LOGAN: LAWS OF LEARNING (Basic Processess) July 2004 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: Excitation Current Contingency Independent Variables Contents Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Positive/Independent-Operation Principle CECC>>1:00. Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning CA****ACA CECC>>1:10. Control Procedures for Classcond CA****Acc CECC>>1:11. Explicitly-unpaired control proc CA****Acd CECC>>1:12. Truly-random control proc CA****Ace CECC>>1:13. Pseudo-conditioning control proc CA****Acp CECC>>1:14. Sensitization control proc CA****Acs CECC>>1:20. Control/msmt w/GSR CA****Acu CECC>>1:30. Miscellaneous Classcond Phenomena CA****ACx Miscellaneous Analyses of Classical Conditioning CA****ACz Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Independent-Operation Law CECC>>2:00. P(CR) as-f N/S-US pairings CA****BCR Paradigmatic/Unnatural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation CECC>>2:01. "Insightful" Classcond CA****hCH Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Positive/Independent-Operation CECC>>2:02. Effect of extended trng on P(CR) CA****Ann CECC>>2:10. Within-session effects CA****Anw Systematic Analyses of Acquisition Function CA****AzA Principle CECC>>3:00. S asynchronism (interstimulus interval, ISI) CA****aia CECC>>3:01. S asynchronism w/human eyeblink CA****aih CECC>>3:02. w/rabbit nictitating membrane CA****ain CECC>>3:03. w/human GSR CA****aio Systematic Analyses of Stimulus Asynchronism CA****aiz Law CECC>>3:10. S order in classcond CA****aiB CECC>>3.11. Backward Pair(US,S) on Pair(S,US) CA****aiC CECC>>3:12. S/US Offset CA****aiO CECC>>3:13. S follows US onset+precedes offset CA****aiP Systematic Analyses of Backward/Simultaneous Cond CA****aiZ Law CECC>>3:20. Rate of classcond incr-decr-f(ISI) CA****aiR CECC>>3:30. Constant ISI superior to variable ISI CA****acJ Principle CECC>>4:00. Distrib practice (intertrial interval, ITI) CA****aha Law CECC>>5:00. Classcond incr-neg-accel-f(average ITI) CA****ahn CECC>>5:10. Substantial variation in ITI CA****ahv CECC>>5:20. Interaction of ITI and ISI CA****acI Principle CECC>>6:00. Trace Conditioning (Classical tracecond) CA****aCS Principle CECC>>7:00. Temporal Conditioning (Classical tempcond) CA****aCT CECC>>8:00. Interactions involving concur classcond CA****aIc Principle CECC>>9:00. Unconscious classcond CA****aVc Corollary CECC>>9:10. Voluntary CR CA****aVr CECC>>9:20. Masking task in human classcond CA****aVs Systematic Analyses of Awareness in Classcond CA****aVz Relevant Uncoded Root Abstracts Relevant(?) Unabstracted/Uncoded Literature Principle CECC>>1:00. Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning CA****ACA . General case: Two-stimulus pairing operations Classcond procedures . Term: Appetitive (alimentary) classcond if US is food/water . Term: Defense classcond if US is aversive . Note: Observe CR B4 US or on test trial w/out US . Note: May observe effect of operation on other behavior hOE- Pair(rat,noise)--Cond neg emot beh to rat w/child 11-mo age Wat,JB'20+ HAP- Cond pupil dilation/contraction to bell S w/lite off/on US Cas,H.'22- HAB- Pair(S,shock)--Lat(CR) < Lat(Vol R) - - - - - - - - - - - - Cas,H.'22- HXB- Pendulum makes contacts to record S/R, carries photo paper Dod,R.'26- DXS- Pair(S,food) leads to salivation to S B4 food - - - - - - - Pav,IP'27- Pair(S,acid-in-mouth) leads to salivation to S B4 acid Pav,IP'27- HxF- Classcond knee jerk to various S, facil by clenched fists - Sch,H.'28- hAF- Classcond knee jerk w/Pair(tuning fork, patellar tap) - - - Cor,L.'29+ HVB- Pair(lite,noise)--5/8 O give CR, all w/in vol RT range - - Hil,ER'31- OTF- Classcond leg flex CR in sheep w/shock US - - - - - - - - - Lid,HS'34e Rxx- Cond breathing/tail-mvmt/squeal to buzz/lite w/tailshock US Sch,H.'34- DVB- Incr P(CR), incr Amp(CR), + decr Lat(CR) w/Pair(lite,puff) Hil,ER'35+ HUS- Classcond human salivation w/roll of dental cotton in mouth Raz,GH'35- UUU- Classcond w/motor and sensory peripheral parts elim - - - - Gan,WH'37- RAB- Pair(buzz,puff) produces antic lid closure in rat - - - - - Hug,B.'38+ DAF- 2 types of CR, 1 differs from UR in amp/speed/duration - - Kel,WN'38- DOx- Cond salivation/flexion w/faradization of cortex as CS - - Lou,RB'38- DAF- Maintain CR w/food reinf after classcond w/shock US - - - - Bro,WJ'39- HVB- Acq, P(CR), Amp(CR) greater if make vol tapping R w/S-on - Gra,DA'39- HVL- Verbal expectation of occurrence of lite sim to classcond - Hum,LG'39- Dxx- Techniques for cond flexion, muscle reaction, respiration - Kel,WN'39e HAW- Classcond w/shock US not= instructed vol R - - - - - - - - Wic,DD'39- RAe- Pair(S,shock)--CER-->S suppress Rate(OpR) - - - - - - - - - Est,WK'41+ RAO- Technique for classcond squeak reaction - - - - - - - - - - Her,MJ'46- RGC- Max CTA w/simult Pair(saccharine,irradiation) - - - - - - - Gar,J.'57+ HXS- Apparatus for salivary cond in humans - - - - - - - - - - - Sut,GF'61+ BAB- Classcond nictitating membrane w/puff/paraorbital shock US Gor,I.'62e FVA- Acty classcond shows delayed CR as-f(ISI) - - - - - - - - - Bit,ME'64- DAF- Pair(S,passive-leg-lift)--Classcond leg-lift unstable (151) Asr,EA'65- PVA- Stabilimetrically measured CR w/Pair(lite,food) CRF/PRF - - Sli,RM'66+ BAO- Classcond jaw mvmt w/squirt of saccharin as US - - - - - - Smi,MC'66e CAB- System for classcond of nictitating membrane in awake cat - Pat,MM'77e R1O- Incr magazine acty re S w/Pair(S,food) - - - - - - - - - - Dar,RJ'95+ CECC>>1:10. Control Procedures for Classcond CA****Acc . Genz: Any control procedure may produce some change in P(R) HTF- _Pair(tap left,tap right)--Disting CR from facil by Lat(CR) Wen,GH'30- XXX- _Contends same processes in pseudocond w/variable ISI - - - Bur,KR'73- XXX- _Contends that assoc/nonassoc effects of S cannot be disting She,MH'73- _ Concl there is no empirical control for assoc neutrality She,MH'73- XXX- _In classcond, US occur/non-occur indep of beh incl approach Gor,I.'75+ _ In true classcond, target CR same effector system as UR Gor,I.'75+ CECC>>1:11. Explicitly-unpaired control proc CA****Acd . Term: Explicitly unpaired, if US occurs but never shortly after S . Note: S is paired w/no-US in explicitly unpaired proc . Note: If Pair(S,no-US) is learnable, then Pair(S,US) is learnable HxH- Unpair(S/US) produces sensitization, diff auditory/visual - Obr,PA'66+ CECC>>1:12. Truly-random control proc CA****Ace . Term: Truly-random, if S and US schedules are independent . Note: Partial Pair(S,US) in truly-random proc XXX- Contends proper control involves no contingency of S/US - - Res,RA'67- XXX- Criticizes truly-random control as having powerful effects Sel,ME'69- RUe- Generalized (non-S) cond suppession w/random vs paired US - Hol,PA'71e RAe- Suppression to S after truly-random trng re unpaired cond - Kre,EF'71+ Above suppression retained over long retention interval Kre,EF'71+ Above suppression is-f average nonconting S-US interval Kre,EF'71+ RAe- Cond w/truly random proc if chance pairings early in trng - Ben,JO'72+ XXX- Adequacy of truly-random rel to assoc construct in theory - Res,RA'72- RAe- Suppression to S after truly-random trng w/hi density - - - Kre,EF'74- No suppression to S after truly-random trng w/lo density Kre,EF'74- RAe- Less suppression if omit chance Pair(S,US) in truly random Ayr,JJ'75e XXX- Logical/empirical/theoretical difficulties w/truly-random - Gor,I.'75+ RAe- Random tone/shock--CER to tone w/w/out background noise - - Wit,ES'75+ RAe- CER incr-decr-f(N/truly-random S/US) w/decr=f(N/US-alone) - Kel,RJ'77e PAe- CER incr-decr-f(time) since truly-random(S/shock) - - - - - How,RC'78+ XXX- Contingency anal implies assoc-by-contig re empirical ISI - Gor,I.'84- Contingency anal requires overall stat vs tr-by-tr proc Gor,I.'84- XXX- Concl: Random control-->cond to both CS and context - - - - Pap,MR'90+ Re above, concl that conting neither nec/suff for cond Pap,MR'90+ CECC>>1:13. Pseudo-conditioning control proc CA****Acp . Term: Pseudocond, if P(R-to-S) incr w/repeat US-alone w/out S MAE- Present emotional US alone: Observe incr R to unpaired S - Gre,WF'38- CAA- Shock-alone produces a motor R to buzz - - - - - - - - - - Har,HF'40+ Greater pseudocond in apparatus than in neutral environ Har,HF'40+ RxO- Obtain pseudocond only when S onset same rate as US - - - - Wic,DD'42+ RAA- Shock-alone incr R level - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Har,JD'43- HVB- Dark adapt obscures classcond, Lat(CR) over 250 msec - - - Gra,DA'47+ H1G- Pseudocond is-f decr skin resist after S tr, not S sim - - Ham,LJ'71- BCO- Pseudo-CR incr w/US alone, decr w/exposure to context alone She,PJ'72- BAO- Intra-oral water US-alone produces pseudocond jaw mvmt R - She,PJ'75- Extn pseudo-CR w/S-alone or confine in context w/out US She,PJ'75- CECC>>1:14. Sensitization control proc CA****Acs . Term: Sensitization, if P(R) incr w/adapt to context DCS- After daily feeding in exper context, food R to any new S - Vol,GV'33- HVB- Present puff US alone--Observe incr R to lite - - - - - - - Gra,DA'43- HVB- Visual fixation w/out US incr R to lite - - - - - - - - - - Gra,DA'43- HVB- Sensitized R w/latency 120-240 msec incr-f(S inten) - - - - Gra,DA'45- HVB- Dark adapt produced more sensitized eyelid R - - - - - - - Gra,DA'46+ HVG- Dark adapt produced sensitization - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gra,DA'47e HVB- No pseudo-cond w/puff alone if O is lite-adapted - - - - - Gra,DA'47e HVB- Inhib instruct reduced mag, not freq of sensitized R - - - Gra,DA'48e HVB- Sensitization greatest at short wavelength during dark - - Gra,DA'49e CECC>>1:20. Control/msmt w/GSR CA****Acu H1G- Meas cond by disparity of GSR to usual vs changed US - - - Gri,WW'60- HAG- Criterion for cond GSR in terms of Lat(CR) - - - - - - - - Ste,MA'61e HVG- No consistent adapt of alpha-UR to repeated lite-alone- - - Kor,SJ'62+ HVG- Pseudocond incr-f N/tone US-alone S w/decr basal level - - Mar,I.'62- HXG- Critical of use of 2nd R to CS as criterion for true CR - - Loc,RA'63+ HXG- Reply Ste,MA'61e--CR is change as-f(trng) re controls - - - Kim,HD'64- H1G- Some incr in GSR to tone/lite S w/uncorrel loud noise - - - Ham,LJ'65- Above pseudocond if O adapt to S and give strong UR Ham,LJ'65- HOG- GSR involves change in polarization capacity of skin - - - Lyk,DT'66e HAG- Disting 3 components of CR by latency criteria w/in ISI - - Pro,WF'67+ 1st an alpha R, 3rd most indicative of classcond Pro,WF'67+ HAG- Fail to estab CR w/masking task - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Daw,ME'68+ Re above, record CR-like GSR w/info re S-US relation Daw,ME'68+ HXG- CR msmt confounded w/orienting-R to US-omission w/short ISI Bad,P.'70+ HVL- Estimate of aversiveness incr-f shock USI and ISI - - - - - Fra,LR'70- HxG- No empirical support for contingency truly-random control - Fur,JJ'75e HxG- Faults Prokasy anal of contingency w/electrodermal cond - - Fur,JJ'75e HXG- Considers R definition, subjective contingencies w/random - Pro,WF'75- HUG- Maint CR w/US conting on CR vs CS - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fur,JJ'88- Incl order/affect in S-R contig-rf th of human autonomic Fur,JJ'88- H G- Concl 1st-interval GSR stable/consistent re indiv diff - - Fre,M.'93e CECC>>1:30. Miscellaneous Classcond Phenomena CA****ACx DxS- Delayed CR decr by CS termination during ISI (103) - - - - Pav,IP'27- hAO- After bell/candy S-->IR w/candy reinf, bell-->IR - - - - - Iva,AG'28- DxS- Delayed classcond w/15-30 sec ISI causes sleep (305) - - - Pav,IP'28- OTF- Gross acty settles down to localized flex CR - - - - - - - Lid,HS'34e DVB- CR to lite S w/longer latency after remove visual cortex - Mar,DG'36+ HfB- Vol R to lite B4 shock US better than lite-alone - - - - - Mil,J.'36+ MVB- Acq CR w/lite S after bilat removal occipital lobes - - - - Mar,DG'37+ HAS- Pair(buzz,candy) incr R to combined but not separate S - - Jon,LF'39- DAF- Obtain some CR after restrain or temporarily paralyze UR - Kel,WN'40e Struggling/gen acty changed abruptly during cond Kel,WN'40e OAx- Salivation/motor/heart CR pos-f R freq between trials - - - Moo,AU'45+ HLO- Cond palmaris brevis R to thought of press on ulnar nerve - Mon,MF'52- DNS- After cond, elicit R w/direct cruciate/coronary fissure ESB Kar,LN'62+ BNB- Classcond facil by pos or neg ESB w/eye-shock US - - - - - Bru,A.'66- BAB- Brief incr in illum between trials decr rate of classcond - Ket,NM'67+ FXR- Tech for classcond inhib of respiration in fish - - - - - - Fay,RR'69+ HVB- Higher P(CR) w/male experimenter, not-f sex of O - - - - - Gol,DP'69- HVO- Pair(S,shock) enhances perceptual sensitivity to S - - - - Cha,CR'72+ MfH- Augmented fdbk reduce/elim small cond incr in HR - - - - - Fen,WD'72- BxB- Effect of Pair(S,US) decr by post-trial exper, decr-f(time) Wag,AR'73e Above effect if exper is changed Pair(S2,US2)/(S2,no-US) Wag,AR'73e BfB- Classcond decr by decr in cutaneous fdbk from orbital area Ber,LH'74+ RAJ- Pair(tone,shock) w/jump ER--Antic jump to tone - - - - - - Kat,RD'74+ HVO- Cond chromatic afterimage w/Pair(blue-green,yellow-orange) Bon,C.'75- BfB- Classcond/avcond inc-f mag cutaneous fdbk from orbital area Ber,LH'76+ BAN- Pair(tone,puff)--Incr hippocampus unit acty early in trng - Ber,TW'76e RAE- Incr lactatn posture w/Pair(neonatal-sound,shock) B4 mating Bel,RW'77+ R1e- Pair(S,US,S) incr/decr cond re pre-cond responsiveness to S Don,NH'77e