LOGAN: LAWS OF LEARNING (Basic Processes) January 2004 AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING: Excitation Current Contingency Interdependent Variables Contents Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Negative/Independent-Operation Principle AECC>>1:00a. Cued Avoidance Cond (Classical) AB****CAA Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Negative/Interdependent-Operation Principle AECC<>1:00b. Cued Avoidance Cond (Instrumental) AB****cAA Paradigmatic/Unnatural/Asocial/Emotionally-Negative/Interdependent-Operation AECC<>1:10. Trace Conditioning (Trace avcond) AB****cae Principle AECC<>1:00c. Non-cued Avoidance Cond (Operant) AB****iAA Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Positive/Independent-Operation AECC<>1c:10. R-S/S-S interval in noncued avcond AB****car AECC<>1c:20. Warning signal in Operant Avcond AB****cas AECC<>1c:30. Punishment in Operant Avcond AB****cap Principle AECC<>2:00a. Cued Omission Cond (Classical) AB****aaA Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Positive/Interdependent-Operation Principle AECC<>2:00b. Cued Omission Cond (Instrumental) AB****AaA Paradigmatic/Unnatural/Asocial/Emotionally-Positive/Interdependent-Operation Principle AECC<>2:00c. Non-cued Omission Cond (Operant) AB****gaA AECC<>3:00. Control Procedures for Avcond AB****cAc AECC<>4:00. Miscellaneous Avcond Phenomena AB****cAx AECC<>5:00. P(AR) as-f(trng) AB****cAR AECC<>5:10. Effect of extended trng on P(AR) AB****cnn AECC<>5:20. Within-session effects AB****cnw Systematic Analyses of Avoidance Conditioning AB****cAZ Relevant uncoded root-abstracts Relevant(?) unabstracted/uncoded literature Principle AECC>>1:00a. Cued Avoidance Cond (Classical) AB****CAA . Conting(S,CR,-US) in Pair(S,emot-neg-US)-->Acq ARc . Classical avcond < CRF > yoked PRF classcond RxWS Nonavoid > avoid; latter shows altern reacq/re-extn - - - - Sch,H.'35+ RVAS Acq ARc requires more trials but fewer shock US - - - - - - Mun,NL'39- HVB- Avcond inferior to classcond w/CRF w/unavoidable shock US - Log,FA'51- OAWS W/goat, P(ARc) incr-f(OrR to signal) - - - - - - - - - - - Lym,B.'59- H B- Avcond > yoked classcond w/US omitted, no diff w/US delayed Moo,JW'61+ H B- Avcond > yoked classcond at all USI - - - - - - - - - - - - Gor,I.'62e HAGS Avcond GSR > matched PRF w/shock US - - - - - - - - - - - - Kim,HD'64+ H B- Avcond>yoked classcond at all ISI, 500/1000/1500 msec - - - Gor,I.'65- Avcond>yoked classcond at 500/1000 msec ISI, no diff w/1500 Gor,I.'65- HVG- Shock if GSR--Decr CR re yoked classcond, w/out awareness - Gri,WW'65- Shock if no GSR--Incr CR re yoked classcond w/out aware Gri,WW'65- HVB- Partial delay puff-US on open eye if CR =CRF >partial delay MDo,GE'65e XXXX Need nonavoid control to assess effect of avoid conting - - DAm,MR'67- HAGS Avcond > yoked PRF classcond - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Thy,RV'68+ HVGS Avcond GSR w/out awareness, greater than yoked S-US control Sch,AM'70+ Above avcond --> concur antic decel HR Sch,AM'70+ R JS Operant level of shuttle R decr-f(USI) and incr-f(ITI) - - Cic,GA'71e Above effects incr w/warning S and hence acq ARi Cic,GA'71e BfB- Avcond > yoked classcond w/augmented cutaneous fdbk - - - - Ber,LH'74+ XXXX Favors acq-drive method > shuttlebox for quant laws - - - - Gol,ML'76- Above re control of N/reinf, S-US durations, Delay(Rf) Gol,ML'76- HAGS Avcond only w/O w/accurate