LOGAN: LAWS OF LEARNING (Basic Processes) July 2004 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: Excitation Current Stimulus Independent Variables Contents Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Independent-Operation Principle CECS>>1:00. Functional Stimulus identification CE****Bsc Systematic Analyses of the Stimulus in Classical Conditioning CE****BZS CECS>>1:10. Comparative effectiveness of S CE****BsC CECS>>1:11. Preparedness Hypothesis CE****BsL CECS>>1:20. Use of Subliminal S CE****BsB CECS>>1:30. Decrease in stimulus energy as S CE****Bsb Systematic Analyses of Stimulus Change CE****Bsz CECS>>1:40. Use of US as antecedent S CE****BsU CECS>>1:50. Use of verbal S w/humans CE****BsV Systematic Analyses of Verbal Stimuli in Conditioning CE****BsW Principle CECS>>2:00. Simultaneous Compound S CE****B2S CECS>>2:01. Overshadowing CE****B7S CECS>>2:02. Redintegratn if small N/tr w/=inten CE****B8S CECS>>2:03. Compounding if large N/trials CE****B9S CECS>>2:10. Temporal (serial) compound S in classcond CE****B2T CECS>>2.11. ISI effects in serial compound S CE****B9T CECS>>2:20. Role of info value of S (between trials) CE****B2U CECS>>2:21. Role of ready signal in classcond CE****B2V Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation CECS>>2:30. Compound CS after classcond CE****b2S Corollary CECS>>2:40. Blocking CE****b2A CECS>>2:41. Unblocking CE****b2B Paradigmatic/Unnatural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation CECS>>2:50. Counting in Classical Conditioning CE****hHc Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Independent-Operation Systematic Analyses of Compound Stimulus CE****B2z Principle CECS>>3:00. (Conditioned) Stimulus intensity (CSI) CE****BmS Systematic Analyses of (Conditioned) Stimulus Intensity CE****Bmz Principle CECS>>4:00. Generality of (Conditioned) Stimulus CE****ByS Systematic Analyses of Generality of (Conditioned) Stimulus CE****ByZ CECS>>5:00. Nature of the Unconditioned Stimulus (US) CE****BCK CECS>>5:10. Relative effectiveness of US CE****BCC CECS>>5:20. Effect of varied US CE****BCV Principle CECS>>6:00. Unconditioned Stimulus Intensity (USI) CE****BmK CECS>>6:01. Effect of Interpolated US CE****BkK Systematic Analyses of US Intensity CE****BmZ CECS>>6:10. Effect of US duration CE****BdK Principle CECS>>7:00. Reinf (US) sched in classcond CE****Bkc CECS>>7:01. Sequential effects in PRF CE****BkO Law CECS>>7:10. Classcond as-f(% trials US preceded by S) CE****BkP CECS>>7:11. Interpolated US after Pair(S,US) CE****BkQ Systematic Analyses of PRF in Classical Conditioning CE****Bkz Principle CECS>>8:00. Sensory Cond CE****BCS CECS>>8:01. Classical variables on Sensory Cond CE****BCX CECS>>8:02. Effect of ISI in Sensory Cond CE****BCY Corollary CECS>>8:03. Two-stage test for Sensory Cond CE****BC6 CECS>>8:04. Classcond in Stage 2 CE****BC7 CECS>>8:05. Avcond in Stage 2 CE****BC8 Systematic Analyses of Sensory Preconditioning CE****BCz Behavioral/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Independent-Operation CECS>>9:00. Role of context in classcond CE****Ncc CECS>>9:10. S/US Priming CE****Ncs Systematic Analyses of the Context in Conditioning CE****Ncz Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Independent-Operation CECS>>10:00. Interaction of CSI x ISI CE****Bx5 CECS>>10:10. Interaction of CSI x ITI CE****Bx6 CECS>>10:20. Interaction of CSI x USI CE****Bx7 CECS>>10:30. Interaction of USI x ISI CE****Bx8 CECS>>10:40. Interaction of USI x ITI CE****Bx9 CECS>>10:50. Other interactions in classcond CE****Bxx Relevant Uncoded Root-Abstracts Relevant(?) Unabstracted/Uncoded Literature Principle CECS>>1:00. Functional Stimulus identification CE****Bsc . Any event is a S if it functions in classcond See also "Systematic Analyses: Processes" DxS- Very gradual onset of S fails to elicit CR - - - - - - - - Yer,RM'09+ DXS- Can use strong noxious S for alimentary CR (29) - - - - - - Pav,IP'27- Limit--UR to CS can not be stronger than UR to US (31) Pav,IP'27- DOx- Cond salivation/flexion w/faradization of cortex as CS - - Lou,RB'38- HLV- Few O show diff-cond to words aloud and then to subvocal - Roe,RL'43+ HLG- Pair(lite,shock) w/word aloud--Obtain CR w/subvocal word - Nob,CE'50- RNe- Area 4/18/17 ESB effective S for CER, not for shuttle AR - Mog,GJ'59- RNe- Visual cortex ESB effective S for blinded rats, < normals - Mog,GJ'62- HIO- Consider temporal factor as CS for cond urinary reflex - - Hat,K.'65- RCES After ER trng, acq IR to escape start-->safe, not reverse - DBo,RC'66- POPS Obtain CER w/weak odor S, elim w/sectioning olfactory nerve Hen,WW'66e ROe- X-rays as low as 0.004 rone/sec effective S for CER - - - - Mor,DD'66- DOW- Cond flex to CO2 level below threshold for respiratory R - Pog,AV'66- HVG- Diff-classcond w/Pair(subliminal word,shock) - - - - - - - Bei,RT'69+ BNH- Diff-classcond w/opposite geniculate ESBs and septal ESB US Van,DH'69- BNx- Classcond HR/blink w/S as stim lateral geniculate nucleus - Swa,HA'70+ Obtain contralateral transfer + S/Genz re stim frequency Swa,HA'70+ RGe- Determine olfactory thresholds w/CER - - - - - - - - - - - Pie,SC'72- CNB- Classcond blink w/stim coronal-precruciate cortex S - - - - Woo,CD'72+ SAB- Max sensitivity at 15-20 kHz w/threshold <5-db - - - - - - Mar,H.'73+ RAE- Ultrasonic motion detector effective as S - - - - - - - - - Cun,CL'74- HxB- Masking S during ISI elim diff-classcond, not 1-cue cond - Ros,LE'74e GAE- Can use CER to determine auditory threshold - - - - - - - - Cai,AJ'77e RAe- Sprague-Dawley: Range 250-Hz to 80-kHz at 50 db w/max=8-kHz Kel,JB'77+ RTe- Estab CER w/vibratory S = CER w/auditory/visual S - - - - - Maf,J.'78+ CAe- Use CER ratio as confidence rating for TSD anal of hz discr Nie,TG'78+ RxC- Odor-aversn w/Pair(taste-odor,LiCl), not w/odor-alone as S Pal,CC'80e POe- Cond CER w/S=60-Hz 50-kV/m electric field - - - - - - - - - Coo,LJ'81e POe- Onset of extremely low freq AC elec field is S for CER - - Gra,HB'81- CNC- Cond food-CR w/S=lateral geniculate ESB - - - - - - - - - - Dor,VB'83+ W/above: Evoked potentials in visual/sensorimotor cortex Dor,VB'83+ CNU- Cond food-motor CR w/lateral amygdaloid nucleus ESB as S - Kol,RF'83+ OVA- Pair(darkness,food) for 15-min 1/day--Cond acty to darkness MCl,JB'83+ BTB- Classcond w/noiseless vibrotactile stim as S - - - - - - - Sch,BG'86e BNB- Classcond w/lateral reticular nucleus S, elim w/cerebel lsn Lav,DG'87e RCPH Context cond re pref/antic acty decr-f(inter-reinf-interval Mus,E.'91e RCES 1-tr Pair(context,shock)-->freeze CR re time of shock - - - Mae,JR'92+ BNO- Classcond face/neck mvmt w/Pair(tone,cerebellar stim) - - - Swa,RA'92e RDET Pair(Inject pentobarb/MORPH,shock)-->cond suppress drinking Ove.DA'93e Systematic Analyses of the Stimulus in Classical Conditioning CE****BZS . Issue: How to deal with an event that is R-specific . See also "Systematic Analyses: Stimulus" XXX- Any number of simult sensory events form single S (245) - - Jam,W.'00- XfX- Lrnd reflex may produce its own S, cond by past assn - - - Hol,HL'28- XfX- CR elicited by fdbk from orienting R to S, not by S itself Gut,ER'30- XXX- Cerebral cortex make anal/synthesis of ext/int environ w/CR Pav,IP'30- XXX- S0s may be ordered according to rate of conditioning - - - Ski,BF'38- HfB- Shock US during tapping-to-clicks--CR if tap coord w/clicks Bec,LH'39- Above CR coord w/tap indep of timing of shock re clicks Bec,LH'39- XXX- Cond is fast; conditionality to specific S is slow discrim Mow,OH'51+ XXX- Identify situational/effective/intraorganic stim (41) - - - Spe,KW'56- XXX- Clarifies implanted coil/electrode S as cortical CS - - - - Lou,RB'64- CECS>>1:10. Comparative effectiveness of S CE****BsC . Note: S effectiveness may depend on nature of US DxS- Tactile/visual better than auditory in delayed cond (90) - Pav,IP'27- DTF- Left forepaw shock CS better than buzz w/rt hindpaw US - - Pro,NH'42+ Buzz better than rt forepaw shock CS w/rt hindpaw US Pro,NH'42+ H1G- Lite-S > tone-S re Mag(CR), tone facil by pretrng w/lite - Kim,HD'62e DxS- Classcond weaker w/rapid S onset than gradual onset - - - - Sub,AG'63- BAB- Intermit (50 msec on-off) tone better than constant - - - - Pap,JD'64e DxF- Classcond is-f physiol effect of S (eg bell > lite) (15) - Ber,J.'65- B1B- Rapid classcond w/Pair(S,puff), w/buzz > lite S - - - - - - Ebe,HC'65- D1S- Faster cond w/sound than lite S, is-f motor analyzer tonus And,LN'67- D1S- Cond w/noise > lite w/in-O; no diff between subj - - - - - Mug,GJ'69- HTG- Faster diff-cond w/tones than w/warm/cool interoceptive Ss Uno,T.'70- Bxx- Rate + limit of P(CR) greater w/pulsating than w/constant S Gor,I.'72- Rxe- Acq of CER faster if S has sim location/inten-pattern as US Tes,TJ'75- RVe- More suppression w/Pair(S,shock) if present S near OR bar - Kar,JA'77e More suppressn w/Pair(S,food) if present S far from bar Kar,JA'77e Interp: Suppressn is-f(motor R to S paired w/food/shock) Kar,JA'77e RxC- Cond w/1-d-olds w/immed taste-Li/tactile-shock, not v/versa Gam,GA'82+ P1E- Cond w/Pair(tone,food) slower than w/Pair(lite,food) - - - Sha,KL'82+ RxA- Cond freezing CR w/noise-S > lite-S, decr-f(CSI) - - - - - Sig,RA'83+ HxG- Max cond w/verbal S to left, color S to right hemisphere - Hug,D.'87e PVx- W/female US, model=toy re approach CR, copulatn CR w/model Dom,M.'88e BNB- Lateral septum S > medial septum S for classcond - - - - - Kno,BJ'89+ CECS>>1:11. Preparedness Hypothesis CE****BsL . Organism may be innately predisposed to assoc some S/US XXX- Selective assn prin: Ease of lrng is/f(S/O/R/contingency) - Bol,RC'73- HVG- Extn but not acq Mag(CR) greater w/snake photo S than house Ohm,A.'75e HVG- 1-trial cond + hi R/Extn w/snake photo S, not w/neutral S - Ohm,A.'75e HVG- No effect of prepared/unprepared S in GSR classcond - - - - Dei,SR'82- HVE- CR to prepared = neutral elements after compound fear cond Eme,E.'82+ HVE- Pair(S,shock)--Some