LOGAN: BASIC LAWS OF LEARNING 7/1/2000 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: Excitation Independent Historic Contingency Variables Contents Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally Positive Effect Principle CC-9:00. Retention (memory) of classcond CC****ata CC-9:10. Consolidation CC****atN CC-9:20. Post-trial Stimulation CC****atS Principle CS-16:00. Higher-order Conditioning CC****aaH CS-16:01. 3rd-order difficult CC****aaI CS-16:02. ISI effects in hiordcond CC****aaL CS-16:03. Hiordcond w/trace procedure CC****aaT Systematic Analyses of Higher Order Conditioning CC****aaZ Principle CC-9:00. Retention (memory) of classcond CC****ata . Little or no decr in classical CR as-f time alone . Issue: Does decr, if any, result from disuse or countercond . Note: Distinguish retention interval from regular ITI hxG- CR survives at least 7 weeks w/out reinf despite extn - - - Jon,HE'30- DVB- CR retained as long as 3 mo w/rapid recond after long time Hil,ER'35+ HVB- Little decr in CR over 20 weeks retention interval - - - - Hil,ER'36+ MAE- CR to S persist even after adapt or recond fear of novel US Har,HF'37- DAF- Cond flexion R retained over 2 and 1/2 yr interval - - - - Wen,GR'37- DxF- Cond right then left paws, retain left better after 6 mo - Kel,WN'39+ DAF- After 6 mo, greater R/Extn of CR reinf w/shock than w/food Bro,WJ'40- HUV- Amp(CR) decr to zero over 3-20 wks - - - - - - - - - - - - Liv,PJ'53+ PAe- S/Genz gradient of CER after 2-1/2-yr interruption - - - - Hof,HS'63e PAe- S/Genz gradient of suppression after 5 years - - - - - - - Hof,HS'66e RVE- Instrucond based on fear 30-d after cond, w/decr up to 90-d Fra,JJ'67- RAe- No diff in retention of CER, 1 day or 90 days after trng - Gle,H.'67+ RAE- Pair(tone,shock)--Escape tone or apparatus after 1-day - - MAl,DE'68+ Pair(tone,shock)--Escape tone, not apparatus after 2-days MAl,DE'68+ HAG- No decr in Mag(CR) up to 6-mo retention interval - - - - - Bis,PD'69+ RVe- Pair(S,sh) w/5-min ISI--Devel temp discrim of suppression - Ham,LJ'70+ 25-d after above--Retain suppression but not temp discrim Ham,LJ'70+ HVO- Retain diff-classcond BP after 6 months - - - - - - - - - - DLe,G.'72- BAB- No decr in P(CR) after 3-days w/out trng - - - - - - - - - Mit,DS'73- RAE- Retention good if cond at 17+ days, forget if younger - - - Cou,X.'76e rUe- Pair(S,shock) w/18-day-old rats--S decr OR 4 wks later - - Kes,PG'76- Above only if cond tr on several days, not-f w/in day ITI Kes,PG'76- Unlike adults, rapid extn of above CER Kes,PG'76- C1F- Pre-exposure to random S/US decr 10-wk post-cond retention Wic,DD'77e rCe- Fear cond at 20-d-age not-f prior shock, but incr retention Har,V.'79+ rCe- Pretrng w/shock at 16-18-d incr retention fear cond at 20-d Har,V.'79+ C1F- Pre-exposure to S or US decr 10-wk post-cond retention - - Wic,C.'83e Above proactive inhib less if pre-expose in diff context Wic,C.'83e R E- Mag fear CR after 24-hr incr-f(USI and N/Pair(S,shock) - - Jac,WJ'88+ R E- Cond fear w/24-hr retention (incubation) incr-f(USI,N/pair) Jac,WJ'89+ B B- 3-mo retention of CR, w/savings in reacq up to 9 mo - - - - Sch,BG'93- BxB- Retention w/tone > w/lite CS, w/no effect of cerebellar lsn Woo,DS'93e CC-9:10. Consolidation CC****atN . Retention may be incr/decr by post-event events . Note: See also CR-6:68. MDE- Immed post-tr metrazol seizure elim 1-tr fear cond re acty Pal,T.'68+ XXX- Contrasts disruption of consolidation-process w/inhib - - - Ost,JW'69- R e- Post-cond localized hippocampal seizure =ECS re decr CER - Bar,JD'70- RVE- Incr 28-d retention by US-alone 24-hr B4 test - - - - - - - Spe,NE'76+ RGC- Aversion