trial-by-trial expectancy of US Sch,AM'78e Note: Above O could not verbalize R-reinf contingency Sch,AM'78e FVOS Goldfish acq shuttle ARi w/classical = instrumental conting Zer,DJ'78+ Interp above re neg phototaxis re S = onset of illum Zer,DJ'78+ OTO- W/eye w/drawal to puff UR, avcond = classcond w/vibration S Abr,CI'88e Principle AECC<>1:00b. Cued Avoidance Cond (Instrumental) AB****cAA . Conting(S,IR,-US) in Pair(S,emot-neg-US)-->Acq ARi . Note: ER may be required to term US RCRS Acq ARi requiring spending specified time in safe box - - - Ruc,FL'33- RARS Pair(buzz,shock)--Running R cond quicker if no-shock if CR Hun,WS'35- GARS Avcond > nonavoid re run wheel, latter --> "sit tight" CR - Bro,WJ'38e GWRS P(ARi) decr-f(N/prior avoid tr) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - She,FD'48- Re nonavoid proc, US elicits non-run R on avoid tr She,FD'48- O - W/goats, avcond > nonavoid or random US - - - - - - - - - - Gib,EJ'52- DSJ- Delay shock term incr Lat(ER), decr ARi acq + R/Extn - - - Chu,RM'56+ RfJ- Shuttle AR w/S-off + US-avoid > classcond shuttle CR - - - Kam,LJ'56- Equal intermed %(antic R) if R-->only S-off or US-avoid Kam,LJ'56- RUSS W/cued shuttle ARi, R during ITI incr-decr-f(trng) - - - - Bla,AH'59+ DUJS Acq shuttle ARi better if permit ER vs only avoid - - - - - Car,NJ'60+ RAPS Acq signalled ARi; some O show session warm-up - - - - - - Hof,HS'61e RUSS W/cued shuttle ARi, perf not correl w/R in interpolated TO Bla,AH'63+ RVPS Over half of subj fail to acq bar-press ARi w/lite cue - - DAm,MR'64+ RVPS W/discrim ARi, hi N/ER rather than ARi if escape possible - Hur,HM'64+ RUPS Maint discrim ARi facil w/escape-avoid proc vs avoid-only - Hur,HM'65- RAJS 5-sec delay CS term decr shuttle acq - - - - - - - - - - - Isr,AC'74e OAJS W/10-tr/session, ARi acq w/1 > 2 > 6 session/week (horses) Rub,L.'80e Dxx- Acq w/Conting(S,ARi,-sh) > concur acq IR w/(leg-lift,food) Rud,IP'84- AECC<>1:10. Trace Conditioning (Trace avcond) AB****cae D J- Delay > trace S, w/diff incr-f(ISI) - - - - - - - - - - - - Bru,FR'55e Attrib delay > trace avcond to reinf effect of S-off Bru,FR'55e RVJS Trace CS w/1-way ARi > w/shuttle ARi - - - - - - - - - - - Cas,M.'70e Rapid shuttle ARi acq only w/delay-S proc + ARi S-term Cas,M.'70e Principle AECC<>1:00c. Non-cued Avoidance Cond (Operant) AB****iAA . Conting(OpR,-US) in Sched(emot-neg-US)-->Acq ARo Temporal variables: shock-shock (S-S) R-shock (R-S) Intervals RUPS Describes non-cued avcond w/contin msmt of ARo - - - - - - Sid,M.'53- MUOS O perf ARo devel ulcers, not in controls w/same N/shocks - Bra,JV'58e h Title: Operant avoid - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ham,JT'59- DUSS Acq shuttle ARo w/out cue w/short S-S interval and hi USI - Bla,AH'61+ RCPS Rate(ARo) incr-decr-f(time during which AR postpones US) - Hur,HM'61+ RUPS Perf ARo not-f(cumulating TO for ARo) - - - - - - - - - - - Sid,NA'63e BCJS Acq temporal ARo (jump barrier a few seconds B4 shock) - - Loc,R.'65+ MUPS Rate AR1o not-f concur OpR2 w/food reinf - - - - - - - - - Cat,AC'66e RCPS Rate(ARo) incr-f(Amt ARo --> decr in shock freq) - - - - - Her,RJ'66+ RCxS Rapid acq bar-press ARo w/shock postponed for duration of R Kee,JD'67- MCPS Maint FR OpR w/reinf = change to avoidance if decr N/shocks Hak,DF'68- RCPS Rate(ARo) incr w/TO period, w/1-min < 16 sec - - - - - - - Hur,HM'71+ PCOS Rate(ARo) incr-f(Amt ARo --> decr in shock freq) - - - - - Ros,R.'71+ RCJS Rapid acq shuttle ARo, w/daily warm-up - - - - - - - - - - Hin,PN'78+ RCPS Rate(ARo) decr during signalled TO, incr-f(duration of TO) Hur,HM'78+ RCPS Maint ARo w/reinf = decr in duration of periodic shocks - - Lew,P.'80e RCPS Rate(ARo) is-f(Sched(Reinf) of ER) - - - - - - - - - - - - Pis,R.'80- Eg. Incr Rate(ARo) w/DRL sched re ER Pis,R.'80- PCPH Maint ARo w/reinf = postpone TO from R-independent food - - Gal,G.'81- RxPS P(ARo) w/CRF of ER < DRL of ER - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pis,R.'81- RCJS Rapid acq shuttle ARo w/temporal discr re S-S/R-S interval Cot,MM'82+ RCJS Perf ARo decr w/aperiodic nonconting shock during session Sco,MT'82- RAPS No acq of ARo w/w/out signal and w/w/out ER shaping - - - - Wes,S.'82e AECC<>1c:10. R-S/S-S interval in noncued avcond AB****car RUPS Effect shock-shock and R-shock intervals interp re punish - Sid,M.'53- HUPS Acq ARo incr-f R-shock/shock-shock ratio - - - - - - - - - Ade,R.'64+ RCPS Acq ARo decr-f(1-20-sec shock-shock interval) w/20-sec RSI Lea,RC'65- RUPS Rate(ARo) incr-f, P(shock) decr-f(10-60 sec R-sh = sh-sh) - Cla,FC'66+ PCPS W/concur VI sched, rel Rate(ARo) is-f(relative RSI) - - - - Lew,P.'76e RCJS Temporal patterning of ARo w/10/15/20-sec R-S intervals - - Cot,MM'81- RUPS Rate(ARo) decr-f(R-shock interval) - - - - - - - - - - - - Hur,HM'84+ Above N/shocks re N/available incr-decr-f(R-S interval) Hur,HM'84+ AECC<>1c:20. Warning signal in Operant Avcond AB****cas RVPS W/lite cue 15 sec after R w/20-sec R-S int--ARo after lite Sid,M.'57+ In above, if R after lite did not avoid shock--ARo B4 lite Sid,M.'57+ RUUS Emit ARo after rather than also postpone warning S B4 shock Kee,JD'59- FVJS Maint shuttle ARo w/20-sec R-shock interval - - - - - - - - Beh,ER'63+ Added cue B4 shock decr ARo B4, incr ARo after cue Beh,ER'63+ RAPS W/fixed R-S interval, hi P(ARo) after warning S B4 shock - Log,FA'68+ W/fixed S-S cycle, postpone both w/ARo B4 warning S Log,FA'68+ Title: Pre-shock signal on Op-avoid - - - - - - - - - - - Rob,AE'70+ RVPS Maint OpR2 w/reinf=temp change R1 from noncued to cued ARo Bad,P.'71e R PS Acq discrim ARo w/FR requirement during warning S - - - - - Dil,PV'71+ RAPS Fail to avoid warning S w/fixed shock-shock interval - - - Lew,P.'73+ RAPS Maint OpR2 w/reinf = change from unsignal to signal R1 ARo Bad,P.'74+ Note: Obtain above only w/ext cue re changeover Bad,P.'74+ HVPS Maint OpR2 w/reinf=temp change R1 from noncued to cued ARo Bad,P.'74e RAPS W/tone on or off warning S, temporal discrim ARo after S - Bos,DE'74+ R PS Emit OpR on 1 bar to change to signaled ARo on other bar - Cul,S.'77+ Stop making above OpR w/short (< 20-sec) changeover period Cul,S.'77+ RxPS Incr P(ARo) after S B4 US, not-f(USI) - - - - - - - - - - - Mye,AK'77- RxPS P(ARo) w/signal > unsignalled Pis,R.'81- RUPS Acq ARo w/long >short warning S but Rate(ARo) not-f(duratn) Pow,RW'81+ R1US W/3 sequential warning Ss in scrambled order, Pis,R.'82- P(ARo) highest in presence of 1 particular WS - - - - - Pis,R.'82- RCPS Rate(ARo) w/warning S incr w/interspersed escape sched - - Pis,R.'83+ R S Add prior safety-S to CS decr Rate(ARo) - - - - - - - - - - Wei,SJ'85+ No above effect if S first trnd as CS for ARo, then extn Wei,SJ'85+ RAPS Acq ARo w/warning S B4 shock w/FI/VR/DRO escape sched - - - Pis,R.'89e ECC<>1c:30. Punishment in Operant Avcond AB****cap DUSS Rate(shuttle ARo) first incr then decr w/punish - - - - - - Bla,AH'61+ Principle AECC>>2:00a. Cued Omission Cond (Classical) AB****aaA Conting(S,CR,-US) in Pair(S,emot-pos-US)-->Acq CRc R O Title: Omission trng of jaw-mvmt w/water - - - - - - - - - Gor,I.'72+ DAS- Rate of classcond w/CRF > omission trng w/food US - - - - - She,FD'72- Lat(CR) incr toward ISI w/both classcond/omission trng She,FD'72- Fail to find decr Lat(CR) when give food US immed w/CR She,FD'72- Classcond w/CRF > omission trng w/acid US w/incr Lat(CR) She,FD'72- Principle AECC<>2:00b. Cued Omission Cond (Instrumental) AB****AaA . Conting(S,IR,-US) in Pair(S,emot-pos-US)-->Acq IR DUF- Observe leg extension if flex after S precludes food US - - Kon,J.'31- R Title: Food omission for approach R - - - - - - - - - - - Ped,BF'77e QVAO Maint approach-CR w/omission trng re Pair(S,female) - - - - Cra,LL'93+ Principle AECC<>2:00c. Non-cued Omission Cond (Operant) AB****gaA . Conting(OpR,-US) in Sched(emot-pos-US)-->Acq OpR PVPH Maint R to S B4 food-->no food (neg auto-maint, omission) - Sch,B.'73- Concur w/above, no R to S B4 shock-->no shock (avoid) Sch,B.'73- RVB- Pair(bar-in,food) incr bar-press R, decr if omit food if R Atn,GW'75- Omission trng did not decr bar-contacts (eg sniffing) Atn,GW'75- Title: AuSh and reward omission - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ped,BF'79- R RH Diffcond decr wheel-run IR w/conting(IR,omit free food) - - Wil,PN'87e Attrib above to cog represent neg conting, not classcond Wil,PN'87e AECC<>3:00. Control Procedures for Avcond AB****cAc R Title: Pseudocond - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Zer,DJ'65e XXXX Need nonavoid control to assess effect of avoid conting - - DAm,MR'67- AECC<>4:00. Miscellaneous Avcond Phenomena AB****cAx DAQS After avcond, incr R-effort requirement-->disturbed beh - - Jam,WT'43- OVLS W/cockroach, forced run-acty soon after trng decr ARi - - - Min,H.'46- RSR- Acq follow-leader ARi not facil by pretrng follow R w/food Sol,RL'54+ CNWS Acq ARi during hippocamp afterdischarge - - - - - - - - - - Fly,JP'60+ B S Avcond is-f(experimenter's practice) - - - - - - - - - - - Bro,WJ'62- RUxx Re amt suppress concur food OpR, on/off of S for ARi Hof,HS'62+ incr/decr emotionality - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hof,HS'62+ RARS P(1-way signaled ARi) decr-f(time in shock box B4 S) - - - Rey,JH'63e RVJS Pref side of shuttle w/sign-avoidable sh vs unsign-unavoid Bro,R.'65- RxRS Lo wheel-turn ARi sim to ARo as-f(ITI), not-f(R-requirement Fit,RD'65+ RUUH Lo P(ARi) to avoid term of pos-reinf but reinstate w/ER - - Kau,A.'66+ RxRS W/gradual shift escape to avoid, wheel-run ARi > ARo - - - Bro,JS'67e PVPH Acq ARo re S-->postpone switch from VI-2 min to FR-500 - - Gib,DA'67- x JS Small signif incr in R to S in mice treated w/brain extract Ben,BG'71+ from rats trnd w/shuttle ARi w/S - - - - - - - - - - - - Ben,BG'71+ FVOS Transfer of lite-ARi w/intracranial injection from trnd O - Bry,RC'71- R PS After ARi acq, P(ARi) decr w/interpolated escape trng - - - Man,SL'71+ D1PS Acq S1-->ARi1 + S2-->ARi2 facil w/diff USs assoc w/S1/S2 - Ove,JB'71e RCOS Perf wheel-turn ARo --> gastric ulceration, not w/yoked O - Bar,HE'73+ RUPS ARo perf facil w/shock 2, not 16-sec B4 warning signal - - Del,DJ'77+ RUJS 20-hr massed 2-way ARi-->gastric ulceration > shock-yoked O Mur,R.'81e RAOU Startle R in avoid-avoid conflict not diff from nonconflict All,MJ'83+ RCPS Temp incr