evidence snake-S>shape-S, slide>motion Hug,K.'82e RxO- Avoid taste>odor paired w/toxin, odor>taste paired w/shock Rus,KW'82e HVG- Cond greater w/phobia-rel S w/normals, not agoraphobic O - Ros,PJ'83- RAC- No suppression of lick R w/tone after 1-Pair(tone,LiCl) - - Sch,TR'84e Above cue-conseq deficit not elim by S/US-alone B4 test Sch,TR'84e HLG- Cond w/fear-relevant Ss (eg snake) > irrelevant (eg flower) Sid,DA'88e HLG- Fail to obtain cond w/US = "prepared" words (eg snake) - - Mer,H.'90- HVG- No diff re "un/prepared" S w/shock US - - - - - - - - - - - Kir,P.'95+ CECS>>1:20. Use of Subliminal S CE****BsB . Genz: No proof of S control by subliminal S HTx- Fail to cond breathing/blink w/subliminal shock S - - - - - Cas,H.'33+ HTx- 3/12 O give blink CR w/subliminal shock S, not w/other R - Sil,A.'35+ HAG- No classcond to subthreshold S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wil,RC'53- HLG- Pair(word,shock)--Observe CR to flashed word w/out ident - Wal,HW'59+ HAN- Cond alpha rhythm w/Pair(subliminal tone,shock) re unpaired Bar,PE'64+ HAG- Rapid cond w/S 8-12db below subjective threshold (56) - - - Ber,J.'65- HAB- Demonstrate classcond effects w/ultrasound S w/out aware - Mar,DG'74e CECS>>1:30. Decrease in stimulus energy as S CE****Bsb . Genz: Decr in inten approx equal incr as S DVS- Classcond w/incr/decr in illumination - - - - - - - - - - - Yer,RM'09+ DxS- Effective S include decr in S, if rapid (39) - - - - - - - Pav,IP'27- DxS- S can be onset/offset of S energy (90) - - - - - - - - - - Pav,IP'28- HVB- Classcond equal w/lite-onset or term as S - - - - - - - - - Han,WJ'60+ HAB- Rel GSR (re baseline) incr-f Amt(change in CSI) w/incr>decr Kim,HD'60- HVB- Incr=decr in inten as S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Log,FA'62+ CAx- CR to offset of prolonged S, w/elim of initial R to onset - Som,JA'63e HAB- P(CR) incr-f(S-change) w/incr=decr CSI, w/no diff in ITI R Mat,M.'64+ RAe- CER incr-f CSI-change from background, esp w/decr inten - - Kam,LJ'65- W/same change, incr >decr inten w/noise, no diff w/lite Kam,LJ'65- Rxe- Suppression to direction of change in S, not absolute - - - Zie,K.'65- HAB- W/in-O P(CR) incr-f amt of S incr/decr - - - - - - - - - - Gri,GR'66e HAG- Offset of loud > soft S as CS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cha,RA'67- DxS- Classcond w/cessation of tone/clicks/lite - - - - - - - - - Rud,LP'68- HAB- W/incr noise inten, P(CR) incr-f(CSI), not-f(amt change) - Vol,DB'70- W/decr inten, P(CR) not-f(CSI), inc-dec-f(amt change Vol,DB'70- Bxx- Pulsating S-on>S-off re cond rate; no diff re limit P(CR) - Gor,I.'72- W/same CSI-change, CER incr-f S inten contiguous w/US Kam,LJ'76- Systematic Analyses of Stimulus Change CE****Bsz XXX- Type S cond always involves discrim S0 re background (176) Ski,BF'38- XXX- S-trace has short, pure onset elements - - - - - - - - - - Kon,J.'48- S-trace has elements that last only as long as S-on Kon,J.'48- S-trace has elements that persist after S-off Kon,J.'48- S-trace has elements activated by S-off Kon,J.'48- XXX- Interp: Trace of S-off shorter-lived than S-on trace - - - Kam,LJ'65- XXX- Measure CSI re stimulus change - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Log,FA'77- CECS>>1:40. Use of US as antecedent S CE****BsU DXS- Can use strong noxious S for alimentary CR (29) - - - - - - Pav,IP'27- DXS- Limit--UR to CS can not be stronger than UR to US (31) - - Pav,IP'27- Dxx- Pair(puff,passive leg-lift)--Lift leg to puff - - - - - - - Asr,EA'61- Pair(puff,passive leg-lift)--blink to passive leg-lift Asr,EA'61- Pair(food,passive leg-lift)--Lift leg to food Asr,EA'61- Pair(food,passive leg-lift)--Also salivate to leg-lift Asr,EA'61- Pair(food,sh-to-paw)--V/versa--Reverse connectn fragile Asr,EA'61- P(reverse CR) incr if incr rel excitability w/strong sh Asr,EA'61- P(reverse CR) incr if incr rel excitability w/satiation Asr,EA'61- DUx- Flex CR w/Pair(acid,shock); salivatn CR w/Pair(shock,acid) Mil,TM'67- Dxx- Obtain 2-way connectn if S1=S2 inten + both elicit diff URs Asr,EA'69- Dxx- Mix(puff,leg-shock)--May get both URs to either US - - - - Pre,YM'71+ Bxx- Pair(H20-jaw mvmt,shock-blink)--Hi forward, lo backward CR Tai,RW'74- Pair(shock-blink,H20-jaw mvmt)--Hi forward, lo backward Tai,RW'74- BTO- Pair(eyeshock,water)--Jaw-mvmt CR but no decr in blink UR - Dea,MF'79+ CECS>>1:50. Use of verbal S w/humans CE****BsV HxV- No diff in classcond w/verbal or nonverbal S - - - - - - - Men,R.'37- HxG- GSR to word shock incr by pairing other words w/named event Gri,WW'62e HLB- Classcond w/deceptions on questionnaires w/air puff US - - Jaf,CL'66e hLB- Cond better to S words in mother tongue than foreign words Deg,EN'67- Cond w/foreign word equal or poorer than w/nonverbal S Deg,EN'67- HLB- Reinf both correct/incorrect arith S, more CR to correct S Fle,RA'68e HLB- Reinf both true/false visual verbal S, more CR to true S - Fle,RA'68e HLB- Conceptual relatedness/truth value of verbal S affects cond Gra,DA'68- hLL- Cond pos/neg affect to S in 1st-person sentence w/out aware Ert,S.'73e No cond pos/neg affect to S in 3rd-person sentence Ert,S.'73e HxB- Verbal=nonverbal, auditory=visual S in diff-classcond - - - Col,MJ'74- HxB- No diff in tracecond w/pure tone vs speech sound S - - - - Gum,MM'76+ hLL- Cond neg attitude if Pair neg words w/smoking/drug words - Moo,LP'82e HLL- Mod attitude w/Pair(nonword,shock) > w/Pair(word,shock) - - Cac,JT'92e Systematic Analyses of Verbal Stimuli in Conditioning CE****BsW XXX- 2nd signal system is speech, defines acty of man - - - - - Pav,IP'36- HLB- S-US conting quickly lrnd unless verbal S info incongruent Gra,DA'72- MOOH Devel object-object assn w/1 object conceal 2nd in discrim Gaf,D.'83+ Principle CECS>>2:00. Simultaneous Compound S CE****B2S . Cond w/compound S > w/elements alone . Note: Compound may be special case of CSI . Note: Train compound, test elements is S/Genz test HxB- Classcond w/tone + visual S better than either alone - - - Mil,J.'39- HVS- Classcond to segments of complex lites while eating - - - - Raz,GH'39- HVS- Greatest CR to compound if reinf compound and components - Raz,GH'39- CxR- P(CR) to elements of simult compound decr w/trng - - - - - Top,LA'62- HxB- Classcond w/compound S = single S - - - - - - - - - - - - - Per,LC'66- D1S- Greater cond w/compound S than w/Mixed elements alone - - - Mug,GJ'69- BxBS Hi P(CR) to CRF S1 compounded w/PRF S2 compounded w/CRF S3 Wag,AR'69- CXX- W/serial Ss, as one S gains in effectiveness, other loses - Wic,DD'73- Above genz based on variations in S1-S2-US ISI parameter Wic,DD'73- R1E- Compound lite+buzz S better fear cond than either S alone - Gol,ML'75- R1e- Suppressn to compound > test-S-alone only if equal lo inten Mac,NJ'76- B1B- Rate of cond w/compound S faster than w/elements alone - - Keh,EJ'82- RxO- Compound taste-odor paired w/toxin potentiates odor avoid - Rus,KW'82e Compound taste-odor paired w/sh interferes w/taste avoid Rus,KW'82e CECS>>2:01. Overshadowing CE****B7S . Term: Overshadowing if CR to only 1 element UxU- W/compound S, main effect w/stronger and may inhib weaker - Kup,PS'27+ DxS- Overshadow by 1 element of compound in diff modality (141) Pav,IP'27- Overshadowing w/in S modality if diff in inten (142) Pav,IP'27- HXS- Metronome>syllable w/eating US; v/versa w/observe eating US Raz,GH'35- HVG- Optimal lite-flash rate of 30 cps for GSR cond - - - - - - Wic,DD'60+ R1e- Lite overshadowed tone w/weak US, not w/strong US - - - - - Kam,LJ'69- BNB- Mix 2 ESB loci as S in Pair(S,shock)--Best cond w/neutral S Hup,RB'70- Best diff-cond w/S+ as aversive ESB, S- as neutral ESB Hup,RB'70- R1e- Suppressn to S-alone after compound trng incr-f(rel inten) Mac,NJ'76- R1e- Compound strong-S2 after Pair(weak-S1,sh)--decr CER to S1 - Hal,G.'77e FxR- Pair(click-lite,shock)--Hi inten click overshadow lite - - Wol,AH'77e R1e- Overshadowing of tone by lite requires >1 trials - - - - - Mac,NJ'79+ PVx- Spatial contig of S2/S1 facil 2nd-ord cond w/CER/autoshape Res,RA'79+ RxC- Odor aversion w/Pair(odor-taste,LiCl) > Pair(odor,LiCl) - - Dur,PJ'80+ Above odor aversion decr by extn of taste aversion Dur,PJ'80+ R1O- Pair(tone-lite,food)--Rel CR to lite hi only if large N/tr Bel,WP'81+ R1E- Pair(lite-noise,shock)--Cond fear of noise < Pair(noise,sh) Kau,MA'81+ Above fear of noise w/compound cond incr by extn of lite Kau,MA'81+ OxP- W/compound S in honeybee, color overshadow/potentiate odor Cou,PA'82+ B1B- Pair(lite-tone,US)--CR to lite-alone decr-f(tone inten) - - Keh,EJ'82- R1O- Loud tone overshadow lite in cond MORPH analgesic tolerance Wal,TA'83+ XXX- Overshadowing is-f S/Genz decr from compound to element - - Pea,JM'87- P1B- Tone overshadowed lite w/Pair(LT,puff) - - - - - - - - - - Bur,R.'89- RCE- Freeze-beh in context incr-decr-f(ITI or prior shocks) - - Wil,DA'91e CECS>>2:02. Redintegratn if small N/tr w/=inten CE****B8S . Term: Redintegration if CR to each element HVG- Mag(CR) to CS incr/decr by trng in reinf/nonreinf compound Gri,WW'59+ R1e- CER to S2 added to CS1 if present unexpected S after trial Gra,T.'73+ R1E- Equal cond to elements of compound lite+buzz S - - - - - - Gol,ML'75- H1G- Pos transfer from compound trng to elements alone - - - - - Mor,JC'78- CECS>>2:03. Compounding if large N/trials CE****B9S . Term: Compounding if CR only to compound . Term: Compounding = patterning = configural cond HVS- Suprasummatn/transpositn incr-f complexity of pattern lites Raz,GH'39- HVS- Present lite flashes while eating--Special configural cond Raz,GH'39- HxS- Configure cond (suprasummative compound CR) best w/dissim S Raz,GH'39- HxG- Small unstable evidence of patterning (comp > sum elements) Hul,CL'40- XXX- Extended reinf trng w/compound leads to decr CR to elements Raz,GH'65- Genz: Simult/temporal compounding w/w/out diff rf (USSR) Raz,GH'65- R1e- Overtrng decr suppression to tone/lite elements re compound Boo,JH'71+ BxB- Diff CR to configuration only if no isolable cue available Saa,MA'75- Rxe- CER to elements of compound S decr-f(N/compound trials) - - Gra,T.'76+ Exe- Extended trng w/compound leads to decr CER to comp/elements Kam,LJ'78+ E Interp: Apparent compounding is decr CER to sum elements Kam,LJ'78+ B1B- Pair(lite-tone,US)--CR to compound > elements alone - - - - Keh,EJ'82- R1e- Pair(lite-tone,US)--CR to lite inc/decr by trng/extn w/tone Sch,L.'82+ Rxx- Diff noise-shock/taste-sick cond w/run-R, not-f(orient-R) - Mil,VS'83- Taste-sh/noise-sick trng does not block cond to added S Mil,VS'83- Freez CR only w/noise-sh, chin-wipe CR only w/taste-sick Mil,VS'83- HVG- Configuring w/compound S facil by orient-R instruct - - - - Sel,JM'83- Rxx- Genz: Diff associability of taste-sick, noise-shock - - - - Mil,V.'84- PVP- Assn w/in visual stim compound incr-f(sim of elements) - - Res,RA'86- Assn of form w/color-of-form > w/color of background Res,RA'86- ECS>>2:10. Temporal (serial) compound S in classcond CE****B2T . Note: S2 is redundant if present 100% Pair(S1,S2,US) . Note: Train compound, test elements is S/Genz test, esp w/S2 DxS- All components of temporal compound exhibit CR (145) - - - Pav,IP'27- RAJS W/4-serial Ss B4 shock, P(run CR) incr-f(serial order) - - Hun,WS.36- DAU- W/trng, CR only to sequence of 3 tones, not to elements - - Bre,AN'38- UUU- Precede S w/weak US facil CR, strong US inhibit CR - - - - Kho,BI'56- HxS- Cond pos or neg CR to order of auditory/visual/tactile S - Nai,T.'57- Above serial cond disturbed by change in order/intervals Nai,T.'57- DxS- W/3-S chain (lite-buzz-skin,US), CR to 1st 2 Ss decr w/trng Ale,IA'58- DxS- W/60-sec S1, 10-sec S2 B4 US, acq inhib (incl sleep) to S1 Ale,IA'58- xxUH Elements 3-S chain lose S value w/pigeon/rabbit, not w/fish Tag,SK'58- CSR- CR to first element of temporal compound decr w/trng - - - Top,LA'62- RxB- Equal suppression to S1:S2 if S1 unreliable or S2 redundant Ayr,JJ'66- R1e- Suppress more in S2 of lite-tone temporal compound B4 shock Bra,JA'68- R1e- Pair(S1,S2,shock)--Greater suppression during S2 - - - - - Sch,C.'69+ Pair(S1,S2,shock)--Suppression to S1 < concur delayed S3 Sch,C.'69+ BAB- W/sequential compound S, P(CR) is-f onset time of last S - Fre,PW'71e W/sequential compound S Lat(CR) is-f onset time of 1st S Fre,PW'71e R1e- More suppressn to temporal S1 if S1/S2 overlap until shock Bor,AJ'72e More suppressn to temporal S2 if S1 off with S2 onset Bor,AJ'72e RAe- CER to S1 of temporal S1-S2 compound incr-f sim of S1 to S2 Dub,WJ'73+ XXX- W/serial Pair(S1,S2,US)--Both hiordcond/block effect of S2 Res,RA'73- Rxe- Pair(S1,S2,shock)--Lo CER to S1 if S2 pre-diff-cond as S- - Goo,JH'76- Pair(S1,S2,sh)--Hi CER to S1 if S2 pre-diff-cond as S+ Goo,JH'76- R1e- Decr in CER during Pair(S2,CS1)--But suppress to CS1 alone Kam,LJ'77+ R1e- Max suppressn to S2 w/Pair(S1,S2,shock) but not to S2-alone Seg,KA'77+ BxB- Pair(S1,S2,puff)--P(CR) to S1 > Pair(S1,puff) w/long ISI - Keh,EJ'79e Interp: Sensory S1-S2 cond, not cross-modal S/Genz Keh,EJ'79e R1O- Pair(lite,food)--Rearing (but not head-jerk) CR to lite - - Hol,PC'81+ Pair(lite,tone,food)--Head-jerk CR to lite alone Hol,PC'81+ After above, extn to tone-alone decr CR to lite-alone Hol,PC'81+ BUB- Serial Ss facil classcond to S1 w/long S1-US ISI - - - - - Gor,I.'84- B1B- W/serial compound S, CR during trace S1-S2 interval - - - - Keh,EJ'84+ R1O- W/serial Pair(tone,lite,food), approach lite during tone - Wil,PN'88+ B B- W/serial Ss, facil CR w/1st S and decr CR w/last S - - - - Sch,BG'93e CECS>>2.11. ISI effects in serial compound S CE****B9T HxG- Time between elements of temporal compound S sim to ISI - - Wic,DD'59e C1G- Pair(S1,S2,shock)--CR to S2 incr-decr-f(S1-S2 ISI) - - - - Wic,DD'63e W/above, S1 CR + S2 CR = compound CR = constant f(ISI) Wic,DD'63e xxG- W/temp compound, elements may be indep cond to US or assoc Wic,DD'65- Elements indep cond if S1-S2 ISI <150-msec or >500 msec Wic,DD'65- S1-S2 assn w/temporal compound w/150 Pair(S1,US) - - - - - - Pea,JM'81e Elim above effect if Mix w/Pair(S2,US) or S2-alone Pea,JM'81e Above effect not changed by post-cond trtmt of S2 Pea,JM'81e B1B- CR to serial S1-S2 is-f(S2-US ISI), incr-f(S2-inten) - - - Keh,EJ'83- CR to S2 of serial S1-S2 is-f(S2-US ISI), < Pair(S2,US) Keh,EJ'83- CECS>>2:20. Role of info value of S (between trials) CE****B2U . Genz: Lo P(CR) to PRF S compounded w/CRF S xxx- Lo P(CR) to PRF S compounded w/CRF S - - - - - - - - - - - Wag,AR'68e R1e- CER to S2-alone after Pair(S1S2,US) =w/w/out Mix w/US-alone Wag,AR'69- RUH- Greater decr in ITI HR w/diff-classcond than w/PRF of 2 S - Sch,EI'70- R1e- Cond incr-decr-f(trng) w/P(US!S) = P(US!-S) - - - - - - - - Res,RA'72- Above decr elim if precede US by another S Interp: Cond to background w/US-alone R1e- Genz: Cond to S1 only if P(US!S1) > P(US!S1S2) - - - - - - Res,RA'72- Cond to S1 incr-decr-f(Mix Pair(S1S2,US) + Pair(S2,US)) RGC- Little aversion to PRF flavor compounded w/CRF flavor - - - Luo,AF'76- FxR- Lo P(CR) to PRF S compounded w/CRF S - - - - - - - - - - - Wol,AH'77e CECS>>2:21. Role of ready signal in classcond CE****B2V . Note: Ready signal tantamount to temporal compound S . Note: Ready signal makes S redundant (see CS-2:20) HAB- Classcond better w/out ready signal - - - - - - - - - - - - MAl,WR'60+ HAB- Classcond better w/out ready signal - - - - - - - - - - - - MAl,WR'60+ HVB- P(CR) greater w/out ready signal, not-f(MAS) - - - - - - - Kli,BL'62+ EVG- Classcond better w/out ready signal - - - - - - - - - - - - Pro,WF'62+ HVB- More short Lat(R) w/ready signal, w/in subj - - - - - - - - Goo,KP'64- HVB- Classcond better w/out ready signal even if blink to signal Pri,LE'64e HVB- Classcond better w/out ready signal - - - - - - - - - - - - Duf,RH'65+ HVB- Classcond better w/out ready signal - - - - - - - - - - - - Tur,BJ'66- Optimal ready signal-CS interval 2 sec Tur,BJ'66- H1B- Observe CR to warning S w/masking P-lrng task - - - - - - - Ber,J.'67e HVB- Ready signal decr Lat(R) after S to below usual CR range - Sub,MD'68+ HVB- Divergence of hi-/lo-drive cond over trials elim w/ready S Gor,WC'73+ HUB- Lower P(CR) w/ready signal constant 1-sec B4 S - - - - - - Oya,T.'77- CECS>>2:30. Compound CS after classcond CE****b2S . Genz: Incr Mag(CR) w/compound of CSs DxS- Compound several CS for same CR leads to summation (79) - - Pav,IP'27- DxS- Greater CR if combine several S after classcond (54) - - - Pav,IP'28- HAR- Respiratory CR w/Pair(buzz,shock) w/summation to compound S Gar,CR'33- hVxx Concur cond w/drawal to red lite w/left hand re shock US, Sin,A.'34- and reach CR to green lite re candy US w/right hand Sin,A.'34- Acq defense CR B4 food CR, simult red/green-->defense CR Sin,A.'34- Acq food CR B4 defense CR, simult red/green-->food CR Sin,A.'34- Acq food CR = defense CR, simult red/green-->both CRs Sin,A.'34- DxS- After separate cond w/several Ss, compound of 2-->incr CR - Aok,S.'41- HVG- Incr Mag(CR) w/compound of 2 CS, less if 1 was nonreinf - - Gri,WW'56+ HxG- Greater CR to compound of reinf than nonreinf elements - - Gri,WW'59+ R1e- More suppression if combine 2 S+, less w/S+/S- compound - - Reb,D.'69+ DUS- Obtain summated CR if present S in presence of latent excit Fom,EE'70- R1e- Greater suppression if combine 2 CSs than w/either alone - VHo,R.'70e R1PH After CER trng w/lite-off or tone-off S, max CER w/both off Wei,SJ'70+ Rxe- No CER after 1-Pair(S,shock) but S incr CER compound w/CS2 Reb,D.'72- R1e- CER cond to each of 2 Ss decr w/repeated Pair(compound,US) Kam,LJ'74+ Above decr greater for less salient S Kam,LJ'74+ R1e- Mix Pair(S1,lo-USI) + Pair(S2,hi-USI)--Max CER w/comp S1S2 Hen,RW'75- R1e- Pair(S1,shock) + Pair(S2,shock), suppressn incr w/compound Lev,L.'75- Suppression decr over trials w/compound S and same US Lev,L.'75- R1e- Compound 2 CSs--Decr CR to elements=f(N/compound trials) - Kre,EF'78- Sxx- Reciprocal inhib of orient/consum CR w/CSs cond w/diff ISI Hen,WW'81- R1e- CER w/compound of CSs after separate acq/extn - - - - - - - Hen,JS'82- B1B- Test w/combined 2 CSs > either CS alone - - - - - - - - - - Keh,EJ'88+ RxeS Suppression w/tone = lite S, but more freezing CR w/tone - Bev,RA'92+ RxeS Compound of above tone/lite incr both suppression/freeze Bev,RA'92+ B1B- Incr CR w/compound 2 CSs in diff, not same modality - - - - Keh,EJ'94e R1O- CR re T1T2L after T1L+ T2L+ L- trng > T1T2 after T1+ T2+ Dar,RJ'95+ Interp re configural th of S-compound w/out context S Dar,RJ'95+ PVP- After Pair(S1,food) +Pair(S2,food)-->Summatn re AuSh w/S1S2 Res,RA'95+ Note: Above summatn only w/nonlocalized or sequantial S Res,RA'95+ R1O- After MIX Pair(S1,food) + Pair(S2,food), Rate(antic app CR) Res,RA'97- re test compound AB > A or B alone - - - - - - - - - Res,RA'97- Replicate above w/PRF of S1 or S2, CRF of other Res,RA'97- Obtain summatn w/recombine elements after compound trng Res,RA'97- Interp above re elemental vs configural th of S in cond Res,RA'97- Corollary CECS>>2:40. Blocking CE****b2A . Little CR to S added to CS w/out concur change in US . Note: Added cue is ext-inhib operation RUe- No CER to redundant S added to original CS - - - - - - - - Dow,EB'68- R1e- S2 added to CS1 is noticed on first CS1S2 trial - - - - - - Kam,LJ'69- Blocking of cond to added S2 even if CS1 is noise-off Kam,LJ'69- D1S- Blocking of added S2 did not occur after Pair(S1,food) - - Mug,GJ'69- R Blocking re added S2 after incomplete pretrng w/S1 Mac,NJ'71- Rxe- Little inhib CR to S2 compounded w/S1 neg correl w/shock - Sui,RD'71+ R1e- Blocking if change qual w/out change in Mag(shock US) - - - Res,RA'72- BxB- Little CR to S2 w/Pair(S1S2,US) after Pair(S1,US) - - - - - Mar,HG'73+ Amount of above blocking incr-f N/Pair(S1,US) B4 add S2 Mar,HG'73+ Rxe- S2 compounded w/inhib S1 in extn not an excitatory S - - - Bak,AG'74- R1e- Blocking even if change US from noise to shock, v/versa - - Bak,CW'74e Rxe- CER