LOGAN: LAWS OF LEARNING (Basic Processes) July 2004 DIFFERENTIATION LEARNING: Excitation Current Response Dependent Variables Contents Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation RECR>>1:00. Unlearned Performance Factors RP****baa Paradigmatic/Natural/Social/Emotionally-Negative/Interdependent-Operation RECR>>1:10. Aggressive Behavior (Elicited) RP****faa Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation RECR>>2:00. Reaction Time RP****baj RECR>>3:00. Manipulative Behavior RP****bam RECR>>4:00. Reflexive Behavior RP****bar RECR>>5:00. Tool-Using Behavior RP****btH RECR>>5:10. Problem-Solving RP****blH Paradigmatic/Unnatural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation RECR>>5:20. Pattern String Performance RP****hlH RECR>>5:30. Insight in Response Differentiation RP****hIH Behavioral/Natural/Social/Emotionally-Positive/Interdependent-Operation RECR>>10:00. Systematic Analyses of Skilled Performance RP****pda . RECR>>10:01. Volition RP****pdf . RECR>>10:02. Individual Differences in Perf RP****pdv RECR>>10:03. Hypo: Skilled Act as-f(Cognitive Map)RP****pdx . RECR>>10:04. Conceptual Propositions re Skill RP****pdz . RECR>>10:10. Systematic Analyses of Behavior Chains RP****pdC . RECR>>10.11. Role of Feedback in Behavior Chains RP****pdF . RECR>>10:20. Systematic Analyses of Motor Programs RP****pdM . RECR>>10:21. Generalized Motor Programs RP****pdR RECR>>10:22. Conceptual Propositions re Programs RP****pdZ Relevant Uncoded Root Abstracts Relevant(?) Unabstracted/Uncoded Literature Behavioral/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation RECR>>11:00. Systematic Analyses of Copy Typewriting RP****tea . RECR>>11:01. Conceptual Propositions re Typing RP****teb . RECR>>11:10. Perceptual Factors in Copy Typewriting RP****tec . RECR>>11:20. Response Factors in Copy Typewriting RP****ted . RECR>>11:21. Letter Sequence Factors in Typing RP****tee . RECR>>11:30. Interkeypress Latency (IRT) in Typing RP****tfa . RECR>>11:31. IRT as-f(hand) RP****tfg RECR>>11:32. IRT as-f(mvmt difficulty) RP****tfh . RECR>>11:33. IRT as-f(frequency) RP****tfi RECR>>11:34. IRT as-f(preview text) RP****tfj RECR>>11:35. IRT as-f(word length) RP****tfk . RECR>>11:36. IRT as-f(serial position w/in word) RP****tfl RECR>>11:37. IRT as-f(letter context) RP****tfm RECR>>11:38. IRT as-f(text) RP****tfn RECR>>11:39. Systematic Analyses of Latencies RP****tfo RECR>>11:40. Error Factors in Copy Typewriting RP****tej RECR>>11:41. Categorization of Typing Errors RP****tei RECR>>11:41. Anal of Typing Errors: General RA****tek RECR>>11:43. Anal of Typing Errors: Intrusion RP****tel RECR>>11:44. Anal of Typing Errors: Omission RP****tem RECR>>11:45. Anal of Typing Errors: Spatial RP****ten RECR>>11:46. Anal of Typing Errors: Temporal RP****teo RECR>>11:50. Error correction in Copytyping RP****teu RECR>>11:60. Within-subject Variability in Copytyping RP****tev RECR>>11:70. Miscellaneous Copytyping Phenomena RP****tex Behavioral/Natural/Social/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation . RECR>>12:00. Systematic Analyses of Human Speech RP****sdz RECR>>12:10. Errors in Human Speech RP****sde RECR>>12:11. Systematic Analyses of Speech Error RP****sdf . RECR>>12:20. Inner Speech RP****sdi RECR>>1:00. Unlearned Performance Factors RP****baa cOCH After dark-rearing, poor peck instinct beh w/rapid lrng - - She,JF'13+ RCOO Estab savageness/wildness re biting/hiding as heritable - - Yer,RM'13- HLOO W/free assoc, P(Repeat-R) incr-f(1-16-sec ITI) - - - - - - Tel,CW'31- RCOH Pref pull least-weight box unless position habit stronger - MCu,TL'34- HxGO N/tr to adapt w/S2 decr w/prior