after Pair(S,poison) decr-f(N/days) B4 test - - - Spe,NE'80e US-alone reactivation incr aversion, decr-f(N/days) B4 test Spe,NE'80e W/same delay B4 test, aversion after reactivatn > orig trng Spe,NE'80e RAe- Incr effect w/flashing-lite/reticular stim after pre-expose DVi,TL'81e RVE- Epinephrine B4 test reversed DDC-induced retrograde amnesia Con,JT'82+ rCE- 1-d reten dec by post-cond hypothermia w/16-d, not 23-d-old Mac,CF'82e RCE- Amnesia w/hypothermia 24-hr post-cond if US-alone B4 trtmt Ric,R.'82e RAE- Produced amnesia for 1-tr cond fear w/flashing lite - - - - DVi,TL'83+ BUB- Post-session ketamine incr acq, facil extn perf of CR - - - Sca,PC'83- Post-session schlorpromazine/scopolamine incr acq, not extn Sca,PC'83- RGC- Interp: ECS affects assoc proc, not memory for taste S - - Mis,JR'84- CC-9:20. Post-trial Stimulation CC****atS RAE- Post-tr 60-sec non-aversive flashing lite facil 1-tr cond - Emm,RY'82+ RCe- Pair(S,weak-US)--CER incr by post-cond expose to strong-US Bou,ME'84- RCe- Above inflation effect obtained after decr fear of context Bou,ME'84- RUe- Cond facil by surprising post-trial event w/4-40-sec delay Tsu,T.'84- Principle CS-16:00. Higher-order Conditioning CC****aaH . US may be a CS for a well-established CR DXS- Can use strong CR to establish secondary cond reflexes (33) Pav,IP'27- DxS- Pair(S,prior CS) produces 2nd-order classcond (105) - - - - Pav,IP'28- DAF- Obtain higher order CR w/food after shock US - - - - - - - Bro,WJ'39- RxE- Mix Pair(tone,shock) + Pair(lite,tone)--Escape from lite - MAl,DE'64+ RVe- Demonstrated highordcond w/CER - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dav,JW'66- RxG- Obtain 2nd-order classcond in app/avoid conflict - - - - - And,DC'67e Rxe- Minimal 2nd-order CER and unrelated to CER to 1st S - - - - Kam,AC'69- 2nd-order CER better w/same duration as 1st S Kam,AC'69- 2nd-order CER better w/initial PRF Kam,AC'69- Rxe- 2nd-order CER same w/lever present or absent - - - - - - - Byr,RP'71+ DAS- Obtain highordcond w/R/Extn =f discrim 2nd from 1st-order S Sha,MM'71e R1e- 2nd-order fear cond not affected by extn of 1st-order S - - Riz,RC'72+ R1e- Pair(S1,sh)--Pair(S2,S1)--Extn S1--Inc S1-CER w/Pair(S1,S2) Res,RA'73- RGC- Pair(NaCl,LiCl)--Pair(saccharine,NaCl)--Decr sacchar intake Bon,NW'75+ 2nd-order classcond of gen acty w/food US Hol,PC'75+ No effect on 2nd-order CR of extn of 1st-order S Hol,PC'75+ xxx- 2nd-order cond if Mix w/in-day Pair(S2,CS1) + Pair(CS1,US) Mai,RS'76- Cond inhib if Mix between-days Pair(S2,CS1) + Pair(CS1,US) Mai,RS'76- Rxe- Pair(S2,CS1) on baseline--Suppress to S2 after CS1 extn - - Com,P.'77e After above, Pair(S3,CS1)--Some suppressn to S3, not to CS1 Com,P.'77e R1e- Decr in CER during Pair(S2,CS1)--Suppress to CS1 alone - - Kam,LJ'77+ xxx- Superior hiordcond w/sim S2/CS1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Res,RA'77+ P1e- Pair(S1,shock)--CER w/Pair(S2,S1) on baseline - - - - - - - Hit,WM'78+ BAB- Little evidence of hiordcond after Pair(S,US) or Pair(US,S) Ste,SD'78+ Oxx- If S2 term w/S1 onset, highordcond fear, ext-inhib of blink Pop,RS'79e Pxe- Better 2nd-order cond if S2 paired w/1 S1 than if mix 2 S1s Res,RA'79- R1e- Pair(lite,shock)--Pair(noise,lite)--Suppress to noise - - - Sza,GA'79- FVO- 2nd-order cond of target-striking CR but no S2-S1 assn - - Ami,TW'80+ R1A- Satiation decr 1st-order CR based on food US, not 2nd-order Hol,PC'81- RUe- 2nd-order CER incr/decr by post-pairing incr-US/extn of S1 Fuj,M.'82- PVe- 2nd-order CR decr by S1-alone, not random S1/US after cond Hit,M.'82+ R1e- After Simult(S2-CS1), extn of CS1 decr CR to S2 - - - - - - Res,RA'82- No