to added S2 if give only 1 trial of Pair(CS1S2,shock) Mac,NJ'75- RUe- No CER to added S if incr ISI when add S - - - - - - - - - Gai,SJ'76- No CER to S added near end of fixed/variable duration S Gai,SJ'76- Above added S improved temp discrim as temp compound Gai,SJ'76- FxR- Pair(click/lite,shock)--Lo cond to other S w/compound trng Wol,AH'77e R1e- Blocking w/trace/delay proc, or if change when add S - - - Gra,T.'78- R1eH Fail to obtain blocking w/hippocampectomized subj - - - - - Ric,EJ'78e Rxe- CR to added S2 if give unexpected shock 8-sec after trial - Dic,A.'79+ CR to added S2 if omit expected shock after trial Dic,A.'79+ Above effects not obtained w/post-trial food Dic,A.'79+ Repeat above w/food-reinf OpR--Reverse food/shock effect Dic,A.'79+ BxB- Changing ISI or adding salient ITI S did not decr blocking Mal,RT'79+ R1e- Pair(tone1,shock)--Tone1 block added lite cond after 1-21-d Tho,DA'79+ T2 did not block added lite cond after 1-d, did after 21 Tho,DA'79+ R1e- Paired/random/unpair trng w/lite blocks cond to added noise Yoh,RA'79- Random/unpaired pretrng w/noise facil cond to added lite Yoh,RA'79- R1eH Less blocking after ventral, not dorsal hippocampectomy - - Ric,EJ'81e R1e- No cond to added S2 if incr S1 duratn beyond US when add S2 Ayr,JJ'82+ R1e- Incr CR to S2 added to CS1 by expose to US/S2/box B4 test - Bal,MA'82e R1e- Little cond to S2 added to CS1 for only 1-tr - - - - - - - Bal,MA'82e R1e- Pair(S1,shock) w/long ISI--Suppression incr during ISI - - Gai,SJ'82- Little CER to S2 added near end of above ISI Gai,SJ'82- R1e- Blocking w/60-sec trace w/simult S1S2/serial S1,S2 or S2,S1 Koh,EA'82+ B1B- Little cond to S2 compounded w/CS1 unless mix w/Pair(S2,US) Sch,GB'82+ R1e- 1-tr blocking only w/trace added-S B4 CS, not simult/delay Dic,A.'83+ R1eT After Pair(S1,shock), 1-tr w/Pair(S2 B4 S1,shock) --> Dic,A.'83e S2 suppress licking if S2 overlaps S1 - - - - - - - - Dic,A.'83e Above 1-tr blocking is-f(trace interval after S2 B4 S1) Dic,A.'83e R1e- CR to added-S if present S-alone in diff context after trng Sch,TR'83e "Remind-induced-recover" incr-f(N/compound tr, N/expose) Sch,TR'83e R1O- Decr orient-R to S2 added to CS1 faster than alone or w/S3 Kay,H.'84+ RxC- Pair(noise,LiCl)--Incr sacc aversn w/Pair(noise-sacc,LiCl) Moh,AK'85e Anti-block w/w/out noradrenalin depletn, decr by DSP4 Moh,AK'85e R1eH Blocking of S2 w/CER re S1S2 if prior trng CER w/S1 - - - - Goo,G.'87+ No blocking S2 w/CER re S1S2 if prior trng punish w/S1 Goo,G.'87+ Sim above result w/punish in S1S2 w/prior trng CER re S1 Goo,G.'87+ R1 - Obtain blocking w/tone/lite w/pos reinf, not-f(gender) - - Hal,ES'87+ R1E- Cond to added S after 1st compound tr w/shock US - - - - - Azo,JL'88+ R - Blocking added S control even w/change re food/H2O US - - - Gan,R.'88+ R C- W/retardation test of cond inhib, no blocking re added S - Sch,T.'88e RCE- Decr blocking if change context B4 compound trng - - - - - Wea,MS'88+ Decr blocking if present context alone B4 compound trng Wea,MS'88+ P1B- Trng w/hi-inten tone block lite w/Pair(LT/puff) not v/versa Bur,R.'89- R1eH Less blocking effect w/S-pre-exposure in diff context - - - Ric,EJ'89+ Title: Temporal encoding of blocking - - - - - - - - - - - Bar,RC'93e PxO- Cond re added S2 blocked after trng w/Pair(S1,live-female) Kok,F.'94e Above blocking effect w/added S = model < wood block Kok,F.'94e HVG- Pair(S1,US) block acq re added S2 re CR/expectancy - - - - Hin,J.'95e RxE- Context-time-of-shock cues blocked acq re added tone S - - Wil,DA'95+ Tone CS did not block acq re context-time-of-shock cues Wil,DA'95+ CECS>>2:41. Unblocking CE****b2B . CR to S added to CS if concur change in US R1e- Elim blocking if incr USI or if add 2nd occurrence of US - Kam,LJ'69- R1e- CER to added S if change from PRF to CRF for compound trng Mar,BS'69- RxE- Decr USI when add S2 did not facil later use of S2 as neg S Bas,BH'76+ R1e- Decr blocking if add or remove 2nd US when add S2 - - - - - Dic,A.'76e R1e- Decr blocking if add or remove 2nd US when add S2 - - - - - Mac,NJ'77e Above effect proactive on later trials, not on 1st trial Mac,NJ'77e R1e- Pair(S1,2-US)--Pair(S1S2,1-US)--CR to added S2 (unblocking) Res,RA'83+ Disrupt above unblocking by reinf/nonreinf trng w/S1 Res,RA'83+ Attributes unblocking to S1-S2 assn, not S2-US assn Res,RA'83+ B1B- Cond to added S if concur change locus of US to other eye - Sti,K.'83+ R1A- Incr P(CR) to S2 added to CS1 only if incr/decr USI - - - - Hol,PC'84- R - Added S-->excit/S-->inhib w/add/omit 2nd US when add S - - Hol,PC'88- Title: Unblocking w/qual change of US - - - - - - - - - - Bla,AP'97e Title: Recovery from blocking - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bla,AP'99e CECS>>2:50. Counting in Classical Conditioning CE****hHc Systematic Analyses of Compound Stimulus CE****B2z XXX- Irrel S undergo extn, w/cond inhib account of S patterning Hul,CL'29- hXX- W/chain S, Mag(CR) greatest to last S - - - - - - - - - - - Raz,GH'33- XXX- Each S interacts w/concur S, each changing re compound (47) Hul,CL'43- Prin Habit Summation: H1+2 = H1 + H2 - (H1 x H2) (223) Hul,CL'43- XXX- Th: Afferent impulses interact, convert each to diff s (11) Hul,CL'52- XXX- Internalized S generated by R to complex CS - - - - - - - - Wic,DD'59- XXX- Reviews strength of elements of a compound S - - - - - - - Bak,TW'68- R1e- Overshadowing results from blocking if faster cond to 1 S - Kam,LJ'69- Assn requires backward scan instigated by surprising US Kam,LJ'69- XXX- Modified Continuity Theory - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wag,AR'69- No incr/decr in assn if S-complex signal reinf/nonreinf Wag,AR'69- Change in S1 signal value w/rf of S1S2 is-f S1S2 value Wag,AR'69- Hard to explain S-selection in classcond w/attn as rf R Wag,AR'69- HVG- Genz: Pos transfer (summatn) element to compound well estab Gri,WW'72- Genz: Transfer compound to elements less well estab Gri,WW'72- Genz: W/sequential compound, element nearest US dominant Gri,WW'72- R1e- Modified Continuity Theory - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Res,RA'72- Th: Cond to extent Mag(US) not correctly anticipated Res,RA'72- XXX- Assoc strength of Sa=Va w/total strength of compound S=Vax Res,RA'72+ Delta Va=ALPHAa xBETA x(LAMDA-Vax) w/ALPHAa=Sa lrng rate Res,RA'72+ BETA=lrng rate re US, LAMDA=Limit assoc strength re US Res,RA'72+ V is unbounded, may be pos or neg, and Vax=Va+Vx Res,RA'72+ Implies blocking if Vax=LAMDA thru prior cond to 1 S Res,RA'72+ Implies overshadowing if Ss have diff ALPHAs (salience) Res,RA'72+ Implies decr in assoc strength w/reinf if Vax>LAMDA Res,RA'72+ Implies pos but lo strength PRF cue compounded w/CRF cue Res,RA'72+ Implies asymptotic cond direct-f correl S w/US, incl neg Res,RA'72+ XXX- Reviews summatn/suppressn/averaging effect of compounding S Wei,SJ'72- XXX- S-selectn overdetermined re modified-contin/attn/config th Rud,JW'75+ XXX- CS-effectiveness re US incr-f(joint CS/US rehearsal in STM) Whi,JW'76- CS-effectiveness re US decr-f(CS-alone rehearsal in STM) Whi,JW'76- CS rehears =f(salience/indiv-diff); US incr-f(surprise) Whi,JW'76- Th anal blocking/interference/backward/CS-US interaction Whi,JW'76- XXX- Note: Change in US leads to extn of old, acq of new expect Log,FA'77- - Extn is acq expect no-US after trng w/US Log,FA'77- XXX- Blocking implies additional lrng proc to assoc lrng proc - Mac,NJ'78- Add proc evaluates rel predictiveness to determine lrng Mac,NJ'78- RxC- Interp: May develop w/in-S assn rather than overshadowing Dur,PJ'80+ XXX- CS loses associability if consequences accurately predicted Pea,JM'80+ Eg Acquisition: Initially S predicts no-US, US occurs, Pea,JM'80+ hence S associability incr and S-US assn incr Pea,JM'80+ Late acq, S predicts US, US occurs, S-associability decr Pea,JM'80+ Eg Latent Inhib: During pre-exposure, S predicts no-US, Pea,JM'80+ no US occurs, hence S associability --> zero Pea,JM'80+ Inhib cond: S assoc w/no-US if US predicted Pea,JM'80+ R1e- Assn among elements of compound affects beh to element (39) Res,RA'80- XXX- Model for loss of S effectiveness w/predicted contingencies Pea,JM'84+ RxC- Interp: Compound trng facil weak element CR re w/in-S assn Vil,J.'84e BxB- Reviews overshadowing/blocking/serial-S-selection phenomena Keh,EJ'86- Interp: S/Genz-decr, selective attn important w/compound Keh,EJ'86- Above anal involve interaction of Ss in compound B4 US Keh,EJ'86- Principle CECS>>3:00. (Conditioned) Stimulus intensity (CSI) CE****BmS . Classcond incr-f(CSI) w/between < w/in subj effect UxU- CR incr-f(CSI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kup,PS'27+ DAS- Genz: Mag(CR)=exponential-f(tone CSI) - - - - - - - - - - Kup,PS'31e HVW- P(CR) decr-f(weak CSI), w/CR threshold = verbal threshold New,SM'33+ HAB- No effect of CSI on rate of classcond from 15 to 90 db - - Car,LF'41- UUU- W/same US, CR incr-f(CSI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pod,NA'46- HVB- Trend toward incr P(CR) w/CSI not signif - - - - - - - - - Gra,DA'48+ HAG- Classcond not-f(CSI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gra,DA'49+ DAF- Classcond incr-f tone inten w/shock US - - - - - - - - - - Bar,GW'56- DAU- W/gradual incr inten S, CR to hi inten but not if sudden on Dzi,N.'58+ HAG- Cond w/weak CS, sensitization but no cond w/strong - - - - Kim,HD'59- D1F- Mag(CR) incr-f(CSI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Vin,PL'60- HAB- Classcond incr-f(CSI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bec,SB'63- RAe- Rate acq CER incr-f(CSI), esp w/trace proc - - - - - - - - Kam,LJ'63+ RAe- CER incr-f(CSI) for both trace/delayed proc - - - - - - - - Kam,LJ'63e XXX- P(CR) as-f(CSI) shows greater effect w/in O - - - - - - - - Gri,GR'64+ HAB- Classcond incr-f(CSI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Moo,JW'64+ Classcond decr-f sim of S to between-trial S Moo,JW'64+ HAB- Cond incr-f(CSI) near