adapt same R w/S1 - - - - - Por,JM'38- SOOO Observe handedness (both left/right) in chimp - - - - - - - Fin,G.'41- xxx Obtain extn (habituatn?) of some URs (startle) w/15-sec ISI Leh,GF'41- Obtain disinhib of above w/extra S B4 US Leh,GF'41- XXXX Anal innate releasing mech re instinctive activities - - - Tin,N.'46- Anal linear causal beh chains w/substitute activity Tin,N.'46- Anal innate predispositions for lrng re physiol cond Tin,N.'46- RxOO Startle R to loud sound decr in context w/S assoc w/food - Arm,HL'66+ RECR>>1:10. Aggressive Behavior (Elicited) RP****faa RSOS Elicit persist attack beh w/foot-shock - - - - - - - - - - OKe,LE'39+ RSOS Replicate elicit attack beh w/foot-shock - - - - - - - - - Dan,WJ'43- RSOS Elicit fighting beh w/foot-shock to paired subj - - - - - - Ulr,RE'61- xSOO Elicit fighting w/shock w/paired rat/hamster not guinea pig Ulr,RE'62+ Fighting incr-decr-f(shock inten), not-f(N/shock trials) Ulr,RE'62+ RTES P(fighting) incr-f shock duration, is-f(N/trials) - - - - - Azr,NH'64e MTES Pain-elicited aggressn re rat/inanimate object, incr-f(USI) Azr,NH'64e RVOO Elicit fighting w/blinding subj < normal > w/hood over head Flo,RK'64e RSOS Fail elim shock-elicited fight w/no-fight-->shock off reinf Ulr,RE'64+ CSOS Observe short-lived cat-rat shock-elicited aggression - - - Ulr,RE'64e MTEO Elicit aggression re cloth ball w/aversive tail-pinch - - - Azr,NH'65e XSOO Review generality pain --> aggression inter/intra-species - Ulr,RE'65e PTEH W/alternate reinf/extn, attack pigeon/model w/onset of extn Azr,NH'66e Attack decr-f(time), incr-f(N/reinf), decr w/satiatn Azr,NH'66e Interp: Transitn to (frustrative) nonreward is aversive Azr,NH'66e RTES Shock elicts biting metal/wood/rubber target, decr-f(time) Azr,NH'68e MOOS P(bite rubber tube) incr-f(tail shock inten/duration) - - - Hut,RR'68e RSOS Pun w/incr shock inten incr then decr shock-induced aggress Hym,MT'81- RDOO Shock-elicited aggress incr w/lead/ALC, not w/both - - - - Dav,SF'93e RECR>>2:00. Reaction Time RP****baj Hx - RT slower at beginning of inspiratn/expiratn than during - Gas,HV'28- HV - RT incr-f(S-off inten), shorter w/lo, longer w/hi than S-on Pie,H.'28- xxP- W/RT, chimp = child, w/visual < auditory/tactual - - - - - For,MC'35- H1PO RT w/instruct R to either of 2 Ss > w/1 S - - - - - - - - - Mow,OH'40e Hf - RT(re incr R)=.3-sec to incr in load, less w/incr inertia - Hic,WE'49- H PO Hi = lo anxious re RT w/no effect of induced stress - - - - Far,IE'56+ HAxO Assoc resting R w/S paired w/R-cessation, re RT - - - - - - Teg,R.'57+ HAPO RT decr-f(CSI) incr/decr w/adapt to lo/hi-inten S - - - - - Mur,HG'65+ HAP- RT decr-f(Amt(change in ready-signal) w/decr > incr - - - - Ada,CK'66+ H PO RT decr w/shock paired/unpaired w/S w/out ready signal - - Ber,PJ'66+ HARO RT incr-f(S-inten) only w/gradual rise-time S-onset - - - - Gri,JB'66- Hfx- Visual-S-written RT and auditory-S-spoken RT < converse - - Gre,AG'70- Hf - RT to start error correctn shorter than RT to propriocep S Hig,JR'70+ HAPO RT decr-f(CSI), effect w/irreg > reg CSI sched - - - - - - Mur,HG'70- HEO- W/smokers, ALC decr discrim time choice RT, facil w/tobacco Lyo,RJ'75e RECR>>3:00. Manipulative Behavior RP****bam RR-3:00. Manipulative Behavior RP****bam OOLU Raccoon learn to open locking device w/1-yr retention - - - Dav,HB'07- RMOO Persist/improve disassemble puzzles over days - - - - - - - Har,HF'50- Concl: Above perf implies intrinsic manip drive Har,HF'50- MCOO Acq manip mechanical puzzle w/out reinf, not-f(exposure) - Har,HF'50e Interp above re manip drive; food reinf disrupt perf Har,HF'50e mOOO Observe manip beh at 30-day age, incr-f(age) - - - - - - - Har,HF'56e