above CS1-ext effect w/large N/orig trng or Pair(S2,US1) Res,RA'82- Above CS1 extn effect only after a small N/orig cond w/CS1 Res,RA'82- Rxe- 2nd-order cond facil by precond w/Pair(S1,S2) - - - - - - - Agu,L.'84+ 1st-ord extn decr 2nd-ord CR only if precond w/Pair(S1,S2) Agu,L.'84+ RGC- Pair(saline,LiCl)--Avoid sacc after Pair/Simult(sacc,sal) - Rob,D.'84e After above, extn sal aversn decr sacc aversn only w/simult Rob,D.'84e HVG- Better hiordcond w/"prepared" S (snake/spider) than neutral Sid,DA'87e R e- W/lick suppressn, opiate antagonist naloxone decr hiordcond Cic,GA'90e RGC- After Pair(context,MORPH-w/drawal), CTA w/pair(sacc,context Gau,DV'93e CS-16:01. 3rd-order difficult, higher orders improbable CC****aaI M1e- Half the O acq 2nd-order, only 1 of 5 the 3rd-order - - - - Mur,JV'57+ R1e- Sim (common elements) of S2/S1 facil 2nd-order cond (66) - Res,RA'80- Above facil includes greater assn of non-common elements Res,RA'80- CS-16:02. ISI effects in hiordcond CC****aaL R1e- 2nd-order cond only if S2 precedes CS1, not simult/unpaired Kam,LJ'77+ B1B- Mix Pair(S1,US)+Pair(S2,S1)--P(CR) to S2 decr-f(S2-S1 ISI) Keh,EJ'81e W/above, P(CR) to S1 and S2 decr-f(S1-US ISI=400-2500 msec) Keh,EJ'81e Both above functions consistent w/1-S ISI function Keh,EJ'81e Same results as above w/serial-Pair(S2,S1,US) Keh,EJ'81e RAC- Pair(click,tone)--Simult/backward Pair(tone,sh)--CR w/click Mat,LD'88e In above, no cond suppression to tone w/simult/backward ISI Mat,LD'88e RGC- Obtain backward hiordcond of CTA - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mow,RR'88e RAe- Acq cond re S2 w/Pair(S1,S2) if ISI < prior Pair(S1,US) ISI Col,RP'95e Duplicate above hiordcond effect w/sensory precond Col,RP'95e CS-16:03. Classical hiordcond w/trace procedure CC****aaT DXS- Classical highordcond only w/trace procedure - - - - - - - Pav,IP'27- Rxe- 2nd-order CER better w/delayed than tracecond - - - - - - - Kam,AC'69- xxx- No diff effect w/trace/delayed Pair(S2,CS1) - - - - - - - - Mai,RS'77+ Oxx- No highord tracecond of fear/eyeblink w/gerbils - - - - - - Pop,RS'79e Systematic Analyses of Higher Order Conditioning CC****aaZ . Note: Same operations as sensory cond, reverse order DxS- Hiordcond is S-R assn; no effect of changed signif of CS1 - Dro,NP'52- XXX- Concludes that hiordcond is rare, may require cog proc - - Raz,GH'55- Applies above anal to sec reinf Raz,GH'55- RVe- Pair(lite,noise)--Habituate w/noise alone--Decr CER to lite Res,RA'73- Pair(S1,noise)--Pair(S2,CS1)--Habituate noise US--CER to S2 Res,RA'73- Interp: Classcond is S-S assn, hiordcond is S-R assn Res,RA'73- R1e- Interp: 2nd-ord-CR not-f(post-cond S1-extn), not S2-S1 assn Res,RA'73- Interp: Post-cond US habituatn decr CR, classcond=S-US assn Res,RA'73- R1e- Interp: 2nd-ord-CR not-f(post-cond US-alone), not=S-US assn Res,RA'73- Hiordcond is independent of 1st-order process, =S-R assn Res,RA'73- R1e- Exposure to stronger US B4/after Pair(S,shock) incr CER - - Res,RA'74- Interp: CS activates memory of USI =f(all exper w/US) Res,RA'74- 2nd-order CER not-f(post-cond exposure to stronger USI) Res,RA'74- Post-cond exper w/incr USI incr 1st, but not 2nd-order CER Res,RA'74- Interp: Classcond is S-S assn and highordcond is S-R assn - Res,RA'74- XXX- In Pair(S1,US), US has potent S prop, w/emot reaction - - - Res,RA'77- In Pair(S2,CS1), S1 has--must have--potent R-prop vs S prop Res,RA'77- Above diff may encourage diff lrng contents w/1st/2nd order Res,RA'77- RXX- Hiordcond incr-f(S1-S2 sim) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Res,RA'78- R1e- Use 2nd-order cond as meas of strength of 1st-order CS (17) Res,RA'80-