threshold, contingent on verbal R - - Fis,HD'66+ HAB- Classical tracecond incr-f(CSI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lip,SG'66+ HAB- P(CR) incr-f(CSI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fis,HD'68+ BAO- Cond pinna R incr-f(CSI), even if pre-exposed to S - - - - Lub,RE'68e MAB- Cond better w/soft than loud S, inferior if mix S inten - - Mou,RR'68+ HAG- Sensitized (short-latency) Rs but not Mag(CR) incr-f(CSI) - Orl,JF'68+ BAB- Interpolate noise S in ITI decr cond w/hi inten S, not w/lo Sal,WR'68+ BAB- Cond incr-f(CSI), w/more CSI effect if diff inten w/in day Fre,PW'69- BNB- Classcond decr-f(CSI) w/inferior colliculus ESB as CS - - - Pat,MM'71- FVO- P(CR) incr-f both trng and testing CSI - - - - - - - - - - Woo,WT'71- Bxx- P(CR) incr-f(CSI), both between and within subj - - - - - - Gor,I.'72- HAB- Small w/in-O CS effect, greatest w/masking task - - - - - - Mee,FL'73- BAB- P(CR) incr-f(CSI), between = w/in-O - - - - - - - - - - - - Sca,MJ'74+ HAG- Obtain cond incr in alpha R to noise S more intense than US Pro,WF'75e RAe- No effect of CSI if pre-expose w/same inten S as in cond - Lan,AE'76- RAe- Rate of CER acq inc-f(CSI) between-O w/varied CSI=hi CSI - Zie,K.'77+ RAe- Cond suppression w/hi > lo inten S, esp near end of ISI - - Zie,K.'80+ R1e- Pair(S,shock)--Lick suppressn incr-f, base rate incr-f(CSI) Ima,H.'81e FVO- W/goldfish, P(shuttle CR) w/Pair(lite,shock) incr-f(CSI/USI Fuk,H.'86+ BOB- Classcond w/paraorbital shock as S/US, incr-f(inten) - - - Sch,BG'90+ Systematic Analyses of (Conditioned) Stimulus Intensity CE****Bmz XXX- Hypo: CR=pos-f(CSI) due to diff-cond w/S-onset vs context - Per,CC'53- XXX- Attributes effects of CSI to discrim of CS occurrence - - - Log,FA'54- XXX- Interp effect of CSI as dynamogenic re adaptation level - - Gri,GR'64+ Dynamogenic effect based on Amt(change re adapt level) Gri,GR'64+ Principle CECS>>4:00. Generality of (Conditioned) Stimulus CE****ByS . S may be any perceptible change in stimulus energy DxS- Classcond to all imagineable S (88:265) - - - - - - - - - - Pav,IP'28- DxS- Incr CR + decr in defense R to shock S w/Pair(S,food) (186) Pav,IP'28- No CR or decr in defense R to shock S w/Pair(S,acid) Pav,IP'28- CR to flex of joint w/Pair(flex,acid) (196) Pav,IP'28- DTX- No classcond to very inten shock S (216) - - - - - - - - - Pav,IP'28- DTX- Classcond w/skin pain if food US, not if acid US (228) - - Pav,IP'28- DTS- Use defensive US (shock) as CS, w/some exper neurosis - - - Ero,MN'53- DVS- Classcond to moving S may be slow due to eye fixation - - - Mur,NP'63- RTH- Infrared incr in nose temp not effective S for classcond - Wag,JW'70- Above S was nonaversive, but lite/tone were effective Wag,JW'70- HOH- Pair(vol head-drop,body-tilt)-->cond HR-decel to head-drop Fur,JJ'78+ Systematic Analyses of Generality of (Conditioned) Stimulus CE****ByZ DXS- S can be any agent acting on adequate receptor (38) - - - - Pav,IP'27- RGC- Th: Sight/sound rel to somatic R; taste/smell to visceral R Gar,J.'72e XXX- Reviews evidence for selective assn--S relevant to US - - - LLo,VM'79- CECS>>5:00. Nature of the Unconditioned Stimulus (US) CE****BCK DXS- Reflexes/instincts alike as inevitable R to S (11) - - - - Pav,IP'27- DxS- W/incompatible UR, CR based on stronger US (55) - - - - - - Pav,IP'28- DUS- CR decr by neutral S during UR - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pav,IP'28- DNF- Cond only if spinal US activates pain fibers and UR - - - - Lou,RB'38+ DNO- Classcond muscle-mvmt w/Pair(bell/light,cerebellar shock) - Bro,WJ'42+ DAH- Cardiac cond w/shock US, not w/painless ACH injection US - Tei,HA'56e H N- Cond muscle action pot w/passive hand mvmt as US - - - - - Doe,DG'57- xNF- Cond motor CR w/Pair(cortical-S,cortical-S) w/out motiv - - Dot,RW'61+ CAx- Pair(tone,subcutaneous shock-off)--Cond beh + EEG R to tone Seg,JP'61e MDe- Can use nalorphene as US for CER w/morphene-addicted subj - Gol,SR'67+ DAO- Little CR after 3400 Pair(tone,vagosympathetic trunk US) - And,C.'68e MDe- CER w/nalorphene US persists 60-120-d w/morphene abstenence Gol,SR'70+ HVG- Novel visual S adequate as US - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cor,NL'71+ DAF- W/ESB US, cond facil if require large postural adjustment - Tho,E.'71- B1H- Adjust shock US inten daily to maintain constant HR UR - - Yeh,AL'71e CAF- Classcond long-latency limb flex elicited by motor-cortex S Kan,GL'73+ H1e- Pair(S1,S2)--CER trng w/S2--Suppresn to S1 incr-f(S1 inten) Rog,JD'73- Above precond not-f(0/2/4/8-sec) precond trace ISI Rog,JD'73- HAG- Imagine Pair(S,US)--Greater R/Extn w/S than imagine unpair Yar,RM'74+ CAB- Classcond blink w/zycomatic orbital stim w/out afferents - Bla,P.'75e RAH- Small mag decel CR obtained w/direct vagal stim as US - - - Fit,RD'75e Above vagal stim adequate for shuttle escape but not CER Fit,RD'75e BNB- Combine ESB w/US--Facil if ESB aversive, not if pos ESB - - Fre,PW'76e HAH- Classcond heart decel w/body tilt to head-down as US - - - Fur,JJ'76+ BAB- Cond nictitating membrane w/stim of abducens nucleus US - - Mis,FW'79e CVO- Fail to cond attack beh elicited by hypothal ESB - - - - - Bel,NY'82e BUB- Cond w/US=stim dorsal nucleus of inferior olivary complex - Mau,MD'85- Lesion above nucleus prevents acq or leads to extn of CR Mau,MD'85- RNOO Classcond kick CR elicited by hypothal stim US - - - - - - Bel,VP'87+ BNB- Interpositus/red nucleus US elicit UR but no CR w/tone S - Cha,PF'88e HVG- RT w/fdbk of success reliable as aversive US for classcond Lip,OV'90+ GAN- Classcond fear w/Pair(S,posterior intralaminar nucleus US) Cru,SJ'92e CECS>>5:10. Relative effectiveness of US CE****BCC . Note: US effectiveness may depend on nature of S DxS- UR greater to dry than to moist food US (48) - - - - - - - Pav,IP'28- DNF- Pair(tone,faradic S of sigmoid gyri)--No cond hind-leg flex Lou,RB'35- Obtain cond if follow above pairing w/food Lou,RB'35- Pair(faradic S sigmoid,forepaw shock)--Cond foreleg flex Lou,RB'35- Interp: Faradic stim is S but no motiv (pain) as US Lou,RB'35- HAW- Finger CR w/shock to fingertip, not to motorpoint on arm - Hil,ER'38+ HVB- Airpuff better than loud sound as US - - - - - - - - - - - Web,H.'42+ Simult airpuff and loud sound better than either alone Web,H.'42+ DUS- Amp(CR) incr-f qual (chemical composition) of US - - - - - Mur,NP'56- RCE- Fear cond w/sudden but not gradual onset of shock US - - - Fro,R.'62- CVP- Cond pupil dilation only w/shock added to lite-off US - - - Ger,AA'62+ RCE- Delay sudden, not gradual shock US onset produced fear cond Fro,R.'64+ HVH- Shock>noise as US for cardiac cond - - - - - - - - - - - - Gee,JH'64- BVB- Lite onset elicits R but ineffective as US, puff OK - - - - Bru,A.'65- DAS- UR w/acid to mouth but CR only w/acid to mouth + stomach - Col,FM'65- BUx- Greater P(eyelid UR/CR) w/eye-shock than ear-shock US - - - Smi,AC,66- Equal decel HR CR w/eye-shock/ear-shock US Smi,AC'66- DxS- Incr CR w/higher quality US, which habituates to normal - - Rud,LP'68- Rxe- Lite paired w/T-out--No effect on suppression to tone - - - Bri,CJ'71- HAH- Cond decel w/treadmill mvmt US, correl w/decr somatic acty Jac,AF'73- HAB- Better cond w/shock than puff US, subjectively match inten Mur,HG'74+ BTB- Circumorbital shock better than ear shock, best w/same eye Sal,WR'74e BAH- No diff w/US 6 vs 14 mA or gradual incr vs constant inten - Yeh,AL'76+ rTP- Stroking = milk as US for cond odor pref w/6-d-old - - - - Sul,R.'77+ rSO- Aversion if Pair(odor,intraperitoneal shock) w/2-14-d-olds Har,V.'79+ Aversn if Pair(odor,peripheral shock) only w/10-14-d-old Har,V.'79+ SVAT During S B4 2 equal separated USs, orient/approach 1 >other Hen,WW'80+ BAB- Classcond 8/27 O w/Pair(S,abducens nucleus ESB-->NM UR) - - Mar,GK'80e Above O show greater neuronal acty during cond w/puff US Mar,GK'80e BAB- Classcond w/Pair(S,spinal trigeminal neucleus), not abducen Sch,BG'88- HVG- W/long ISI, both phasic/tonic CR w/shock > S for RT - - - - Lov,PF'92- BxB- Classcond incr HR Pair(S,air-puff or shock) if elicit UR - MEc.MD'92e RDH- Cond w/pentobarb S, d-AMPH US, not w/atropine/caffeine US - Rei,S.'92+ PSO- Sex-approach CR w/US = expose to female but < copulation - Hol,KS'93+ CECS>>5:20. Effect of varied US CE****BCV DAS- No mutual inhib if Mix(S,food-US/S,acid-US) to diff sites - Lap,IA'58- HVB- Limit P(CR), not Rate(acq), incr-f(USI) w/mixed USI - - - - Ros,LE'59+ HAB- Classcond decr-f Amt(variability) in USI - - - - - - - - - Pas,GE'62+ DUX- Omit US 1 trial, incr Lat(flex-CR) but not cardiac CR - - - Sol,S.'62+ HAB- Rate of cond hi w/ascending, low w/descending USI - - - - - Pas,GE'63+ HAB- Varied USI = constant USI at geometric mean inten - - - - - Pas,GE'64+ HUB- P(CR) decr-f spread w/varied USI, max w/constant mean USI - Woo,DL'65- DAS- Lat/Amp(CR) w/P(reinf) is average of CR to small/large US - Mek,AY'70- Above average CR in 4 of 6 O, lost w/frontal lobectomy Mek,AY'70- Principle CECS>>6:00. Unconditioned Stimulus Intensity (USI) CE****BmK . Classcond incr-f(USI) DAS- Incr CR w/incr Amt(food US) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pet,MK'38- DVS- Mag(CR) incr-f(Amt(acid-US)) and rate of US delivery - - - Fed,VK'46- HAB- Classcond direct incr-f (log USI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pas,GE'48- HVG- Amp/P(CR) w/.75-sec noise US > w/4-sec US - - - - - - - - - Sul,JJ'50- HVB- No effect of puff USI on classcond - - - - - - - - - - - - Spe,KW'51+ HVB- Greater classcond w/strong puff (5.0 vs .25 psi) - - - - - Spe,KW'53- HVB- P(CR) incr-f(USI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pro,WF'58e RVe- CER incr-f shock USI - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sin,SD'59- RTJ- S-escape Lat(R) decr-f(USI), decr-incr-f(N/cond trials) - - Gol,ML'60- HAB- P(CR) incr-f(puff USI) w/PRF - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ros,LE'60+ HVB- Classcond incr-f(puff USI) w/vol/nonvol