RECR>>4:00. Reflexive Behavior RP****bar HABO Reflex blink to noise S is-f relax/vol/other-R set - - - - Pea,H.'31- Amp(reflex blink to noise S) incr-f S-inten Pea,H.'31- HxBO UR w/sound US incr-decr-f delay after lite US - - - - - - - Hil,ER'33- HxB- Lite 100/200-msec B4 sound inhib UR; facil if simult - - - Hil,ER'33- HABO W/Pair(noise1,noise2), reflex blink to 2 decr-f inten of 1 Pea,H.'36- RUJS Shock at 12-sec intervals-->gradient of Mag(jump) around 12 Bro,JS'39- OAOO Gradual decr in normal retract R in hermit crab w/tap S - - Fin,HK'41- RAEO After Pair(S,shock)--S incr startle R to loud sound - - - - Bro,JS'51e RxOO After Pair(S,food), S decr startle-R to lound sound - - - - Arm,HL'64e HVGO No effect of novel lite S during adapt of GSR to lite seq - Fri,R.'66e RTxS UR (flinch/jump/prance/run/vocalize) is-f(shock USI) - - - Goo,ED'66e R1O- Startle w/loud tone decr by noise/lite B4 tone, decr-f(ISI) Buc,G.'69e HCPO Opcond incr/decr occipital THET --> decr/incr radar perf - Bea,J.'73e RECR>>5:00. Tool-Using Behavior RP****btH OxL- Some lrng to use stick as tool, w/evidence of insight - - - Yer,RM'27- OCOC Orang-utan uses straw as tool to secure food out of reach - Ash,MF'30- NCPO W/chimp, detour more difficult than tool-use re banana - - Gui,P.'32+ MOOH W/R=use rakes to get longer rakes to get food, cebus>rhesus War,CJ'40e RMOH Cebus > rhesus re use mult tools to obtain reinf - - - - - War,CJ'41+ NOOO Title: Tool using in chimpanzees - - - - - - - - - - - - - Goo,J.'70- OCOH Captive baboon acq use of tool to secure food w/T&E - - - - Bec,BB'72- Above tool use did not spread or affect social rank Bec,BB'72- NOOO Title: Tool use by wild chimps in feeding - - - - - - - - MGr,WC'74- OCOH Captive macaque acq use of tool w/T&E facil w/observation - Bec,BB'76- XCOX Hypo: Pos correl tool beh w/capacity for observatn lrng Bec,BB'76- Eg above: Wild chimp > macaque > baboon re both Bec,BB'76- NOOO Attach/use symbol re tool only w/understand/observe use - - Sav,E.'78e OOOH Crows crack shells by dropping w/height = f(shell size) - - Zac,R.'79- AXXX Title: Animal tool beh - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bec,BB'80- OOOH Crow drop nut on road, pick up piece after run over by car Gro,DR'80+ OOOO Title: Orangutan tool-use - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gal,BM'82- NCOH Wild O use stout tool to perforate mound, fish for termites MGr,WC'83+ NOOO Carry harder/heavier stones re harder nuts; further re soft Boe,C.'84+ Infer space representn re directn/distance--stones/nuts Boe,C.'84+ NOOO Hi variation in materials/tool mod re termite fishing beh - MGr,WC'84+ NOOO Stages in acq stone-tool use: observe-->T&E-->understanding Sum,K.'85e xOOO Species diff among primates re object manip re other object Tor,T.'85- Consider above (vs manip per se) precursor of tool use Tor,T.'85- NOOO Title: Use of tools by wild chimps - - - - - - - - - - - - Kor,A.'86- MSOO Title: Social influences on tool-using - - - - - - - - - - Fra,DM'89- MOOO Capuchin use/modify stick tool to push candy from tube - - Vis,E.'89+ NXXO Title: Tool use and tool making - - - - - - - - - - - - - Boe,C.'90+ NSOO Title: Transmission in tool use (Parker) - - - - - - - - - Tom,M.'90- NOOO Title: Flexibility using hammers/anvils - - - - - - - - - Sak,O.'91+ XXXX Title: Use of tools by primates - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ber,A.'93+ NOOO Title: Variation of tools (Berthelet) - - - - - - - - - - Sug,Y.'93- NOOO Title: Tool use by wild chimps - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sug,Y.'94- NOOO Recently-invented petiole pounding tool spread thru gp - - Yam,G.'95+ NOOO "Wear" stepping/seat sticks as protection from thorns - - - Alp,R.'97- NOOO Title: Stone tool use by wild chimps - - - - - - - - - - - Ino,N.'97e MOOO Observe hand pref re tool-use w/cebus/pan - - - - - - - - - MGr,WC'97+ MOOO Attrib difference in stone-tool-use to cultural effects - - MGr,WC.97e MCOO W/capuchin, modify clay intrinsically reinf, facil tool use Wes,GC'97+ NOOO Chimps collect/arrange leaves to make cushion re sit on wet Hir,S.'98e MOOO Wild capuchin get water from tree cavities w/leaves - - - - Phi,KA'98- MOOO Howler monkey use stick to hit sloth resting in same tree - Ric,C.'98e MOOO P(tool-use) decr w/O > 10-yr age - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wes,GC'98e MOOO W/capuchin, tool-use handedness is-f(require upright stance Wes,GC'98e MOOO Select material for tool from variety in forest exhibit - - Lav,AC'99- RECR>>5:10. Problem-Solving RP****blH ROPH Move food tin to barrier, climb barrier then pull tin over Ham,JA'34+ In above prob sit, piece of wood > food as lure Rog,GH'39- MCxx Perf stick-manip/lure-pull beh via "elective acts", not T&E Rog,GS'39- OCPH Squirrels knaw top of string to get carrot hung on string - Dav,K.'40- R Rear w/playthings in free environ facil adult prob-solving For,DG'52+ DxL- Canary lnrd to stack boxes to reach inaccessible food - - - Pas,N.'54- xOPO W/bent-wire detour prob, chimp > rhesus, incr-f(age) - - - Dav,RT'57e MOPH Perf detour-R w/low-qual reinf, less if prior trng w/hi - - Dav,RT'58- xOPO W/elevator detour prob, chimp > rhesus monkey re percep org MDo,AA'59+ R Re adult prob-solve, free-environ exper at weaning>B4/later For,DG'62+ MOPH Little diff in detour perf as-f(dep) - - - - - - - - - - - Dav,RT'67- mxxO Prob-solving perf at 8-mo age incr w/enriched rearing - - Sch,ML'91e RECR>>5:20. Pattern String Performance RP****hlH MOLH Acq patterned string prob by spider > cebus > rhesus - - - War,CJ'40e NxxH W/string/stick prob, prob-solving beh incr-decr-f(food dep) Bir,HG'45- OOOO Young gorillas perf patterned string prob = chimp, > monkey Rie,AH'53e mxxO At 150-d age, solve parallel/converge, not crossed strings Mas,WA'56e xVPO Young gorillas/orangs master patterned string prob w/lrng - Fis,GJ'65+ OVPU Squirrel acq parallel pattern string, only 1/5 w/crossed - Kin,JE'66+ RECR>>5:30. Insight in Response Differentiation RP****hIH COLHhIH_Insightful beh re levers/strings in puzzle box - - - - - - Ada,DK'29- MVLOhIH_After trng w/10-sec delayed R, 8/11 O insight transfer R - Gre,WF'37+ nOLOhIH_Insightful use short to get long stick for reinf inc-f(age) Jac,TA'42- NOOHhIH_W/stick prob, P(insight) incr by prior play exper w/stick - Bir,HG'45- hIH_ Attrib "insight" to integration of lrng part-processes Bir,HG'45- RECR>>10:00. Systematic Analyses of Skilled Performance RP****pda XfX- In habit, muscle mvmt (R) not instigated by a thought (140) Jam,W.'00- XfX- Distinctive mental image of precise strength of mvmt (419) Jam,W.'00- Motor-cue may be resident/remote; idea of end enough Jam,W.'00- Ideo-motor action: Mvmt immed follows idea of it (423) Jam,W.'00- Certain that image of mvmt awakens actual mvmt (426) Jam,W.'00- May have antagonistic image simult present (426) Jam,W.'00- H - Accuracy decr-f(speed)---Can train speed gradually w/hi acc Pop,A.'28- XXXX Hierarchical org of beh re levels: - - - - - - - - - - - - Wei,P.'41- Neuron, muscle, m-group, organ, o-system, whole organism Wei,P.'41- Hf - 120-msec RT to arm mvmt too slow for choice error correctn Che,R.'52+ XXX- Plan--Hierarchical proc controlling order of operatns (16) Mil,GA'60e TOTE--Test-Operate-Test-Exit--Energy/info/control (27) Mil,GA'60e Plan incl intent