BAB- Immediate post-trial hippocampal stim decr rate of cond - - Sal,WR'77e RAE- Pair(S,shock)--S awakens O from slow-wave, not REM sleep - Hal,JM'81+ CAB- Cond facil by hypothalamic stim 2-3-sec B4 Pair(click,tap) Kim,EH'83e FOU- Food-CR to chem-S restored after section/regen olfact nerve Vin,V.'83+ HGL- Incr flavor pref by Pair(fl-sucrose)--Interp re fl-fl assn Zel,DA'83e RXe- On-baseline method for CER msmt - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Jac,WJ'88e R O- After diffcond w/shock US, S+ -->decr tail-flick R to pain Ill,PA'91+ HVP- Mod pref re pictures of people w/Pair(picture,pos/neg odor) Tod,J.'93- HVx- CS incr blink after Pair(S,sh), not after Pair(S,RT task) - Lip,OV'94e Miscellaneous Analyses of Classical Conditioning CA****ACz XXX- After 2 brain proc active together, 1 excites other (256) - Jam,W.'00- DxS- Conditional/unconditional are English equivalent of Russian Yer,RM'09+ XXX- Physical basis of CR at juncture of 2 simult active neurone Cas,H.'25- DXS- S acting w/UR center excited devel nervous connection (37) Pav,IP'27- DXX- Cerebral cortex is extremely complicated switchboard (219) Pav,IP'27- XXX- Polarizable cells, switchs, w/lite bulb mimic prop of CR - Hul,CL'29+ XXX- Th: Cond of neural dominance; extn=f(asynchronization) - - Raz,GH'30- XXX- Reflex th: Determinism, adapt function to structure - - - - Pav,IP'32- Critical of Gestalt and purposivist explanations Pav,IP'32- XXX- Interp antic CR re decr threshold - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dod,R.'33- XXX- Reply to Pavlov, defends 1 S-R law of assn by temp contig - Gut,ER'34- XXX- Diff of CR/UR, extn, no simult cond disprove S-substitution Hil,ER'36- XXX- Hypo: Classcond is assn of S w/implicit US - - - - - - - - Lou,RB'37- Basis: No cond if elicit R neurally w/no sensory effects Lou,RB'37- Favor S-S theory because no humoral CR w/out sensory CNS Lou,RB'37- Note: Alternatively, could be S-R assn w/reinf nec Lou,RB'37- XXX- Theory of propriocep facil/inhib - - - - - - - - - - - - - Irw,OD'39- XXX- Classcond = Sensory (S-US) integration as-f(contiguity) - - Mai,NR'42+ Once S is CS, US function as reward/punish for T+E lrng Mai,NR'42+ XXX- Interp pseudocond as "reactive facil" (as in warm-up) - - - May,MA'49- XXX- Disting lo-level (mere cond) re hi (perceive S relations) - Raz,GH'55- Always get lo level, may also get hi level (dominant) Raz,GH'55- XXX- What-is-lrnd is empirical problem of cond-genz - - - - - - Roz,WW'58- Cond-genz: Beh re CS changed if mod beh re US after cond Roz,WW'58- BAB- Classcond based on assoc between S-US in albino O - - - - - Sch,N.'62e HXW- Conscious acty (planning) is obstacle to acq of motor CR - Ber,J.'65- HXB- Favors S-S assn w/rapid acq; some overt CR may devel later Pro,WF'65- DXS- Notes food not R-independent in Pavlov sit (must go get it) Gan,WH'67- XXX- Th: Pair(S-US) integrated into single unit in memory (127) Mar,I.'69+ Th: Acty S-US unit leads to R-model re internal US (128) Mar,I.'69+ Th: CR production incl motiv factors + R-shaping (129) Mar,I.'69+ XXX- Hypo: Rat can disting causation/correl re taste-sick/shock Rev,S.'70+ HXG- Electrodermal acty is good meas of arousal re orient/expect Gri,WW'73- XXX- Th: US image cond to S, cond image naturally produces R - - Kin,DL'73- R1e- Interp: Post-cond US habituatn decr CR, classcond=S-US assn Res,RA'73- Hiordcond is independent of 1st-order process, =S-R assn Res,RA'73- BXB- Minicomputer program for classcond nictitating membrane - - Bis,HS'74+ HxG- Favor S-R contiguity over orienting-R or cog interp - - - - Fur,JJ'74+ XXX- Theory--Pair(S1,S2)--Image of S1 cond to S2 w/percep fusion Kin,DL'74- XXX- Classcond=assn internal representation of S and info re US Dic,A.'78+ Info re US varies w/cond procedure Dic,A.'78+ XXX- Th: Attn--Lrng rate parameter is-f(reinf/nonreinf) - - - - Fre,PW'78+ Th: Add above + catastrophe rule to Rescorla-Wagner th Fre,PW'78+ Implies S-shaped acq/fast re-acq/effect is-f(past exper) Fre,PW'78+ RXX- Cog view of assoc lrng as relations among environ events - Res,RA'78- Incl any interevent relatn--hiordcond incr-f(S1-S2 sim) Res,RA'78- RXX- Suggests lrng incl representation of events w/values Res,RA'78- Views Pavlovian cond as example of assoc lrng generally Res,RA'78- XXX- Reviews evidence on brain proc and classcond - - - - - - - Moo,JW'79- Neuron model: Sensori- +moto-neurons connect w/reticular Moo,JW'79- XXX- Neural network model w/adaptive element w/antic rate incr - Sut,RS'81+ XXX- Describ neuron-like element w/antic CR in computer simulatn Bar,AG'82+ XXX- Anal lo impact of Twitmyer's 1904 APA paper re classcond - Coo,DJ'82- XXX- Boolean logic test re data show pairing-contiguity nec/suff Dam,EN'82- Note: contingency correl affects max/min contig effect Dam,EN'82- HVG- Evidence from continuous verbal report of both S-S/S-R proc Fur,JJ'82e RAe- Opposes suppressn ratio meas because both S/no-S rates vary Hur,HM'83+ HUK- Argues that E.B.Twitmyer did not discover classcond in 1902 Mis,G.'83+ XXX- 2-proc anal: Lrng + incr excitability as-f(US repetition) - Dos,C.'84+ XXX- Anal: Function of classcond sim to detection of causality - Rob,S.'84+ AXX- Reviews Tolman cog th of classcond as rel uninteresting beh Mac,NJ'86- Form of CR difficult to explain w/Tolman/modern cog th Mac,NJ'86- XXX- Pavlov/Twitmyer indepen discovery of CR re anal of reflex - Win,G.'86- XXX- Mod Rescorla/Wagner th w/attn/conting/ISI factors - - - - - Dam,EN'87- XXX- Feed-forward model vs logical defect in conting fdbk models Gar,RA'88+ XXX- In classcond, S assoc w/both US and UR-produced fdbk S - - Log,FA'88- XXX- Re above, overshadowing is-f(relative salience), Log,FA'88- XXX- S-US vs S-fdbk assns, w/CR = UR to antic S Log,FA'88- XXX- Eg: Assn w/US in 1st-order, w/UR-produced fdbk in 2nd Log,FA'88- XXX- Note: If antic fdbk --> R, then S-fdbk assn = S-R assn Log,FA'88- Oxxx Anal assoc lrng re transmitter binding and depolarization - Abr,T.'89+ XXX- Th: Inductive lrng re inference heuristics (eg unusualness) Hol,KJ'89e Above parallel rule-based perf system w/default hierarch Hol,KJ'89e XXX- Mod Hebb '49 model re pre- and post-synaptic levels of acty Klo,AH'89- XXX- Disting lrng/assessment re contig/info/inhib/salience - - - Res,RA'89- Law CECC>>2:00. P(CR) as-f N/S-US pairings CA****BCR . Note: See CR for other measures of CR HVB- P(CR) incr-S-shaped-f N/Pair(lite,puff) - - - - - - - - - - Hil,ER'36+ DAx- P(CR) incr-sigmoid-f N/Pair(tone,shock) - - - - - - - - - - Hea,CR'41+ HAB- P(CR) neg-accel-f N/Pair(tone,puff) - - - - - - - - - - - - Bar,MR'52- HAB- Rapid incr in P(CR) if little S variability - - - - - - - - Voe,VW'54- HxB- P(no-CR) after first CR decr w/decr S variability - - - - - Voe,VW'55- XXX- Assn