instruct - - - - - Gor,I.'62+ HxV- Unstable CR w/weak US, stable delayed CR w/strong US - - - Kov,NT'62- HAB- Classcond incr-f average USI - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pas,GE'62+ HAB- Classcond incr-f(USI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bec,SB'63- DxS- UR and CR incr-f amt of acid solution - - - - - - - - - - - Fro,VM'63- HVB- Little effect of USI w/PRF or CRF - - - - - - - - - - - - - Run,WN'63- HVB- Equal cond if puff US only on closed eyelid - - - - - - - - Gor,I.'64+ HVB- USI affects N/O who cond, not level of cond - - - - - - - - Bur,KR'65- RAe- CER incr-f shock USI - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hen,DP'65+ HAB- P(CR) w/Mix Pair(S,hi-USI) + (lo-USI alone) > reverse - - - Hom,MJ'65+ DAS- Incr in Rate(R) w/S-on incr-decr-f(USI) - - - - - - - - - - Ost,JW'65+ Above incr w/pre-S Rate(R) incr-f(USI) Ost,JW'65+ DAS- UR incr-f(USI), CR incr-decr-f(USI) w/acid concentration US Wai,HE'65+ HVB- Weak puff superior to strong puff w/PRF - - - - - - - - - - Boi,R.'66+ BAO- Cond jaw mvmt incr-f(water dep) and saccharin US concen - - Col,SR'66e B B- P(CR) not-f(shock USI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Smi,AC'66- HAS- Amt(CR) but not P(CR) incr-f concen of acid US w/10 sec ISI Fea,BW'67e HAB- P(CR) incr-f(USI) for lo-rate O; vary w/context for hi - - Pro,WF'67- HVB- P(CR) incr-f(puff USI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sub,MD'67- HVB- P(CR) incr-f(puff USI) for O who condition - - - - - - - - Sub,MD'67- H1G- Mag(CR) incr-f(USI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bor,FW'68+ Mag(CR) incr-f(Mag(UR)) w/USI partialled out Bor,FW'68+ RVO- Nonavoid antic R incr-f shock inten - - - - - - - - - - - - DAm,MR'68e BAB- Classcond incr-f(USI) at all ISI - - - - - - - - - - - - - Smi,MC'68- HAB- USI affects classcond but not choice in P-lrng task - - - - Ber,AL'69+ HVG- Level of cond not-f(USI) but max Amp(CR) sooner w/hi USI - Kim,HD'69e HAG- Mag(CR) greater w/120 than 60-db US, not-f instruct motor R Kot,H.'69- RAH- Decel CR incr-f USI w/tracecond, incr-decr-f USI w/delayed Fit,RD'70+ HVB- P(CR) incr-f(USI) w/PRF sched if nonrandom reinf - - - - - Fot,DL'70+ DAS- Mag(CR) incr-f quant of food US - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mek,AY'70- HVG- UR and CR to 105-db tone US vary w/context tone inten - - - But,WH'71- HAB- Rate + P(CR) incr-f(shock USI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gor,I.'71+ BAB- P(CR) incr-f, Lat(CR) decr-f, Amp(CR) incr-f(USI) w/in-O - Leo,DW'71+ RCC- UR but not CR incr-f(NaCl US); UR/CR incr-f(procaine US) - Sel,ME'71e BNH- Cond HR decel w/hi inten septal US; lo elicits UR, not CR - Sid,S.'71e O approach above lo inten septal S, escape hi in shuttle Sid,S.'71e O bar-press for above lo/hi septal S, then escape hi Sid,S.'71e OVO- Classcond incr-f(USI) w/leech - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hen,TB'72+ BAO- Jaw-mvmt CR incr-f 1/5/20-cc water US - - - - - - - - - - - She,PJ'72+ RVA- Mag(CR) incr-f Amt(food) paired w/lite in daily session - - Map,EG,73e HAB- Classcond not-f(USI) w/masking proc - - - - - - - - - - - - Sch,BC'73+ HAB- Rated aversiveness of shock/puff US neg correl w/antic CR - Mur,HG'74+ BAO- Jaw-mvmt CR incr-f(Mag(water US)) - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pou,CX'74- HAN- Classcond alpha blocking decr-f(lite USI) - - - - - - - - - Bra,JT'75+ RAH- Rapid cond w/subcutaneous shock US, w/2-5 ma > 1 ma - - - - Nie,CJ'75- RCE- Fear of exper sit (re avoid sit) incr-f(USI) - - - - - - - Odl,FJ'75- RAe- Suppression incr-f(USI), total suppression w/moderate inten Les,JC'76+ FVA- Acty CR during 9-sec ISI w/Pair(lite,food) incr-f(USI) - - Bre,SE'77+ R H- Mag(decel CR) incr-f(shock USI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gal,CN'79+ HAB- Classcond incr-f(USI)/anxiety, w/female > male - - - - - - Frc,G.'83e CECS>>6:01. Effect of Interpolated US CE****BkK HVB- P(CR) w/Mix Pair(S,hi-USI) + (lo-USI alone) > reverse - - - Spe,KW'58e HVB- P(CR) w/Mix Pair(S,hi-USI) + (lo-USI alone) > reverse - - - Tra,MA'60+ HVB- Mix Pair(S,USI1) + USI2-alone--P(CR)=incr-f(paired USI) - - Hug,JJ'68+ Mix Pair(S,USI1) + USI2-alone--P(CR)=incr-f(mean USI) Hug,JJ'68+ No stat interaction in P(CR), paired-USI and mean USI Hug,JJ'68+ BAB- CR incr-f(USI) paired w/S, not-f interpolated USI-alone - - Hoe,FK'81+ Systematic Analyses of US Intensity CE****BmZ . Hypo: USI affects motiv in defense classcond . Hypo: USI affects Mag(UR), cond as such (micromolar) HVB- Reject cond fear as basis for effect of USI on classcond - Spe,KW'58+ DXS- Th: USI affects N/cortical-UR-units cond to S (142) Asr,EA'65- HAB- Acq curves w/diff drives (USI) did not diverge over acq - - Pro,WF'66+ HXB- Concludes that P(CR) incr-f(USI) for O who condition - - - Spe,KW'66+ XXX- Literature review concludes that classcond not-f(USI) - - - Bur,KR'67- HVB- Indiv O data w/diff USI fit well w/M.F.Norman's model - - - Pro,WF'68+ HXB- Rate incr P(CR) not-f(USI), greater for V-form, not masking Pro,WF'72- Limit P(CR) incr-f(USI), decr-f(ISI), lower w/masking Pro,WF'72- CECS>>6:10. Effect of US duration CE****BdK HAH- Mag(HR CR) not-f shock US duration - - - - - - - - - - - - Weg,H.'58+ HVG- Classcond not-f(US duration), .5/3/15-sec - - - - - - - - - Cop,HW'59+ HVB- P(CR) greater w/50-msec puff than 1000-msec puff - - - - - Run,WN'59+ HVB- Mix Pair(S,short US) + (long US alone) exceeds v/versa - - Duf,RH'67- BAB- P(CR) incr-f US inten/duration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ash,AB'69e P(diff-CR) incr-f US inten, not-f US duration Ash,AB'69e BAB- Limit of cond lower w/200 than w/50 or 100 msec US duration Fre,PW'73+ BAB- P(CR) incr-f(shock US duratn) w/1-tr/day or equal US expose Tai,RW'83e W/in-session decr in P(CR), greater w/long shock US Tai,RW'83e HUGU Classcond decr-f(.5/1.5/4-sec US duration) - - - - - - - - Men,FJ'90e Principle CECS>>7:00. Reinf (US) sched in classcond CE****Bkc . Classcond incr-f percent of trials S is followed by US . Term: P(US!S) is meas of reliability of S . Term: Continuous reinf (CRF) if US occurs on every S trials . Term: Partial reinf (PRF) if US is omitted on some S trials . Note: PRF is special case of varied USI (See CU-3:00) . Note: %(Reinf) confounded w/N/trials or N/reinf DCS CR "imperfectly estab" w/PRF - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kle,N.'27+ Dxx Maintain 80% flex/salivation CR w/20% PRF - - - - - - - - - Bro,WJ'39- HVB Classcond w/PRF=CRF - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hum,LG'39- HVB P(CR) incr-f %(reinf) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gra,DA'52+ HVB Classcond w/100% > 50% reinf - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gra,DA'52e HVB Classcond w/CRF>PRF w/equal N/reinf - - - - - - - - - - - - Rey,WF'58- HVB Classcond w/CRF>PRF - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ros,LE'59- HVB Classcond incr-f(% reinf) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Har,TF'60+ OVA Obtain PREE w/planarian w/w/out US-alone trials during acq Yar,RM'60+ FVA Classcond w/CRF>PRF - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gon,RC'62e HVB P(CR) w/CRF>PRF - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Spe,KW'62+ DAS Classcond w/CRF>PRF w/acid US - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fit,RD'63- HVB Classcond incr-f(% reinf) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Moo,JW'63+ HVB P(CR) w/CRF>PRF - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Run,WN'63- HVH PRF>CRF in cardiac cond - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gee,JH'64- HAB Classcond incr-f(% reinf) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Moo,JW'64+ BAB P(CR) w/CRF>PRF, N/reinf equated - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tho,E.'64+ RAH Classcond heart decel w/CRF/PRF - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fit,RD'66e BAB Slower cond but same asymptote w/single altern reinf as CRF Leo,DW'67+ HAB P(CR) w/PRF=CRF w/masking P-lrng task, N/reinf equal - - - Spe,KW'67+ DAS Mag(CR) incr-f(% reinf) between-O - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sad,EW'68- HVB Poorer classcond w/PRF than CRF, more so w/long ISI - - - - Ost,JW'69e Rxe Suppression equal w/30% or higher P(reinf) - - - - - - - - Wil,RD'69- BAO Lower acq level w/random and alternating PRF, jaw mvmt CR - Hol,JD'70+ BAB Backward ISI=S-alone=unpaired on later cond/diffcond - - - Hol,JD'71- BAB P(CR) incr-f(%-reinf) after trng w/CRF - - - - - - - - - - Lat,SB'71- RAH PRF = CRF re acq decr-HR CR w/Pair(S,shock) - - - - - - - - Var,RM'71- RVe Suppression of lick R incr-f P(shock-follow-S) - - - - - - Nag,Y.'74+ BAO Slower rate, lower level of cond jaw mvmt w/PRF than CRF - Pou,CX'74+ BAB Rate(acq) slower w/PRF, but same limit (100% CR) as CRF - - Gor,I.'75+ BAB P(CR) w/CRF>PRF but more concur cond HR decel w/PRF - - - - Pow,DA'75+ BAB P(CR) dec-f(%-reinf) after shift from CRF w/hi P(CR) at 15% Gib,CM'78e R1x PRF Pair(S,food) has diff effects on acq/extn of diff beh - Hol,PC'79- CECS>>7:01. Sequential effects in PRF CE****BkO Genz: P(CR) incr/decr-f preceding reinf/nonreinf trial in PRF HVB- Higher P(CR) after reinf than after nonreinf trial in PRF - Spe,KW'62+ HUB- Higher P(CR) after reinf than nonreinf trials w/PRF - - - - Min,FA'68+ HAB- Incr in P(CR) w/reinf greater if P(reinf) >.5 in PRF sched Pro,WF'69+ Decr in P(CR) w/nonrf greater if P(nonreinf) >.5 in PRF Pro,WF'69+ Effects obtain early in trng; no sequential beh later Pro,WF'69+ BAB- P(CR) same after reinf/nonreinf in PRF w/30/60-sec ITI - - Gor,I.'75+ BAB- P(CR) not-f US/no-US on preceding trial(s) w/PRF - - - - - Gib,CM'78e HUB- P(CR) w/PRF incr-f(N/preceding reinf tr), decr-f(N/nonreinf Per,P.'86- Note: O's rated expectancy of US opposite to above CR Per,P.'86- Law CECS>>7:10. Classcond as-f(% trials US preceded by