execute end part; not true w/chain (62) Mil,GA'60e Plan being executed put in quick-access working mem (65) Mil,GA'60e HXXX Disting sequential (horizontal) versus (vertical) hierarchy Osg,CE'63- Anal perf re intention-skill-executive vertical levels Osg,CE'63- Devel assns w/in each above level re freq/contiguity Osg,CE'63- HfX- Closed loop th: Adult human lrng of self-paced/graded mvmt Ada,JA'71- R-selection/initiation by memory trace as-f(S-R contig) Ada,JA'71- Ongoing fdbk compared w/perceptual trace as-f(S contig) Ada,JA'71- Memory trace = R-recall; perceptual trace = R-recognitn Ada,JA'71- Use KR to mod future beh in initial Verbal-Motor stage Ada,JA'71- In Motor stage, strong percep trace correct R; KR unnec Ada,JA'71- XXXX Disting representation of mvmt in LTM vs action plan - - - Sal,E.'79- Latter more specific re context w/7 major levels Sal,E.'79- Idea/environ-specific/effector/body-specific/joint/muscl Sal,E.'79- XXXX Animal action is hierarchially structured - - - - - - - - - Gal,CR'80- Elementary units: reflex, oscillator, servo-mechanism Gal,CR'80- Upper-level commands elaborated at each level Gal,CR'80- Control via selective potentiation as-f(drive) Gal,CR'80- Representation of space via cog map w/angles/distances Gal,CR'80- HXXX Motor acty controlled by schema (org knowledge, incl proc) Nor,DA'81- Model: Activati/trigger schema = organized motor memory Nor,DA'81- Intent=high level (parent) schema w/part (child) schemas Nor,DA'81- Note: W/skilled action, only intention nec Nor,DA'81- >1 schemas concur activated until triggered by context Nor,DA'81- Slips: Errors forming intent, faulty activatn/triggering Nor,DA'81- Re above model: most slips have mult causes Nor,DA'81- Mode errors: not appropriate to sit Nor,DA'81- Capture errors: strong habit activated by S/Genz Nor,DA'81- Omission errors: loss of activation (memory) Nor,DA'81- Timing errors: faulty triggering Nor,DA'81- Detect errors: Need fdbk w/comparator re intent Nor,DA'81- Note: Fdbk and monitoring needed on each level Nor,DA'81- HXXX Historical review re lrng/retention/transfer of motor skill Ada,JA'87- HVPO Review of theories of skill lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sal,AW'89- RECR>>10:01. Volition RP****pdf XfX- Idea of mvmt left in memory from invol perf (416) - - - - - Jam,W.'00- Resident idea is feel mvmt; remote is sound/looks (417) Jam,W.'00- Antic image sensorial fdbk is forrunner of vol act (420) Jam,W.'00- On occasion, may need fiat that fdbk become actual (420) Jam,W.'00- Hxxx Galvanometer records suggest vol acty is-f(proprioception) Ric,CP.27- HXXX Vol/invol is continuum re central/sensory control (144) Heb,DO'46- HIX- Imitation is-f R assoc w/own sensory fdbk - - - - - - - - - Den,W.'54- XXX- Habits/skills--Originally vol Plans become automatic (82) - Mil,GA'60e HLLX Init learn emit instructed R (squeeze ball) w/R persever Lur,AR'61- Learn regulate beh (elim repeat R) w/instruct compete R Lur,AR'61- Above transfer to child's own overt, then covert speech Lur,AR'61- Inner speech essential component of thought and vol actn Lur,AR'61- HXXX Acq vol control if R init part of difuse beh - - - - - - - Kim,GA'70+ W/decr excess acty, specific R become vol then automatic Kim,GA'70+ HNOO Discrim of physiol R re biofdbk nec for vol control - - - - Plo,WB'81- HLOOpdf W/hypnosis, image of arm moving down while invol move up - Spa,NP'84e HXXO No th re psychol diff of invol error vs its vol repetition Baa,BJ'92- HXXO "Global workspace": conscious goal image re context - - - - Baa,BJ'92- Unconscious goal hierarchy--> "GW"--> unconscious effectors Baa,BJ'92- Ideomotor th: conscious goal image