded literature Title: Punish AR w/T-out from reinf - - - - - - - - - - - Nig,MR'66- Title: Lrnd helplessness (Campbell) - - - - - - - - - - - Mai,SF'69e D Title: Lrnd helplessness: Theory/evidence - - - - - - - - Mai,SF'76+ R Title: Preexpose and sim of SB/GB - - - - - - - - - - - - Die,SE'78- D Title: Lrnd helplessness: Mult effects - - - - - - - - - - Mai,SF'79+ R E Title: Preexposure to context and USI - - - - - - - - - - MAl,WR'79e Title: Reanal lrnd helplessness (Brush) - - - - - - - - - Ove,JB'85- R Title: PCPA w/uncontrollable shock - - - - - - - - - - - - Edw,E.'86e RN Title: Cond avoid acq & extn after ECS - - - - - - - - - - Ham,R.'88e