S) CE****BkP RAE- Classcond incr-f P(US) in presence of S - - - - - - - - - - Res,RA'68- No classcond if P(US) equal in presence/absence of S Res,RA'68- R1e- Less suppression to S if also give unsignalled US trials - Dwe,CS'70+ Effect of unsignalled US decr by add trng w/out S or US Dwe,CS'70+ BAB- Classcond decr if mix US-alone trials w/Pair(S,US) - - - - Gre,P.'70+ BAB- Classcond decr if mix US-alone trials w/Pair(S,US) - - - - Hup,RB'70e R1e- Suppression incr-f shock density re total S duration - - - Bak,TW'71+ BAB- Classcond decr by mix US-alone trials w/Pair(S,US) - - - - Leo,DW'72e RVe- Basal lick-rate decr-f unpredictability of shock - - - - - Nag,Y.'74+ RAe- CER incr-decr-f(N/truly-random S/US) w/decr=f(N/US-alone) - Kel,RJ'77e RxE- Post-trial occurrence of US decr cond, unless signalled - - Kre,EF'79- H G- Little evidence of diff CR re S-validity (info value) - - - Lov,PF'88e CECS>>7:11. Interpolated US after Pair(S,US) CE****BkQ Interpolated US-alone after Pair(S,US) may incr P(CR) . (Above effect obtains only if proc includes a ready signal) . Note: A ready signal may function as an antecedent S HVB- Present US alone after Pair(S,US) incr subsequent R/Extn - Kim,GA'56+ HVB- US-alone trials inferior to CS-US trials in classcond - - - Goo,KP'57e HVB- Interpolated US-alone trng incr CR only w/out ready signal Duf,RH'58+ HVB- No incr in CR w/interpolated US-alone w/out ready signal - Goo,KP'59e HVB- Pair(S,US) > interpolated US-alone, w/w/out ready signal - Gra,DA'60e HAB- Interpolated US-alone did not incr P(CR) w/w/out ready sign MAl,WR'60+ HAB- Little effect of US-alone trials w/w/out ready signal - - - MAl,WR'60+ HAG- Decr in CR w/US alone and no ready signal - - - - - - - - - Cha,RA'61- HVB- P(CR) incr during interpolated US-alone, not-f(instruct) - Kim,GA'61+ HVB- W/strong US, decr P(CR) if give US-alone after cond - - - - Loe,H.'64- RAe- No effect on CR of interpolated US-alone trials after cond Ayr,JJ'73+ EAe- Rel suppression decr by incr rate of US w/w/out CS - - - - Jen,HM'81+ RAC- Decr in cond w/Mix(US-alone) > Mix(S-alone) - - - - - - - - Sin,M.'88+ Systematic Analyses of PRF in Classical Conditioning CE****Bkz HUB- Attribute lo P(CR) w/PRF to inhib from nonreinf trials - - Kos,CH'72- XXX- Note: Partial/varied reinf leads to mult expectancies - - - Log,FA'77- HVB- More trials to first CR and lower limit of P(CR) w/PRF - - Pro,WF'79+ Principle CECS>>8:00. Sensory Cond CE****BCS . Repeat Pair(S1,S2) leads to assn of S2 w/S1 HAO- Fail to cond color sensation w/Pair(tone,color S) - - - - - Kel,EL'34- H1O- Pair(lite,sound)--Present 1 affects perception of other - - Cas,H.'36- Above sensory cond incr by motor R during pairing Cas,H.'36- HAN- Cond heightened sensitivity to lite by Pair(metronome,lite) Bog,AI'37- HAO- Cond electrical sensitivity w/Pair(metronome,lite) in dark Bog,AI'38- HxO- Pair(lite,gradual-on tone)--Hear tone w/lite-alone - - - - Ell,DG'41- HVO- No extn auditory hallucinatn w/lite-alone, unless instruct Ell,DG'41- H1O- Pair(lite,tone)--R to tone if instructed to R to lite - - - Che,R.'49+ HAO- Pair(lite,weak tone)--Decr auditory thres w/lite - - - - - Bro,WJ'50- HOO- Pair S under hypnosis, report cond sensations awake - - - - Leu,C.'51+ H1G- Equal sensory precond w/w/out subvocal mediation - - - - - Lov,SH'59- HVL- Pair(tone,weak lite)--Small decr in lite threshold w/tone - Aib,TS'63- RAe- Pair(lite,shock)--Pair(tone,lite off)--tone disinhib CER - Bra,WG'68- R1e- Pair(tone,lite) w/curare--Pair(lite,shock)-->CER re tone - Cou,LS'71e OVE- S paired w/imprinted S decr distress call, if forward ISI - Hof,HS'72e Repeat above effect w/diff-cond proc Hof,HS'72e H1O- Cond visual afterimage to auditory S w/brief illum US - - - Dav,P.'74- HVL- Simult/backward Pair(subthresh-tone,lite)--Report lo tone - Bro,L.'76+ HVL- Backward Pair(subthresh-tone,lite)--Report tone to lite - - Bro,L.'76+ H1O- Cond decr Lat(R), incr duration afterimage to 30-sec tone S Dav,P.'76- Rxx- W/in-event lrng: Lrng re co-occurrence of mult features - - Res,RA'81+ Quinine intake w/sodium-deficit incr-f N/Simult(q-salt) Res,RA'81+ W/in-event lrng rapid, best w/features simult and no-US Res,RA'81+ W/in-event lrng decr by feature-alone B4/after trng Res,RA'81+ W/in-event lrng anal re feature assns vs unitary percept Res,RA'81+ Rxe- Precond incr by hypothalmic self-stim after Pair(tone,lite) Cou,D.'82+ Above effect only if self-stim w/in 2-hr of Pair(tone,lite) Cou,D.'82+ HVG- After Pair(S2,CS1), CS1 extn did not decr CR to S2 - - - - Dav,GC'82+ CS1 extn decr S2 CR if mis-inform re AR w/(Pair(S2,US1) Dav,GC'82+ HAL- Pair(S,visual-US)--Cond image/visual CR - - - - - - - - - - Dav,P.'82e HVG- Elim 2nd-ord CR if change value of US or inform re extn - - Dav,GC'83+ RxO- Reviews evidence of CS-controlled imagery re US - - - - - - Hol,PC'90- HGO- Like/dislike eval of taste mod if compound w/disliked taste Bae,F.'95e FVO- Sensory/2nd-order cond alarm CR w/Pair(S,alarm pheronome) - Hal,D.'95+ HSO- Pair(odor,taste)-->incr "taste" of odor w/out aware - - - - Ste,RJ'95e CECS<<8:01. Classical variables on Sensory Cond CE****BCX HxO- Sensory cond w/gradual-on > sudden US, not-f(instruct) - - Ell,DG'42- HxG- Present S1 alone after Pair(S1,S2) decr sensory precond - - Cop,WJ'58- Rxe- Forward, not backward sensory precond, decr by extn B4 CER Tai,RW'69e CECS>>8:02. Effect of ISI in Sensory Cond CE****BCY Px - No sensory precond w/simult Pair(lite,buzz) - - - - - - - - Rei,RL'52- R1A- Some backward/simult precond, forward best re controls - - Sil,CA'54+ C1A- Sensory precond not precise, continuous f(ISI) - - - - - - Hof,DR'58e HxG- Optimal ISI for sensory precond at 400 msec - - - - - - - - Wic,DD'63+ HxG- No sensory precond w/Pair(lite,tone) w/-.5/0/.5/1-sec ISI - Ols,CL'71- Rxe- Pair(S1,S2)--Pair(S2,shock)--CER dec-f precond ISI 4-30 sec Spi,VA'77+ Corollary CECS>>8:03. Two-stage test for Sensory Cond CE****BC6 . Term: Sensory Precond ExW- Pair(sound,touch)--Pair(touch,shock)--CR to sound - - - - - Pro,G.'27+ RxO- Pair(sound,lite)--Magnesium dep--Convuln to sound, not lite Pat,RA'46+ C1O- Max precond at 4-sec ISI, re cross-modal genz of AR - - - - Wyn,JD'62+ R1e- Pair(S1,S2)--Pair(S1,shock)--Suppress drinking w/S2 - - - - Pre,EP'67- Above sensory precond incr-f N/precond trials, 1 to 16 Pre,EP'67- R1e- Pair(noise,lite)--Estab CER w/lite--Observe CER w/noise - - Par,SR'68- Rxe- Sensory precond incr-f(P) of S2 following S1 during precond Tai,RW'71e PREE of sensory precond result of partial pairing B4 CER Tai,RW'71e Rxe- Mix Pair(tone 1,lite) + tone 2-alone--Diff precond of CER - Tai,RW'72e BGC- Pair Flavors--Pair F2 w/toxin--Aversion to F1 if ISI<9 sec Lav,MJ'76- DxF- Describe Pavlov study of sensory precond w/nonassoc control Kim,HD'77- Above w/Pair(indiff-Ss w/persist OrR) then Pair(S2,sh) Kim,HD'77- xxx- Pair(S1,S2;S3,S4)--Pair(S2,US;S4,no-US)--CR to S1, not S3 - Pfa,PL'78e Above control for habituatn w/CER in rats and rabbit HR Pfa,PL'78e RGC- Expose 2-taste S--Pair(taste-1,poison)--Decr taste-2 intake Res,RA'78+ RGC- Simult pair 2 flavors--Pair(F1,poison)--Decr intake of F2 - Res,RA'78+ Decr above effect if present 2 flavors alone in stage 1 Res,RA'78+ Decr above effect if simult pair flavor w/another flavor Res,RA,78+ CECS>>8:04. Classcond in Stage 2 CE****BC7 Pair(S1,S2)--Pair(S2,US) produces CR to S1 H1O- Pair(lite,tone)--Train(lite,press)--Press to tone - - - - - Bro,WJ'47- R1OH Hi food dep during Pair(lite,buzz) facil precond re run AR Bah,HP'53- MVB- Mix Pair(S1,S2)+(S3,S4) facil transfer S2/S3 to S1/S2 discr Bro,WL'58e M1E- Greater sensory precond w/early isolate-reared than social Bea,AJ'88+ RAeT Pair(S1,US)--Pair(S2,S1)--S2 decr lick OpR - - - - - - - - Bar,RC'91e Pair(S2,S1)--Pair(S1,US)--S2 decr lick OpR Bar,RC'91e Above 2nd-order cond = above sensory precond Bar,RC'91e CECS>>8:05. Avcond in Stage 2 CE****BC8 Pair(S1,S2--Train(S2,AR) produces AR to S1 D1F- Pair(bell,lite)--Either elicits flex after cond 1 w/shock - Bro,WJ'39- H1G- Fail to obtain sensory precond after Pair(lite,tone) - - - Bro,WJ'42- HxW- Pair(lite,buzz)--Train(buzz,AR)--Elicit AR w/lite - - - - - Kar,HW'47- RxOS Pair(S1,S2)--Avcond with S1 or S2--ARi to other S - - - - - Sei,RJ'58- xO- Cross-modal S/Genz of AR not incr-f N/Pair(lite,tone) - - - Hof,DR'60e CAO- Pair(hi-tone,lo-tone)--Train(lo-tone,AR)--AR to hi tone - - Ken,SB'60+ Above effect not graded thru intermed hz tones Ken,SB'60+ D1S- Pair(lite,bell)--Pair(lite,food)--Salivation w/bell (20) - Ber,J.'65- MAN- Pair(S,flick)--Avcond to flick--S elicit AR/occipital acty Sch,H.'65+ RGC- Simult Pair(odor,taste)--Pair(odor,LiCl)--Odor avoid - - - Res,RA'81- Above odor avoid greater if also Pair(taste,LiCl) Res,RA'81- Pair(odor,taste) w/2-min ISI/then LiCl/Avoid taste >odor Res,RA'81- Systematic Analyses of Sensory Preconditioning CE****BCz . Note: Same operations as hiordcond, reverse order HxF- Interpret obtained sensory precond as mediated S/Genz - - - Wic,DD'51+ XXX- Concludes small/reliable sensory precond effect - - - - - - Sei,RJ'59- R1e- Favor same (S-R assn) process for sensory precond/hiordcond Res,RA'73- XXX- Small/reliable sensory precond, not mediated by overt beh - Wei,RG'77- Sensory precond leads to central representation of S Wei,RG'77- RGC- Genz: Max w/in-event lrng if simult Pair(S1,S2) w/out US - Res,RA'81- Max w/in-event lrng if elements not also occur alone Res,RA'81- CECS>>9:00. Role of context in classcond CE****Ncc . Genz: Classcond is somewhat specific to trng context . Note: See CS-15:20 DxS- No overshadowing if pretrain elements separately (144) - - Pav,IP'27- DxS- Surroundings are a part of the S for classcond (52/86) - - Pav,IP'28- Decr CR w/change in context (55) Pav,IP'28- Title: Assn as-f(context) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fre,GL'29- DCS- Cond incr salivation in apparatus B4 pilocarpine injection Fin,G.'38- OAF- Flexion CR