impulsive-->automatic R Baa,BJ'92- Competition of alternative goals--> slips if not resolved Baa,BJ'92- RECR>>10:02. Individual Differences in Perf RP****pdv HXXX W/rapid R, quant variability (force/time) =linear-f(mean) - Sch,RA'79e HXPO Greater bilateral control of motor mvmt w/mixed handedness Chr,SD'93- HXXX Hypo: Perf is-f indiv diff in brain modules - - - - - - - - Jon,SK'93- Above modules: timing/force/sequence w/coordination/attn Jon,SK'93- HXXX See indiv diff in talent; practice only part of expertise - Ste,RJ'96- Re above: control re motiv/practice difficult Ste,RJ'96- RECR>>10:03. Hypo: Skilled Act as-f(Cognitive Map) RP****pdx HXXX Adult lrng is percept; true motor lrng in infancy (156) Heb,DO'46- Eg have lrnd to move hand to pt one thinks of looking at Heb,DO'46- XCLX Th: Cog map w/nodes and connections =f(contig) - - - - - - Deu,JA'60- HFX- Some serial action based on space coordinate system re body Las,KS'61- HXXO Mvmt based on stored spatial location re current location - Rus,DG'76- HXOO Limb mvmt is-f(visual representation of environ) - - - - - Ell,D.'80e HVPX Control hand mvmt re spatial frame of reference - - - - - - Fla,M.'95+ HVPO Use spatial frame of reference for arm/hand mvmt - - - - - Soe,JF'96e RECR>>10:04. Conceptual Propositions re Skill RP****pdz XXX- Antic tendency is basis of short-circuiting w/complex lrng Hul,CL'29- Map guides action via potentiation of nodes as-f(motiv) Deu,JA'60- HfX- Model error detectn re standard, w/correctn (no mech given) Cha,RA'65- XXX- Afferent activation of gnostic unit is perception (170) Kon,J.'67- Disting above from image if activation is by assn (170) Kon,J.'67- XfX- Reviews peripheralist/centralist views of beh sequences - - Ada,JA'68- Beh sequences incl cond/maze/motor lrng/speech/eye mvmt Ada,JA'68- Closed-loop th: R evocation + error detection/correction Ada,JA'68- Error detectn= discrepancy re R-fdbk vs reference mech Ada,JA'68- Hf - Vision facil arm-mvmt accuracy if paced speed >190 msec - - Kee,SW'68+ HXOO Incr accuracy error estimation of ballistic R w/trng w/KR - Sch,RA'72+ HNX- Ident connections between symmetrical motor areas of brain Lur,AR'73- HOOO Incr accuracy error estimation not-f(vision/audition) - - - Sch,RA'73+ HLLO Handwriting speed decr w/repetition of letters - - - - - - Win,A.'79e HfOO W/constrained limb, incr spatial percep of commanded mvmt - Bai,PJ'80+ HXXX "Feedforward" info prepare for impending consequences - - - Kel,JA'82- Control limb position re equilibrium re agonist/antagonist Kel,JA'82- Fdfwd also preclude other acty Kel,JA'82- Fdfwd control familiar acty interact w/fdbk in novel sit Kel,JA'82- HXXX Th: Automatization of beh is-f(N/sim instances in memory) - Log,GD'88- HXXX Trace devel of th of motor skill acq; closed-loop to schema New,KM'91- Incl info-proc + cog anal to dynamic ecological perspect New,KM'91- HXXX Underspecified R--> contextually appropriate, hi-freq R - - Rea,JT'92- RECR>>10:10. Systematic Analyses of Behavior Chains RP****pdC HXXX Th: Control element assoc w/all Rs in a string - - - - - - Est,WK'72- Recall of R-order based on inhib later Rs by earlier Est,WK'72- XfXO Disting timing of initiating R sequence from spatial aspect Sch,RA'73- Favor proprio base of timing + motor program for spatial Sch,RA'73- RECR>>10.11. Role of Feedback in Behavior Chains RP****pdF XfX- Each R instigated in order by sensatn of R just made (140) Jam,W.'00- Inattentive above sensation but notice if go wrong (141) Jam,W.'00- XXXX Fdbk S by actual perf of mvmt nec for next mvmt - - - - - - Was,MF'16- Actual mvmt can be very reduced, implicit tentative mvmt Was,MF'16- XfX- Propriocep S from each act