Rate(ARo) w/2-16-d interval between daily session VHe,RE'86- PCPH W/simult RI sched w/2 keys, pref key that also postpones TO Hac,TD'87- H G- Latent inhib re S preexpose w/w/out cue is-f(schizotypal) - Lip,OV'92+ AXXX Correl indiv diff in avcond w/ITI R-rate, is-f(trng cond) - Zie,K.'93- AECC<>5:00. P(AR) as-f(trng) AB****cAR . Note: See AR for other measures of AR DSJS W/traumatic US, observe sudden shift from escape to avoid - Sol,RL'53+ RORS Rapid (4-tr, >1 min trng) acq of 1-way ARi - - - - - - - - Cla,R.'66- RUJS Incr in P(ARi) w/decr in Lat(ARi) over 50 acq tr - - - - - Bon,NW'81- AECC<>5:10. Effect of extended trng on P(AR) AB****cnn . Genz: P(AR) may decr w/extended trng . Term: Extended trng is beyond point of max P(CR) HVH- Observe decr of cond HR during ARc acq, esp w/cue re avoid Ber,PJ'56e MUPS Rate(ARo) decr w/extended exposure to avoid sched - - - - - Bor,JJ'60- MUPS Maint hi Rate(ARo) w/prolonged trng - - - - - - - - - - - - Bra,JV'60+ RAPS P(wheel-turn ARi) incr-decr-f(trng) - - - - - - - - - - - - Coo,EE'60e R RS Decr in wheel ARi w/extended trng - - - - - - - - - - - - - And,NH'64+ R JS Maint long-term shuttle ARi w/some FR perf - - - - - - - - Bad,P.'64+ RW Title: Anal of avoid decr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rey,JH'64e R S Decr ARi w/extended trng, not-f(ITI/USI) - - - - - - - - - And,NH'66+ R RS Wheel ARi decr w/extended trng even w/punish nonavoid beh - And,NH'66e RCRS W/nonshock test, fear of shock-side decr-f(Amt(ARi trng)) - Del,DJ'74- RCPS Maint asymptotic Rate(ARo) w/variability over 120 sessions Rob,AE'74e R RS Acq ER from shuttlebox to safe box decr-f(prior ARi trng) - MAl,WR'83e No decr acq above ER if warning S present during ER acq MAl,WR'83e Interp above re decr in fear of situatn cues w/ARi trng MAl,WR'83e RUxS Attrib decr in ARi w/extended trng to decr in fear of CS - Coo,M.'87e Above based on freezing beh, attrib to AR-produced fdbk Coo,M.'87e AECC<>5:20. Within-session effects AB****cnw OUUS Early trng, P(ARc) decr after ARc; attrib to decr vigilance Bog,GW'57- SUJS Shuttle ARi decr during prolonged session, incr w/rest - - Bov,D.'67+ Above ARi perf decrement decr w/AMPH or added CS Bov,D.'67+ RCUS Rate(ARo) early in session lower w/hi USI, higher w/lo USI Sag,T.'82- Systematic Analyses of Avoidance Conditioning AB****cAZ RAJ- Rejects S-substitution because ARi qual diff from ER - - - War,LH'32- XXXX Hypo: Anxiety lrng re Pair(S,pain); motivating w/decr=reinf Mow,OH'39- xARS Attrib acq ARi to anxiety decr, w/constant > varied ITI - - Mow,OH'40- Title: Two-factor th of lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ger,AA'52- HVOO Attrib acq percept defense/vigilance to anxiety reduction - Dul,DE'55- H B- Lower perf w/avcond vs classcond attrib to cyclic acq drive Kim,GA'55e DUU- Russians attrib avcond > classcond to PRF of non-overreinf Raz,GH'56- XXXS Interp AR as discrim operant reinf w/shock omission - - - - Kee,JD'66- B Concl: Incubatn adaptive to compensate for decr in discrim Gab,M.'72+ XXXX Anal of avoid re discrim shock density w/w/out AR - - - - - Gib,J.'72- Combine above w/scalar-timing proc in semi-Markov chain Gib,J.'72- Incl strong no-R bias for ARo and decrement in cued ARi Gib,J.'72- XXXS Justify distinction of active/passive avoid re motiv/cue - Olt,DS'73- Above distinction relevant to brain structures/lesions Olt,DS'73- Title: Law of effect and avoid - - - - - - - - - - - - - - DVi,PA'74- XXEO Hypo: Anxiety is-f(adventitious rf of autonomic R re avoid) Kim,HD'75- Title: Neg reinf and avoid (Honig) - - - - - - - - - - - - Hin,PN'77- XXX Title: Role of fear in theories of avcond - - - - - - - - Min,S.'79- Title: 2-process th: Relations (Brush) - - - - - - - - - - Ham,LJ'85- XXXX Anal evidence favoring 2-factor (fear) th of avcond - - - - Lev,DJ'89- Relevant uncoded root-abstracts Relevant(?) unabstracted/uncoded literature Title: Anxiety/escape/avoid beh (Hoch) - - - - - - - - - - Sch,WN'50- CN Title: Escape w/out avoid w/ESB - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rob,WW'58- Title: Acq/extn as-f(trng) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - San,JF'58- CNE Title: Fearlike beh w/ESB - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rob,WW'62- CN Title: Vibration as reinf for infant - - - - - - - - - - - Sch,DP'62+ Title: Adjusting avoid proc w/warning S - - - - - - - - - Fei,GE'63+ R P Title: Rapid avcond of bar-press - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fel,RS'63+ O Title: Memory transfer thru cannibalism - - - - - - - - - Har,AL'64e R Title: Avcond in wheel and shuttle - - - - - - - - - - - - Mak,CY'64+ R Title: Avcond w/out escape - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mar,MH'64+ C Title: Direct stim hypothalamus as US - - - - - - - - - - Rom,A.'64- MOB Title: Wind as aversive S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Roh,FH'65- B Title: Limited trials of shock US - - - - - - - - - - - - Sch,DW'65e R Title: Class/instru appetitive cond - - - - - - - - - - - Wei,RG'65- H B Title: Compare class/instru reinf on cond - - - - - - - - Fle,RA'66+ R Title: Punish on avoid decr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rol,HA'66+ M B Title: Punish inten on AR - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - San,J.'66e R Title: Drive/reward in aversive lrng - - - - - - - - - - - MAl,W.'67+ M B Title: Punish AR w/nonpunish other beh - - - - - - - - - - San,J.'67+ H Title: Optimal delay in instrucond - - - - - - - - - - - - Gra,DA'69e Title: Signalled/unsignalled avoid - - - - - - - - - - - - For,DD'70+ R P Title: Shaping tech for avcond - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rie,DA'70- Title: R-dep vs R-indep T-out from avoid - - - - - - - - - Bar,A.'71+ RAP Title: Cond suppression of AR - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hur,HM'71+ Title: Rapid acq of unsignaled shuttle aR - - - - - - - - Rie,DA'72+ Title: Sequence/mag of relief - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wat,RM'72- Title: Excit/inhib/discrim w/ARo - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kle,M.'73- Title: Acq/extn active avoid R - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wil,LM'74- R Title: Lrng relation of R to events - - - - - - - - - - - Goo,F.'76- Title: Analogue of aversive cond - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gre,TJ'76- Title: Ratio R w/concur avoid - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Woo,KA'76- Title: Partial avoid conting: Omissn/pun - - - - - - - - - Fly,BL'79+ ROO Title: Omission trng in water tank - - - - - - - - - - - - Mat,MD'79- F Title: Acq/extn diff R w/shock/omission - - - - - - - - - Zer,DJ'82+ Title: Predictability & controllability - - - - - - - - - Ros,RA'87e R Title: Discrim ARo - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hym,A.'89-