in apparatus did not occur in free-moving sheep Par,R.'40- RCE- Fear is cond to apparatus where receive ECS - - - - - - - - Fri,MH'54- RAU- Decr CR (and other beh) by repeated prolonged (2-hr) noise Mon,AM'58- DxU- Ext-inhib/disinhib if discontinue habituated background S - Iva,AI'60- CAH- Cond HR changes do not occur to Ss outside exper box - - - Wen,BM'61- RCE- Cond fear decr by exposure to apparatus w/out shock B4 test MAl,WR'62+ HAB- Intertrial R not-f sim to S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Moo,JW'64+ OxR- Interp: Cond incr respiration to exper context w/shock US - Cal,WE'66- DUS- Gradual decr in R during ITI w/signal, not w/tempcond - - - Roz,MI'69- Dxx- On/off of vent fan as signal for defense/alimentary CR - - Rud,LP'70- Prelim set (eg pose) cond to signal even B4 CRs to Ss Rud,LP'70- RCE- Fear cond to sit cues incr-decr-f(ITI) of Pair(S,shock) - - MAl,WR'74e RAE- Unsignaled but not signaled shock decr pref for 1 context - Odl,FJ'75- RAE- Signaled shock decr pref for 1 context if ISI is long - - - Odl,FJ'75- H1G- Mix Pair(phasic-S,US) in tonic context1 +Pair(S,no-US) in 2 Kim,HD'78+ Transswitching: CR/no-CR w/1st tr w/same phasic S in 1,2 Kim,HD'78+ Obtain tonic control phasic CR w/w/out unpaired US in 2 Kim,HD'78+ Observe tonic control of tonic beh only after above cond Kim,HD'78+ RAE- Pref for 1 context not decr by shock if signaled w/S-on/off Odl,FJ'78- rII- Pavlovian cond at 2-d-age facil w/presence of conspecifics Smi,GJ'78+ Rxe- CER dec-f(0/10/30-sec trace ISI) w/inc cond fear of context Mar,NA'81- RAe- Pair(S,shock)--More lick suppress in cond context w/w/out S Bal,MA'82e Also above result if pre-expose to context B4 Pair(S,sh) Bal,MA'82e RCE- Fear R to S in diff context dec by trng context w/out shock Mar,NA'82- Fear R to S in diff context incr by trng context w/shock Mar,NA'82- RCC- Pair(context,shock)--Pair(tone,context)--Suppress OR w/tone Mar,NA'83- RxA- Freezing CR to context cues of cond chamber - - - - - - - - Sig,RA'83+ RCe- Hi genz of acq/extn to new context if equally familiar - - Lov,PF'84e RfE- Cond fear of context decr by fdbk S only w/long minimum ITI Ros,RA'86e RCe- Excit/inhib cond decr-f(assoc status of trng context) - - - Kas,WJ'87e Post-cond decr assoc value of trng context decr CS-inhib Kas,WJ'87e Comparator hypo: CR is-f assoc value CS vs trng context Kas,WJ'87e RDS- Compensatory salivary CR re context of lithium injection - Let,BT'88- RDH- HR CR in context w/Pair(context,pentobarb) then AMPH - - - Rev,S.'89e Note: No HR CR w/(Pair(pentobarb,AMPH) in home cage Rev,S.'89e rGE- Cond in novel olfactory context decr w/infants, not adults Lar,NA'90e R e- Less classcond w/Pair(S,US) if preceed/follow w/trained CS Bar,RC'93e RAE- Unpair(S,shock) w/short ITI-->excit prop of S - - - - - - - Dro,A.'94+ Unpair(S,shock)-->inhib prop of S after extn context cue Dro,A.'94+ RCE- Freeze CR re context incr-decr-f(placement-shock ISI) - - - Bev,RA'95+ Note: Some CR w/short (2.5-sec) ISI, occur early in test Bev,RA'95+ SCE- W/decr acty CR, cond to context-2 immed B4 context-1-->sh - Ham,LJ'95- RCE- Context cond re freeze R w/delayed, not simult context-sh - Lan,J.'95e Re above, elim prior handling or context novelty interp Lan,J.'95e XXX- Anal evidence re modulatory control of Pavlovian assn - - - Swa,D.'95- Modulation: Cue re reinf/nonreinf (occasion-setter) Swa,D.'95- Concl: Modulation re context or S not simple assn Swa,D.'95- CECS>>9:10. S/US Priming CE****Ncs BxB- CR decr if present same S 2.5-10-sec B4 trial, decr-f(time) Pfa,PL'76+ CR incr if present diff S 2.5-10-sec B4 tr, decr-f(time) Pfa,PL'76+ BxB- Cond decr if present US just B4 each Pair(S,US) - - - - - - Ter,WS'76- Above priming effect not obtained w/diff US B4 trial Ter,WS'76- Cond not decr if present US then distractor S just B4 tr Ter,WS'76- BxB- CS-US assn in LTM is-f(Amt(CS-US rehearsal in STM)) - - - - Wag,AR'76- Greater STM rehearsal of surprising vs expected US Wag,AR'76- W/diff-cond, greater cond to Sx w/Pair(Sx/S-,US) vs S+ Wag,AR'76- Systematic Analyses of the Context in Conditioning CE****Ncz XfX- Environ stim prepare subj for R, timed by activating S Ano,PK'69- Dxx- Hypo: Context evokes tonic reflex for CR evoked by phasic S Asr,EA'69- DUU- Mix Pair(US1,US2) + Pair(US2,US1)--Obtain 2-way CR - - - - Asr,EA'72- XXX- Cond to context w/pre-expose to US and backward cond - - - Dic,A.'78+ H1G- Diff CR re tonic (context) Ss nec for phasic S transswitch Kim,HD'88+ Concl: Tonic (context) S not = phasic S as in compound Kim,HD'88+ CECS>>10:00. Interaction of CSI x ISI CE****Bx5 HAB- Tracecond incr-f(CSI) greater at short ISI - - - - - - - - Lip,SG'66+ HAB- Optimal ISI shifts from .5 to 2 sec with decr in CSI - - - Fis,HD'69+ HAB- Optimal ISI longer w/lower CSI - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fis,HD'69e CECS>>10:10. Interaction of CSI x ITI CE****Bx6 CECS>>10:20. Interaction of CSI x USI CE****Bx7 HAB- P(CR) incr-f CSI w/combination of hi/lo S and US - - - - - Wal,EG'60- HAB- Acq CR incr-f(USI) w/no effect of CSI or CSIxUSI interactn Hor,PW'61- RAe- CER incr-f(USI) at all CSI, and incr-f(CSI) w/intermed USI Kam,LJ'63+ RAe- Main effects of CSI and USI, w/interaction effect signif - Kam,LJ'63e CECS>>10:30. Interaction of USI x ISI CE****Bx8 CECS>>10:40. Interaction of USI x ITI CE****Bx9 CECS>>10:50. Other interactions in classcond CE****Bxx HVB- Poorer classcond w/PRF than CRF, more so w/long ISI - - - - Ost,JW'69e BAB- Cond decr-f N/tr/sessn, 5-120, esp w/1000 than 250 msec ISI Sal,WR'75e Cond incr-f(ITI), 30-90 sec, more so w/large N/tr/sessn Sal,WR'75e OOO- Classcond old snails w/Pair(S,food) only if starved - - - - Aud,TE'82e Young snails show CR if train w/satiation, test w/dep Aud,TE'82e Relevant Uncoded Root-Abstracts RCOH _Suppress nose-poke OpR w/Pair(tone-lite S,hi-dose iv COC) - Sch,CW"00e RAeH _Rate acq/extn CER w/50db > 80 db noise S B4 shock - - - - - Jak,E.'78+ R1e _Acq CER re T or L alone, but T overshadow L w/compound trng Gis,P.'97+ R1e _Acq pos patterning w/LT+ vs L- and T-, elim w/hippocamp lsn Gis,P.'97+ XXXX _Neural network model of cond w/S-->mult traces w/diff amp - Buh,SV'99+ _ In model, role of S may be CS, occasion setter, or both Buh,SV'99+ Relevant(?) Unabstracted/Uncoded Literature H Title: Subliminal to supraliminal lrng - - - - - - - - - - Sim,OA'33- HUB Title: Prelim stim on cond/genz - - - - - - - - - - - - - Met,CA'42- Title: Lrng w/out rf in sensory precond - - - - - - - - - Bah,HP'51- M G Title: GSR Mag and shock inten - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kim,HD'54+ HAG Title: Mode of reinf on cond GSR - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mer,C.'54+ Title: Fear as-f(ISI) and S duration - - - - - - - - - - - Mur,FL'54- N Title: Brain stim and CR (Brazier) - - - - - - - - - - - - Dot,RW'59- RDe Title: Drugs/shock inten on CER - - - - - - - - - - - - - App,JB'63- B Title: ISI/Sched(Reinf) in cond - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fow,WR'65- RNx Title: HR/EEG cond w/ESB - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gil,L.'65- H B Title: Classcond as-f(CSI/ISI) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fis,HD'67- HLB Title: Verbal sim in diff-cond - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fot,DL'69+ Title: Appetitive CR w/insulin (ARWagner) - - - - - - - - Eld,L.'71- Title: Restraint on HR CR as-f(US locatn) - - - - - - - - Tey,T.'71- Title: USI and CS duration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ham,RJ'74- R Title: CER w/unavoidable shock - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tow,JP'74- Title: CER w/drugs as CS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tur,EG'75- B B Title: Serial compound cond (Gormezano) - - - - - - - - - Gib,CM'79- R e Title: 1-tr backward cond as-f(S-inten) - - - - - - - - - Bur,PE'80- B B Title: Classcond w/ESB as US - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pow,GM'80+ R Title: Single altern patterning w/CER - - - - - - - - - - Ayr,JJ'83+ R Title: Present/omit expected shock on CER - - - - - - - - Ayr,JJ'84+ Rve Title: Cond suppressn: Signal localizatn - - - - - - - - - Dan,M.'84e CAF Title: US parameters on cond flexion - - - - - - - - - - - Pol,BE'84e Title: Context on glycemic cond - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fla,CF'85e Title: Assoc/occasion setting contexts - - - - - - - - - - Bou,ME'86+ R Title: CSI w/white noise - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mar,RW'86- Title: Extending CS B4 vs after US - - - - - - - - - - - - Aye,JJ'87e E Title: Environ-specific cond/sensitizatn - - - - - - - - - Maz,EJ'87+ Title: Attempts to cond to magnetic cues - - - - - - - - - MIs,HP'87+ Title: S of evolutionary signif - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mer,H.'88e H Title: Flavor-flavor cond in humans - - - - - - - - - - - Bae,F.'90e M Title: Selective assn in observation lrng - - - - - - - - Coo,M.'90+ B Title: Modulation of CR w/emotive CS - - - - - - - - - - - Bra,SE'91+ B Title: Modulation of defense w/emotive S - - - - - - - - - Bra,SE'91e Title: Mult functions of context in cond - - - - - - - - - Car,MB'91+ R e Title: Cond in mult contexts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gra,NJ'92e R Title: Extending CS B4/after US - - - - - - - - - - - - - Alb,M.'93e R Title: Local context and comparator - - - - - - - - - - - Bar,RC'93e R Title: US duration and contrast - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kaw,N.'96+ N Title: Amygdala w/context S (Helmstetter) - - - - - - - - Bel,PS'97- O Title: Interstim interval (mice) - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cun,CL'97e Q Title: Context exitation & modulation - - - - - - - - - - Aki,CK'98- R Title: Control w/internal cues (Davidson) - - - - - - - - Ben,SC'98- R Title: S-selection (Gallagher/Holland) - - - - - - - - - - Fox,GD'98-