evokes next R - - - - - - - - - Hul,CL'31- Hf - Accuracy of positioning mvmt incr-f opposing physical force Bah,HP'55e Hf - Spatial/temp accuracy of position mvmt incr-f(proprio fdbk) Bah,HP'55e HfL- Delay aud fdbk--Incr inten, prolong vowel, repeat consonant Yat,AJ'63- Accel aud fdbk--Facil speaking rapidly Yat,AJ'63- Hi verbal facility less affected by delayed auditory fdbk Yat,AJ'63- Can resume normal speech as soon as given normal fdbk Yat,AJ'63- HfX- Delayed fdbk (auditory/visual/or tactual) disrupt key-tap R Cha,RA'65- HfXO Little data on role of propriocep fdbk for timing in skill Sch,RA'68- AXXX Anal of control of mvmt patterns in animals - - - - - - - - Hin,RA'69- Above differ in role (if any) of peripheral fdbk Hin,RA'69- Hf - Can correct tracking error w/R-marker invisible - - - - - - Ang,RW'71e HfXO Genz: Support for propriocep fdbk inflow control of timing Sch,RA'71- Genz: Support propriocep decay in STM to control timing Sch,RA'71- Hf1- Arm-mvmt R accuracy facil w/visual/auditory/proprio fdbk - Ada,JA'72e Perf decr if elim KR unless extensive trng w/ext-fdbk Ada,JA'72e Perf decr if elim KR and elim ext-fdbk Ada,JA'72e Interp: Closed-loop fdbk th w/R=f(percep trace correct R Ada,JA'72e HXFO Elim kinesthetic fdbk after trng-->decr w/slow not w/fast R Roy,EA'74+ Note: Above R = single ballistic mvmt against restraint Roy,RA'74+ HfX- Slowly adapting joint receptor fdbk for timing/positioning Ada,JA'77- xfX- 2-stage th: Closed-loop executive w/open-loop R execution - Gle,DJ'77- Need mech (eg corollary discharge) re fast error correct Gle,DJ'77- HXXX Concl: R-produced fdbk unimportant early in lrng, vs KR - - Mar,RG'86- RNOH W/deafferentatn, reach w/impaired aim but not grasp food - Sal,M.'92e HLPO Decr speed/accuracy w/decr kinesthetic/tactile fdbk - - - - Bar,J.'95+ Above perf not-f(practice w/decr fdbk) Bar,J.'95+ RECR>>10:20. Systematic Analyses of Motor Programs RP****pdM XfX- R-fdbk not cue for next R because same R in diff sequences Las,KS'51- Mvmt R-sequence too fast for RT to fdbk from preceding R Las,KS'51- Determining tend--idea of mvmt--indep of order Las,KS'51- Central mech predetermine R order indep of sensory fdbk Las,KS'51- Note: Above could be chain w/successive delays Las,KS'51- Assoc linkage = direction of mvmt, not specific mvmt Las,KS'51- Eg. similarity of writing w/preferred/nonpreferred hand Las,KS'51- HVPO Motor program: Set of muscle commands-->mvmt indep of fdbk Kee,SW'68- Note: Program incl which-muscle/order/force/temporal rel Kee,SW'68- XXXX Lauds Lashley ('51) central mech for R-sequence indep of Rs Bru,D.'94- XXXX Th: Beh is-f analogically coded motor image - - - - - - - - Jea,M.'94- RECR>>10:21. Generalized Motor Programs RP****pdR HXXX Generalized motor program: Abstract memory re mvmt pattern Sch,RA'75- Note: Above includes parameters re execution Sch,RA'75- HXPX Maint lrnd temporal structure of skill when incr speed - - Sum,JJ'75- HXXX Concl: Relative timing an integral part of motor program - Sum,JJ'77- HVPO Typing keystroke times not proportional re fast/slow typing Gen,DR'82- Diff interstroke interval is-f(double/1,2-finger/2-hand Gen,DR'82- HVPO Evidence against word-specific timing w/mult rate of typing Gen,DR'82- HXXX Hypo: Generalized motor program w/mult rate parameter - - - Sch,RA'82- HXXX Generalized motor program re nature of task, w/parameters - Sch,RA'82- Above program is abstract rules (schema) re sim sit Sch,RA'82- Above includes recog schema (advance info re R fdbk) Sch,RA'82- Error detection re mismatch actual/expected sensory fdbk Sch,RA'82- XXXX Skilled mvmt triggered by program w/endpoint/speed/path - - Bro,VB'83e Above