of sensory events and w/emot feeling estab immed (343) Ber,J.'65- HVB- Greater incr in P(CR) on no-CR trials - - - - - - - - - - - Pro,WF'69+ Rxe- Typical acq is stepwise-f(N/trials), w/1-tr cond if good S Gra,T.'79- CECC>>2:01. "Insightful" Classcond CA****hCH DAF- Some O show 'insight' during cond--Abrupt shift in acty - - Kel,WN'40+ CECC>>2:02. Effect of extended trng on P(CR) CA****Ann . Genz: P(CR) may decr w/extended Pair(S,US) . Term: Extended trng is beyond point of max P(CR) . Term: Inhib w/reinf DXS- Rapid classcond to new S after inhib-w/reinf w/old S (239) Pav,IP'27- DAF- W/extended trng, O may fall asleep to S but not to US - - - Kel,WN'41- OAFS Prolonged Pair(S,shock)-->flex CR replaced by stiffen leg - Cal,WE:46- XXX- Concludes decr CR w/extended massed trng is not a gen phen Pro,WF'60- DUS- Extn w/reinf devel gradually, 1 month to 5 years - - - - - Koz,LN'65- CECC>>2:10. Within-session effects CA****Anw RAB- Classcond w/Pair(buzz,puff), w/P(CR) incr-decr w/in session Hug,B.'38+ RAS- No decr in CR w/repetitions unless decr in hunger - - - - - Cyt,J.'67- RAS- Rate of exhaustion of CR w/repetition varies w/type of CR - Cyt,J.'67- DAS- W/in session decr in CR even w/CRF - - - - - - - - - - - - Sad,EW'68- BAB- P(CR) decr-f trials w/in session, postasymptotic - - - - - Mit,DS'74- R1e- Lrnd suppression strongest on 1st trial of day w/short ITI Ayr,JJ'79e BAB- W/in-session decr in P(CR), greater w/long shock US - - - - Tai,RW'83e Systematic Analyses of Acquisition Function CA****AzA Note: See also "Systematic Analyses: Acquisition" AXX- Transition period w/unstable, weak CR between 1st/final CR Raz,GH'33- XXX- Excit Pot sEr = neg-accel-incr-f(N/reinf) (327) - - - - - - Hul,CL'43- P(CR)=P(sEr >threshold) w/random oscillatn in sEr (327) Hul,CL'43- Implies P(CR) = S-shaped-incr-f(N/reinf) (331) Hul,CL'43- XXX- Complete course of P(CR) as-f(N/trials) is S-shaped (68) - Spe,KW'56- XXG- CR=incr-decr-f(trng) if CR cannot decr aversive US - - - - Kim,HD'63- BXX- 3-state (naive/activated/cond) Markov model of classcond - The,J.'66+ Unidirectional transition matrix w/cond state absorbing The,J.'66+ Diff P(CR) assoc w/each state The,J.'66+ Model permits S-shaped mean learning curves The,J.'66+ HxB- N/trial to 1st R in CR range fewer w/Pair(S,US) than unpair Sub,MD'67e XXX- "Saturation" anal: Min/max values of assoc value S can acq Wag,AR'71- "Variable-rf" anal: Reinf value of US is-f(if-signalled) Wag,AR'71- Unbounded assn value anal implies block/supernormal cond Wag,AR'71- May also imply incr-w/nonrf and decr-w/reinf in compound Wag,AR'71- HXB- Model of indiv cond requires 2-phases, lst w/no incr P(CR) Pro,WF'72- Incr in P(CR) during phase 2 requires 2 linear operators Pro,WF'72- Larger incr in P(CR) w/US and no CR than if CR Pro,WF'72- N/trials B4 phase 2 dec-f(USI), inc-f(ISI), more w/mask Pro,WF'72- XXB- P(CR) initially constant, then incr-f(N/trials) in phase 2 Pro,WF'73- Some O show decr in P(CR) after non-CR trial in phase 2 Pro,WF'73- Phase l duratn decr-f(USI) w/limit incr-f(USI) in humans Pro,WF'73- HVB- Can fit both V-/C-O indiv data w/2-state Markov model - - - Hel,JB'76- XXX- Stages of acq: Detect contin, select R, R-acq, R-shaping - Pro,WF'84- 2-phase model of P(CR)=f(trng), w/phase parameters indep Pro,WF'84- Genz: No single continuous incr assn strength as-f(trng) Pro,WF'84- XXX- Disting rapid (CER,GSR,BP,HR) vs slow (blink,flex) CR acq - Len,RC'92+ Contends above diff favors 2-factor th of classcond Len,RC'92+ Principle CECC>>3:00. S asynchronism (interstimulus interval, ISI) CA****aia . Asymptotic P(CR) incr-decr-f(ISI), w/optimum=f(S/US) . Term: Delayed classcond if ISI is long and S overlaps US . Note: Meas ISI from S onset to US onset . Note: See also CR-7:30. DXS- S must precede US, w/coincidence in time (27) - - - - - - - Pav,IP'27- DxS- Optimal ISI=3-5 sec (207) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pav,IP'28- DxS- S must precede US by at least 2-3 sec (229) - - - - - - - - Pav,IP'28- HxF- Poorer cond w/.1-sec ISI than .2-.5 sec - - - - - - - - - - Sch,H.'28- RAR- Optimal ISI about 1 sec w/weak shock US, no diff w/strong - Kap,WE'37+ RVe- Maximal cond suppression w/20 sec ISI - - - - - - - - - - - Lib,A.'51- RVE- Gradient of fear cond up to 120 sec lite-shock ISI - - - - Dav,JR'57e DAH- Acceleration CR not-f ISI or delayed/trace procedures - - - Chu,RM'58+ FVA- Optimal ISI=2 sec - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nob,M.'59e HAx- Optimal ISI shorter for concur finger w/drawal than GSR - - Jon,JE'61- HVE- Cond fear w/2-10 sec ISI, not .5 sec, re incr UR to puff - Ros,LE'61- FVA- Optimal ISI=.5 sec w/massed trng, no effect w/spaced - - - Kli,CS'63+ FVA- Optimal ISI=2 sec at warm and cold water (body) temp - - - Nob,M.'63+ OxF- Optimal ISI in pigs 1 to 2 sec early, longer best later - - Nob,M.'63+ MVO- Classcond mvmt CR only w/2 sec ISI, not w/shorter or longer Nob,M.'63+ P1A- Cond acty w/food US better at 10 than 1 sec ISI - - - - - - Lon,N.'64e RVC- Optimal ISI=2-4 sec - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Boi,R.'65+ CVF- Optimal ISI=500 msec - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MAd,D.'65e HAO- Cond vestibular sway (re decr CS-inhib) better at .5 sec - Pez,JA'66+ RAH- Optimal ISI=2-5 sec - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bla,RW'67+ rTF- Optimal ISI shifts from 1200 to 600 msec over 1st 12 d age Gra,PH'67e MUB- Cond only at .5 sec ISI, pseudocond/sensitization w/longer Pen,HS'67+ HAL- Antic verbal R inverse-f(ISI), .3/l.2/2.1-sec, w/vol UR - - Per,LC'69e C1x- Lat(flex CR) linear incr-f(ISI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wic,DD'69e HAH- Classcond decel HR max at 6-sec ISI, no cond w/<.5-sec ISI Fit,RD'71+ RAe- Optimal ISI w/cond suppression = 3-7-sec - - - - - - - - - Kli,JO'72- RAe- CER w/long ISI < w/same duration S extended after US - - - Ayr,JJ'90+ CECC>>3:01. S asynchronism w/human eyeblink CA****aih HAB- No backward cond, P(CR) incr-f(ISI) .1-.3 sec, same .3-1.5 Ber,AL'34- HAB- Optimal ISI 450 msec w/tracecond - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rey,B.'45- HVB- Limit of classcond incr-f ISI up to 400 msec - - - - - - - Kim,GA'47- HAB- Optimal ISI=250-450 msec, no cond at 2.5 sec - - - - - - - MAl,WR'53- HVB- Equal cond w/ISI of .5, 1.5, and 2.5 sec, less w/4 sec ISI Fis,HD'67+ HAB- P(CR) decr-f(ISI), .5/1/2-sec - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pro,WF'74e CECC>>3:02. S asynchronism w/rabbit nictitating membrane CA****ain BAB- Classcond nictitating membrane w/ISI 250-4000 msec - - - - Sch,N.'64+ BAB- Classcond inverse-f(ISI), differ w/trace or delayed cond - Sch,N.'66- BAB- Optimal ISI=200 msec - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Smi,MC'69e BAB-ain Cond incr-f ISI (.3,1,2-sec), ITI (1,5-min), w/interaction Mis,FW'70e BAB- Pair(S,sh) w/<67-msec--No CR, no effect on later cond w/250 Sal,WR'80e Shift from 250 to 48-msec ISI produces extn Sal,WR'80e Pair(S,sh) w/67-125-msec--Facil cond w/250 inc-f(ISI) Sal,WR'80e B B- Optimal ISI = 1100-msec w/1/tr/day, is-f(ITI) - - - - - - - Lev,CF'85e CECC>>3:03. S asynchronism w/human GSR CA****aio HAG- Classcond decr-f ISI of 5/10/25-sec - - - - - - - - - - - - Kot,Y.'52+ HVG- Classcond w/.5 sec ISI, not w/ISI over 1 sec - - - - - - - Whi,CT'52+ HAG- Optimal ISI=450 msec, possibly result from skeletal R - - - Moe,G.'54- HAG- Optimal ISI about .5 sec - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bie,WB'58- HVG- Classcond decr-f ISI, 1000 to 4000 msec - - - - - - - - - - Wic,DD'60+ HAG- Optimal ISI=.5 sec - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pro,WF'62e C1x- W/GSR/flex CR, classcond incr-decr-f(ISI), max at 500-msec Wic,DD'69e Systematic Analyses of Stimulus Asynchronism CA****aiz . Issue: Relation of optimal ISI to Lat(UR) XXX- No genz re temporal relations in classcond yet justified - Wen,JE'33- XXX- S-trace = incr-decr-f(time) w/incr in sHr=f(S-trace) (168) Hul,CL'43- XXXX Th: Need S-inhib as-f(S-inten/time) to explain optimal ISI Har,JM'49- XXX- Prin 1: S-R connection is-f(S-UR contiguity) - - - - - - - Jon,JE'62- Prin 2: S-R connection incr by reinf (CR-US contiguity) Jon,JE'62- Both above gradients are bidirectional (forward-backward Jon,JE'62- Predicts optimal ISI varies w/R-latency and w/Amt(trng) Jon,JE'62- XXX- Interp: Equal cond to afferent state at time of US onset Bit,ME'65- XXX- Critical factors early in classcond: CS-UR/UR-US-off times Dam,EN'67- Critical factor late in classcond: CS-CR/CR-US-off times Dam,EN'67- XXX- Concludes that close temporal contiguity of S-US essential Kim,HD'70- XXX- Interfering assn w/intervening S prevents assn w/long delay Rev,S.'70+ RxC- Interp optimal ISI as-f(S-qual) re pre/post-US trace of S - Kra,RV'75+ Above holds that long S-trace after US signals no-US Kra,RV'75+ Above interp assumes US does not signif alter S-trace Kra,RV'75+ Law CECC>>3:10. S order in classcond CA****aiB . No overt CR to test S after simult/backward present S/US . Term: Backward cond if US precedes S . Note: S is signal for no-US in backward cond OxU- No evidence of backward cond in chickens - - - - - - - - - Gri,GC'27- DxS- No classcond w/backward Pair(US,S) (221) - - - - - - - - - Pav,IP'28- HAB- Pos backward cond w/Pair(tap-on-cheek,buzz), not w/knee/GSR Swi,SA'30- HAB- Fail to find backward cond - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cas,H.'35- HVB- Little classcond w/intervals less than 1 sec - - - - - - - Hil,ER'37+ HVB- Neither backward CR nor sensitization of primary UR - - - - Por,JM'38- FTA- Backward cond same as pseudo-cond control - - - - - - - - - Har,HF'39- HAW- P(CR) decr over trials w/backward or simult ISI - - - - - - Spo,A.'47+ OAF- Simult click-shock produced transient long-latency CR - - - Coh,J.'50- HxB- No classcond w/simult Pair(word,shock) + vol motor-R - - - Mur,BB'51- HAF- Cond finger w/drawal if forward, not backward/simult - - - Fit,ME'52+ RVe- Backward=forward cond w/CER - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sin,SD'59- HAG- Pos backward cond of long-latency GSR compared w/pseudocond Cha,RA'61+ RVE- Pair(lite,shock) > Pair(shock,lite) for lite-escape - - - - MAl,WR'62+ Apparent backward cond based on fear of apparatus MAl,WR'62+ RAe- No backward cond of CER - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kam,LJ'63- RUE- No backward cond of fear - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nis,S.'63+ HVx- No backward cond w/eyeblink but some GSR cond w/long ISI - Tra,MA'64e Dxx- Pair(US1,US2)--Reverse assn weak/unstable (155) Asr,EA'65- Dxx- Incr above reverse CR if prime R1 or satiate R2 (155) Asr,EA'65- DAF- Pair(S,shock)--No flex CR w/ISI=0-100 msec (159) Asr,EA'65- DAF- Pair(S,food)--Pair(passive-leg-lift,food)--Leg R to S (17) Ber,J.'65- XXX- Genz: Backward cond only if US weak, off B4 S-on (23) Ber,J.'65- XXX- Backward cond only w/noxious US; favor pain-duration hypo - Cau,JR'65- HAx- Cond electrodermal CR only w/forward ISI - - - - - - - - - Zim,GH'66e HVG- Cond better w/forward than backward Pair(tone,picture US) - Gee,JH'68- DAF- Backward Pair(shock,S)--S decr rate of non-cued aR - - - - Mos,A.'68+ HVG- Pos backward cond w/O who report assigning signif to S - - Zei,A.'68+ HVG- Some backward cond if combine backward S w/cond forward S - Gri,WW'69+ BAB- No classcond w/backward or simult ISI - - - - - - - - - - - Smi,MC'69e HUB- Obtained typical acq curve w/backward ISI - - - - - - - - - Dos,C.'70- Dxx- Observe backward assn w/air-puff to eye signal for food US Rud,LP'72- R1e- Obtain simult/backward fear cond, dec-f(back-ISI) w/long US Het,CD'73+ RVE- Backward Pair(shock,toy-animal)--Fear toy w/ISI=1/5/10-sec Kei,T.'75+ BxB- Some backward cond if precede US w/diff-cond S- - - - - - - Wag,AR'75+ RAe- Extn-like decr in suppression by shift to backward ISI - - Ayr,JJ'76e RAe- S decr lick after 1-tr pair>simult>backward>unpair w/shock Mah,WJ'76e RAe- Simult Pair(S,shock)--Later drink CER incr-f(S/US duration) Bur,PE'78+ BAB- Little evidence of hiordcond after Pair(S,US) or Pair(US,S) Ste,SD'78+ RAE- 1-tr backward Pair(shock,noise)--Noise suppress lick R - - Sur,D.'81+ OOO- Obtain simult/backward classcond < forward w/snail Ale,JE'82e HLL- Pair(syllable,aversive-S)--Choose syllable-R to aversive-S Hue,E.'82- CTF- Pair(paw-shock,other-paw sh)--No backward cond re CSI/USI - Tub,DS'86- Bux- Some evidence of backward cond jaw mvmt, not blink - - - - Tai,RW'87e PVP- Backward Pair(food,keylite) facil acq OpR re keylite - - - Hem,NS'94e CECC>>3.11. Backward Pair(US,S) on Pair(S,US) CA****aiC UUU- Small N/backward pairings facil forward cond - - - - - - - Pav,VI'33- UUUU Classcond facil by pretrng w/backward Pair(US,S) - - - - - Pav,VI'35- HAB- Some evidence of simult cond on later extn, but not on acq Per,LC'68e xAx- S pre-exposure decr cond, greatest w/backward Pair(US,S) - Sie,S.'71+ BAB- Backward Pair(US,S) retards later forward classcond - - - - Plo,HC'75+ Elim latent inhib and safety sign accounts of above data Plo,HC'75+ BAO- W/shock US, backward cond of jaw mvmt retard later forward THa,WN'84- CECC>>3:12. S/US Offset CA****aiO DAF- Classcond decr-f CS duration after US offset - - - - - - - Bar,GW'56- HAB- No effect of S duration extended beyond US - - - - - - - - Por,JJ'64e CECC>>3:13. S follows US onset+precedes offset CA****aiP . Issue: Is reinf for CR the onset or offset of an aversive US . Note: See CS-8:00 for US duration RVE- Cond fear greatest w/S-on B4 shock, less simult or later - Mow,OH'54+ DTx- Cold-S after food onset--Vaso CR + weak reverse assn (157) Asr,EA'65- RVE- Fear cond decr-f delay of US term - - - - - - - - - - - - - Str,A.'65- RAO- Cond fear re decr Rate(OpR) to S B4 shock onset, not offset For,B.'66- Systematic Analyses of Backward/Simultaneous Conditioning CA****aiZ . Note: Test w/S-alone after Pair(US,S) is S/Genz XXX- Assn between 2 nervous points devel in both directn (v3/452 Pav,IP'49- XXX- Contends that a "S-US-term" assn is formed in backward cond Bar,JA'56- XXX- Concludes backward cond possible w/weak US + strong CS - - Raz,GH'56- XXX- Hypo: Forward assn becomes dominant because R to S2 incl CR Asr,EA'61- DXX- Hypo: Forward assn stronger because UR2 incr by CR (163) Asr,EA'65- DTF- Reverse connection estab more firmly w/long ISI (322) Ber,J.'65- DAF- Interp S as safety signal w/long ISI in back-Pair(shock,S) Mos,A.'68+ xAx- Backward Pair(US,S) decr cond, interp as cond inhib proc - Sie,S.'71+ XXX- Genz: No backward assn - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ano,PK'74- RVE- Interp: Backward fear cond if S is "predatorlike" - - - - - Kei,T.'75+ XXX- Attrib backward cond to long-trace forward re prior S - - - Hol,CB'79+ RGC- Interp: Usual test for simult classcond entails S-Genz decr Res,RA'81- XXX- Reviews evidence of pos results w/backward cond - - - - - - Spe,ML'81e Law CECC>>3:20. Rate of classcond incr-decr-f(ISI) CA****aiR . Note: Meas rate rel to limit . Note: Reference is to constant ISI during trng . Note: Diff in ISI confounded w/either S-S or US-S interval DxS- Long delayed cond difficult w/out initial short ISI (89) - Pav,IP'27- DxS- Classcond w/30-sec ISI (104) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pav,IP'28- HVB- Rate of classcond incr-f ISI up to 400 msec - - - - - - - - Kim,GA'47- BAB- Rate of classcond inverse-f(ISI) 250-4000 msec - - - - - - Sch,N.'64+ RAe- CER decr-f(ISI), 1-3 min, w/trace proc - - - - - - - - - - Kam,LJ'65- Above effect from S-on to US, not-f S duratn=1.5-15 sec Kam,LJ'65- BAB- Rate of classcond inverse-f(ISI) 250-2000 msec - - - - - - Sch,N.'66- BAx- Cond blink better at .35 than 1-sec ISI, opposite for HR - Mer,AL'67+ BAB- Rate of classcond highest at 400 msec, lower shorter/longer Fre,PW'68+ Limit of classcond same from 250 msec to 1 sec Fre,PW'68+ BAB- Optimal ISI=250 msec at all USI - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Smi,MC'68- BAB- Better cond w/1250 msec ISI than 250 w/1 trial/day - - - - Lev,CF'70+ BAB- Cond incr-f ISI (.3,1,2-sec), ITI (1,5-min), w/interaction Mis,FW'70e HAB- N/trials B4 P(CR) begins to change incr-f(ISI) - - - - - - Pro,WF'74e Rate of change in P(CR) incr-f(ISI), .5/1/2-sec Pro,WF'74e HLx- Simult cond GSR decr-f(ISI) while vasomotor CR incr-f(ISI) Mal,I.'77e HAG- Backward > forward vasomotor cond w/puff US - - - - - - - - Hru,L.'89e CECC>>3:30. Constant ISI superior to variable ISI CA****acJ . Note: Need to define Lat(CR) in variable ISI cond (See CR-4:00) . Note: Partial long ISI approaches PRF in limit . Note: Varied ISI may be confounded w/ITI HAH- _Constant = variable ISI w/reg reinf - - - - - - - - - - - - Ber,PJ'53e _Constant > variable ISI w/irreg reinf Ber,PJ'53e HVB- _Less cond w/partial long ISI than PRF - - - - - - - - - - - Moo,JW'63+ HUB- _Greater P(CR) w/PRF if US delayed 5 sec rather than omitted Min,FA'68+ BAB- _Single short ISI better than mix(short+long) ISI - - - - - Fre,PW'70- BNB- _P(CR) same w/fixed or var ISI w/ESB as CS - - - - - - - - - Pat,MM'70- HUB- _Partial delayed US sim to PRF except for model parameters - Lee,WY'72- Rxe- _Mix ISI = constant Mean-ISI - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Spi,VA'77+ Principle CECC>>4:00. Distrib practice (intertrial interval, ITI) CA****aha . Asymptotic P(CR) incr-neg-accel-f(average ITI) . Note: Define ITI as time between onsets of S . Note: Constant ITI confounds classcond and tempcond XXCH Mag(food CR) incr-f(ITI) vs Mag(food UR) decr-f(ITI) - - - Haz,EA'33- HAB- Limit of classcond not-f relatively long ITI - - - - - - - Bar,MR'52- HVB- Classcond incr-f(ITI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bee,EY'61+ HVB- No effect of ITI (5-20 vs 20-35 sec) between-O - - - - - - Pro,WF'63+ HAG- Classcond better w/spaced=40-sec vs massed=20-sec ITI - - - Pro,WF'64+ BAB- Classcond incr-decr-f(ITI), max at 111 sec - - - - - - - - Bre,J.'65+ HxB- Critical ITI factor is inter-S-interval - - - - - - - - - - Per,LC'66- BAB- Cond in 1 session facil w/early massed then spaced trials - Fre,PW'67+ Classcond spread over several sessions not-f(ITI) Fre,PW'67+ BAB- Cond incr-f(constant ITI), 5-120 sec, w/ISI 250-750 msec - Sal,WR'73e BAB- P(CR) incr-f(ITI), 10/60/300-sec, w/lo ITI variability - - Mit,DS'74- RCE- Fear cond incr-f(ITI), 15-225 sec, both to S and sit cues - MAl,WR'74e RAe- Max CER w/60-sec ITI, 30/60/180/360-sec - - - - - - - - - - Yeo,A.'76- R e- Evidence of inhib backward cond w/short ITI - - - - - - - - Ewi,MF'85e B B- Amp(UR) and CR acq w/25 < 1 or 5 tr/session - - - - - - - - Keh,EJ'91e R - Decr effect of diff ITI w/equate total time-in-apparatus - Yin,H.'94e W/3 Ss, cond w/alternate S > mass trng w/each S Yin,H.'94e Also decr above effect of diff ITI w/equate apparatus time Yin,H.'94e R1E- CR re lick suppression w/short < long ITI B4 or after trial Bar,RC'95e Elim above effect w/post-trng extn of context Bar,RC'95e Law CECC>>5:00. Rate of classcond incr-neg-accel-f(average ITI) CA****ahn HVB- Spaced trials better than equal N/massed trials - - - - - - Hum,LG'39- HVB- 1 min better than 30 sec ITI w/trials or time constant - - Hum,LG'40- HAB- Spaced (1-2 min) better than massed (10-20 sec) at all ISI Rey,B.'45- HVL- No effect of ITI on acq of verbal CR - - - - - - - - - - - Gra,DA'50e HVB- Classcond incr-f(ITI), 9 to 90 sec average - - - - - - - - Spe,KW'50+ HVB- No effect of rate of R elicitation on classcond - - - - - - Van,S.'52+ P(CR) incr by R interval, incr-f N/trials Van,S.'52+ HVB- P(CR) incr-f(ITI) 15/45/135-sec - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pro,WF'58e HVB- Classcond better w/distrib trials, 7.5 vs 35 sec ITI - - - Bee,EY'60e BAB- Rate classcond faster w/1 trial/day than w/5, 10, or 50 - - Keh,EJ'74+ BAB- Cond decr-f(N/tr/sessn), 15-60, w/2-hr intersessn interval Sal,WR'76e CECC>>5:10. Substantial variation in ITI CA****ahv HVB- No tempcond re constant ITI = var ITI - - - - - - - - - - - Gra,DA'60e HVB- W/variable ITI, P(CR) not-f immed preceding ITI - - - - - - Pro,WF'61+ HVB- W/varied ITI, P(CR) incr-decr-f(preceding ITI) - - - - - - Kra,HH'63+ HVB- No diff between constant and variable ITI on classcond - - Pro,WF'65- Lat/topography of CR varies w/immediately preceding ITI - - Pro,WF'65- BAB- Classcond is-f both length and variability of ITI - - - - - Sal,WR'73e BAB- W/variable ITI, P(CR) decr-f immed preceding ITI - - - - - Hab,K.'74e R1O- Pair(S,shock) w/2 rats--Cond aggression only w/constant ITI Con,JJ'75- BAB- CR incr by 24-hr rest interval during acq - - - - - - - - - Fre,PW'75+ CECC>>5:20. Interaction of ITI and ISI CA****acI FVA- _Optimal ISI=.5 sec w/massed trng, no effect w/spaced - - - Kli,CS'63+ BAB- _250 msec ISI better than 1250 w/several trials/day - - - - Lev,CF'73- _ Above diff decr-f N/tr/day, w/reverse diff at 1/tr/day Lev,CF'73- XXX- _Anal classcond re interaction ISI/ITI and duration nonreinf Coo,LD'91- Principle CECC>>6:00. Trace Conditioning (Classical tracecond) CA****aCS . Pair onset-offset of S w/US leads to CR to S offset . Note: Special case of temporal compound (See CS-2:40) . Note: Need to specify the duration of S B4 offset . Note: Need to specify the rate of onset and offset of S DxS- _CS may be trace of S, including preceding US (41) - - - - - Pav,IP'27- DxS- _Tracecond w/ISI=2-min or more (94) - - - - - - - - - - - - Pav,IP'28- HVG- _Obtain trace CR w/Pair(lite,shock) - - - - - - - - - - - - Ste,LC'33- DAU- _Rate acq/extn w/trace=delayed, concurrent w/in O - - - - - Pav,AM'46- RVR- _Delayed > tracecond - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mat,Y.'59- HVB- _No tempcond re constant ITI = var ITI - - - - - - - - - - - Gra,DA'60e DUS- _No CR if decr S from 30 to 1 sec on delayed cond - - - - - Voe,ON'60- RAe- _CER w/brief S but suppression incr-f S duration - - - - - - Kam,LJ'61- DAS- _Impossible to obtain stable tracecond w/intense S - - - - - Sch,AI'61- OxS- _Obtain 30-sec tracecond in pigs after 30-sec delay-cond - - Pys,SP'62- RAe- _Tracecond inferior to delayed cond - - - - - - - - - - - - Kam,LJ'63e MUS- _Rapid tracecond w/pauses at long durations - - - - - - - - Bol,OP'64e DAS- _Tracecond = delayed cond at 8 sec ISI, weak at 16 sec ISI - Ell,GD'64- HVS- _7/16 O show tracecond, 3 to afterimage of S - - - - - - - - Lan,D.'65+ HAG- _Greater UR-decr w/paired than unpaired S/US, delayed>trace Bax,R.'66- HVG- _Classcond pos-f S duration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kim,E.'67- BAx- _Tracecond inferior to delayed cond at 1-sec ISI w/blink CR Mer,AL'67+ DAS- _Low P(CR) w/long (6-8 min) tracecond and long Lat(CR) - - - Pod,IY'67- DAS- _Lower level of cond w/30-sec tracecond than delayed cond - Pys,SP'68- HAB- _Tracecond = delay classcond w/ISI=250-1400 msec - - - - - - Ros,SM'71+ hAB- _Tracecond inferior to delay w/800-msec ISI w/normal child - Wer,D.'72+ HAx- _1000 > 100-msec S for GSR/blink tracecond w/150-msec trace Car,BC'73+ Rxe- _Tracecond facil by 2nd filler S, or brief S at start of ITI Bol,RC'78e PVA- _Trace-cond facil by pre-expose to context w/out US - - - - Kap,PS'82- _ Pos trace-cond w/long ITI, inhib w/short ITI Kap,PS'82- BAB- _Tracecond w/long > short S B4 trace interval, if hi inten S Bla,DE'91+ B B- _P(CR) w/tracecond decr-f(ISI), esp w/25 vs 1 or 5 tr/sessn Keh,EJ'91e R1H- _W/Pair(S,MORPH) w/30-sec ISI, cond incr-f(5-60-min S duratn Sch,KS'93+ Principle CECC>>7:00. Temporal Conditioning (Classical tempcond) CA****aCT . S may be fixed time intervals between US presentations . Note: Special case of tracecond w/previous US acting as S DXS- CS may be trace of S, including preceding US (41) - - - - - Pav,IP'27- MIU- Classcond to time w/adjustment to changed intervals - - - - Vor,LG'52- AAS- Tempcond facil by added S at time of US - - - - - - - - - - Chi,Y.'57e hOx- Blink and respiration tempcond in children w/delayed R - - Kra,AA'58- XOX- Tempcond in dogs w/var US, difficult, unstable, w/lo R/Extn Dmi,AS'59+ Describes tempcond in wide variety of animals incl human Dmi,AS'59+ HVB- Fixed=variable ITI w/no tempcond - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pro,WF'60+ ROA- Burst of running just B4 water ration w/out S - - - - - - - Bol,RC'68- DOH- Fail to obtain tempcond w/food or shock on 2-min sched - - Car,JF'68+ HAG- Tempcond antic CR + decr UR to tone US, if judge US inten - Pen,VE'68+ HOGO Mag(GSR) incr-f shock USI, w/habituatn and no temporal cond Bad,P.'70+ HOGS Tempcond w/20/40-sec fixed ITI, facil w/instruct re conting Har,JP'73- CECC>>8:00. Interactions involving concur classcond CA****aIc Dxx- Mix Pair(shock,food) + Pair(food,shock) produces both CR - Var,ME'57- HAx- Simult Pair(S,puff)+(S,vol mvmt)--Mod mvmt-->mod blink CR - Ale,NI'59- XXX- CR switching: Simult devel 2 diff CRs to same S - - - - - - Asr,EA'59- HUx- Mix Pair(S,puff) + Pair(S,finger-shock)--2-way assn of CRs Ale,NI'60- W/1 verbal US (eg "blink")--1-way assn from verbal Ale,NI'60- W/2 verbal US in above--No inter-CR assns observed Ale,NI'60- Dxx- Mix Pair(shock,food) + Pair(food,shock) produces both CR - Var,ME'60- In above mixture, defense CR to food decr by prior shock Var,ME'60- In above mixture salivary CR to shock decr by prior food Var,ME'60- DUx- Same S can elicit pos salivary CR + inhib motor defense CR And,VN'62- Dxx- Bi-directional assn if vary sequence of equal-inten S (163) Asr,EA'65- Dxx- Binary Connectn: 1 S paired w/2 US, separately or together Asr,EA'69- Bxx- Cond blink w/Pair(S,shock) decr acq cond jaw-mvmt w/same S Bro,BK'78+ Principle CECC>>9:00. Unconscious classcond CA****aVc . Classcond in humans does not require awareness . Term: Awareness is verbal report of S-S contingency . Note: Principle does not deny possible roles of cog-proc . E.g.: Awareness may facil rapid acq w/GSR . Note: See CO-3:00 for role of instructions HXS- Very sporadic CR w/out instruct to form assn - - - - - - - Raz,GH'35- CR to thought of S may be larger than UR to S Raz,GH'35- HAP- Rapid classcond to non-conscious auditory S - - - - - - - - Bak,LE'38- HxL- Pair Ss under hypnosis, report images w/out memory of S - - Leu,C.'40- HIN- Occipital alpha CR when O does not expect the lite US - - - Sha,C.'43+ HLH- Cond/Extn/Genz of HR w/out awareness - - - - - - - - - - - Lac,JL'54+ HVx- Motor/GSR CR w/S below speech threshold, GSR lower CR - - - Sam,VG'55- HLG- Cond/semantic genz pos correl w/verbalization re conting - Cha,BB'60+ XXX- Unconscious visceral action as UR or CR common in Russia - Raz,GH'61- HVH- Classcond HR only if O can verbalize S-US relationship - - Cha,BB'62+ HLE- Pair(nonsense S,evaluative word)--Cond meaning only w/aware Coh,BH'64- HLL- No cond of evaluative meaning to syllables w/out awareness Roz,RM'68- HUG- Cond GSR based on awareness of S-US contin - - - - - - - - She,GD'68- HTG- CR w/in ISI, but not post-US CR, less if O unaware of S Uno,T.'70- hLL- Cond pos/neg affect to S in 1st-person sentence w/out aware Ert,S.'73e HLL- Awareness incr w/trng, nec for verbal classcond - - - - - - ODo,JM'74- HAG- Diff awareness w/random/unpaired, but no diff in CR - - - - Sch,K.'74- hVG- P(CR) and awareness of contingencies incr-f(age) Grades 1-6 Wis,J.'75e HLG- Genz: Cond orienting R (eg GSR) better criterion of aware - Mal,I.'77- HLG- Semantic cond w/Pair(word,noise) only if verbalize conting Mal,I.'77e HLG- GSR to word B4 RT task only if inform or verbalize conting Pen,M.'77+ HAG- Cond GSR independent of S-US relational awareness - - - - - Sch,K.'77+ HAG- O aware of contingencies but no CR - - - - - - - - - - - - Wol,DD'77- H1G- CR only to element of compound S informed re contingency - Daw,ME'79e hLL- Cond evaluative meaning of syllable w/out awareness - - - - Wil,GP'81e HLG- Pair(word,shock)--CR to word in nonattended ear w/shadowing Daw,HE'82+ Above CR rt-ear only w/shift attn, left ear w/out attn Daw,HE'82+ HVP- Some change in color pref w/Pair(color,music) w/out aware - Bie,CM'83- HAB- No relationship of cond to verbal awareness of contin - - - Frc,G.'83e HSE- Pair(odor,stress)--Cond anxiety/mood to odor w/out aware - Kir,MD'83e HUB- Low correl of P(CR) w/US-expectancy re key-press RT to puff Per,P.'85- H - Judge covariation of conting events in classcond>9:10. Voluntary CR CA****aVr . Classcond operations may produce vol antic R . Note: Disting vol CR by Form/Lat(CR) HVG- Estab CR and extn w/verbal instructions re conting - - - - Coo,S.'27+ HVB- Pair(lite,noise)--5/8 O give CR, all w/in vol RT range - - Hil,ER'31- HVB- Emphasize need to distinguish cond/vol resp - - - - - - - - Cas,H.'34- HVB- Disting cond/vol resp re Lat(R) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hil,ER'34- HAW- Apparent CR based on vol verbal/motor set - - - - - - - - - Cas,H.'35- HVB- Verbal report re contin not nec for, but correl w/diff-cond Hil,ER'37e HVB- R w/vol form falls w/in 200-300 msec interval - - - - - - - Spe,KW'59+ HVB- Latency same if instruct to respond vs judged vol CR - - - Har,TF'60e HVB- Distinguish vol responders by slope of eyelid R - - - - - - Har,TF'61+ HAB- Vol R incr-f(CSI/USI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bec,SB'63- HVB- No diff between vol/nonvol subj in classcond/diff-classcond Goo,KP'63e HxB- Objects to elim of so-called 'vol' subj re form/Lat(CR) - - Gor,I.'65- HXX- Favors separate anal of vol/nonvol O re Lat(CR) - - - - - - Ros,LE'65- HXB- Slope(CR) not= Lat(CR) not= instructed vol R to S - - - - - Goo,KP'66- HVB- Fit indiv V- and C-O data w/2 operators in 2-phase model - Pro,WF'69+ HVB- Growth rate and asymptote higher for V- than C-O Pro,WF'69+ HVG- Classcond facil if subj give verbal estimate of P(shock US) Eps,S.'71+ HAB- More vol R w/hi IQ O - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gen,P.'71+ HAB- Hi proportion of vol responders w/paraorbital shock US - - Gor,I.'71+ HVB- No evidence that V-O give C-form CR early in trng - - - - - Hel,JB'76- HXB- Contends that puff-avoid leads to many vol R - - - - - - - Yam,K.'81+ CECC>>9:20. Masking task in human classcond CA****aVs . Genz: Both acq/extn gradual/continuous w/masking task HXB- Classcond constant/regular w/masking maze task - - - - - - Raz,GH'36- HAB- Poorer classcond w/instruct to make inten discrim - - - - - Por,JJ'64e HAB- P(CR) w/PRF=CRF w/masking P-lrng task, N/reinf equal - - - Spe,KW'67+ HVB- Detecting signal embedded in S decr P(CR) and incr Lat(CR) Sub,MD'67- HAG- No cond w/masking task unless instruct re S-US contingency Daw,ME'70- HXB- Describes masking task for anal of set/cog factors in cond Ros,LE'71- Effect on cond/diff-cond is-f(nature of masking task) Ros,LE'71- HxB- Cond but not diff-cond w/masking task, even if aware - - - Ros,LE'73+ HAB- PRF poorer cond, greater R/Extn than CRF w/2 masking proc - Sch,BC'73+ HAB- N/trials B4 P(CR) begins to change is larger w/masking task Pro,WF'74e HUB- Irrel task incr/decr cond if directs attn to/away from S/US Cla,PM'75+ Systematic Analyses of the Role of Awareness in Classcond CA****aVz . Issue: Is awareness a nec/suff cond for classcond Hxx- Concl CR sim to RT, dependent on consciousness/expectancy - Ham,I.'19- HXX- Verbal acty central/basic in cond of motor R in humans - - Cas,H.'34- AXX- CR in animals is unconditional re cog factors (335) - - - - Kor,A.'41- HXX- Classcond w/out awareness because of lack of sensory exper Ada,JK'57- HAF- Awareness unnec, may inhibit CR unless distracted (34) - - Ber,J.'65- HxG- Disting cond from beh change due to cog/percep factors - - Gri,WW'65- HLG- Awareness of contingencies incr-f(Mag(orienting-R to US)) - Mal,I.'65+ R1e- Assn requires backward scanning instigated by surprising US Kam,LJ'69- XXX- Hypo: Cond taste aversions w/mild toxicosis w/out awareness Rev,S.'70+ XXX- Presents behavioristic anal of mediating mech in cond - - - Sch,WN'70- HXB- Dual process (classical-cognitive) model re C-/V-form CR - The,J.'72- Incremental incr P(C-form CR), no change in hi P(V-form) The,J.'72- Discontin shift to V-form w/awareness + instru reinf The,J.'72- HXX- Human classcond requires awareness of S-US contingency - - Daw,ME'73- HxG- Humans aware of contingencies not matched by autonomic CR - Fur,JJ'73- HxB- Awareness of S-US contingency nec/insuff for classcond - - Gra,DA'73- Awareness of S-CR contingency rarely reported Gra,DA'73- View cognitn as simply another class of CR in classcond Gra,DA'73- HXG- Proposes that class-CR has 2 components, 1 indep of expect Man,IJ'73+ HXX- Genz: No evidence of unconscious/automatic cond w/adults - Bre,WF'74- XXX- S leads to central representation of US w/memory not= event Wei,RG'77- US memory incl temporal/physical/biol/emotional char Wei,RG'77- CR is-f US memory + context support re orient/locomotion Wei,RG'77- HXG- Concl: Awareness re S-US conting not nec for autonomic cond Kim,HD'88- HXG- Concl: Lrnd/unlrnd autonomic Rs initiated w/out awareness - Ohm,A.'88- HXB- Discuss failure to resolve problem of voluntary Rs in cond Col,SR'89+ Relevant Uncoded Root Abstracts Relevant(?) Unabstracted/Uncoded Literature Title: Partial pairing tech - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Oli,JE'54- Title: All-or-none vs incremental lrng - - - - - - - - - - Hin,GB'63- RDA Title: ISI on cond of drug R - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pic,RW'67+ R Title: Truly random control as extn proc - - - - - - - - - Ayr,JJ'71+ Title: Fear as-f(delay interval) - - - - - - - - - - - - - VBr,RJ'71- Title: Proper control w/sensory precond - - - - - - - - - Cro,MM'76- RAe Title: 1-trial simult/backward fear cond - - - - - - - - - Mah,WJ'76+ XXX Title: Cond-opponent th of Pavlovian cond - - - - - - - - Sch,J.'79- R Title: 1-tr, long-delay cond pref - - - - - - - - - - - - Saf,WR'81+