program depends on understanding beh requirements Bro,VB'83e HxxO After trng slow serial Rs, maint rel timing w/incr speed - Car,MC'84+ HXXX Rejects generalized motor program w/multiplicative rate - - Gen,DR'87- HOOO Temporal pattern not invariant as-f(size/speed of writing) Wan,JP'90+ RHOO Concl: Dissociation of motor program from parameterization Wul,G.'93e RECR>>10:22. Conceptual Propositions re Motor Programs RP****pdZ HfF- Accurate direction/extent of leg mvmt after spinal injury - Las,KS'17- Above for repetition of self-produced, not passive mvmt Las,KS'17- HfX- W/repetitive mvmt, control shift from fdbk to motor program Kee,SW'68- Study of mvmt relevant to understand percep/memory skill Kee,SW'68- HfXO Preprogramming index incr w/decr mvmt time, 750 to 150-msec Sch,RA'72+ HXXX Concl: Motor program incl temporal sequence of events - - - Gle,DJ'73- Above program operates in part in open-loop fashion Gle,DJ'73- HXXX Program=hierarchic memory w/incr specificity at lower level Kee,SW'82- HVPO Concl: Motor sequence org more specific than abstract code Jor,MI'95- Relevant Uncoded Root Abstracts HXX _Deductions from Hull's 1943 "Principles of Behavior" - - - Ada,JA'56- _ Perf(motor R) as-f(distrib of practice) Ada,JA'56- _ Effect of change in ITI Ada,JA'56- _ Motor perf as-f(interpolated rest) Ada,JA'56- Relevant(?) Unabstracted/Uncoded Literature H Title: Inaccuracy of mvmt - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hol,HL'09- M Title: Ability to use tools - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - War,CJ'40- M Title: Position habits and discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - Rio,AJ'61+ Title: Scheme for continuum of R - - - - - - - - - - - - - Arn,BC'65- h Title: Imitate in vocalizatn (Aronfreed) - - - - - - - - - Ark,HS'68- h Title: Acq numeration concept (Tuddenham) - - - - - - - - Bet,R.'72- R Title: Molar models of perf - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tie,KJ'87e RECR>>11:00. Systematic Analyses of Copy Typewriting RP****tea HVPO Acq unconscious w/plateaus; gradual devel high-order habits Swi,EJ'04- HVPO Ident plateaus in acq; attrib to devel higher-order habit - Boo,WF'25- HVPO Neg (practice error) = pos w/beginners; no effect w/skilled Ruh,RG'35- HVPO W/practice, typing letters (t-h-e) --> words (the) (117) Dvo,A.'36+ Fast, correct typing not mastered in slow practice Dvo,A.'36+ HVPO Hi perf in typing is-f lrng/consolidating letter seq/words Fen,P.'37- HVPO Trng w/manual = electric typewriter w/hi pos transfer - - - Ada,HL'57- HVPO Concatination model: Each S-->R, plural if temporal overlap Sha,LH'76- Reject above re 1st RT w/word (w/out preview)>letter seq Sha,LH'76- Hierarchical model for errors/error detection in typing Sha,LH'76- Th: Cog-level intention-->R output w/timing/expression Sha,LH'76- Incl 2 memories (input/output) w/index ordinal positn Sha,LH'76- HVPO Model w/activation/triggering of motor schemata - - - - - - Rum,DE'82+ Pure type (ie. no tokens) w/local (not central) control Rum,DE'82+ Motor program is set of rules, not actual motions Rum,DE'82+ Perceive words--> parser w/buffer--> key-press schema Rum,DE'82+ Parallel (concur) action of several Rs Rum,DE'82+ Above enables cross-hand digraph faster than w/in hand Rum,DE'82+ "Double" schema w/weak attach to letter--> doubling error Rum,DE'82+ Transposition is-f "noise" re timing, esp w/short IRTs Rum,DE'82+ HVPO Typing skill acq is-f typing by letter sequences w/in words Wes,LJ'82+ HVPO Info-flow model of transcription typewrting - - - - - - - - Coo,WE'83- Perception-->buffer-->program-->keystroke-->fdbk w/pacer Coo,WE'83- HVPO Acq typewriting skill re 3 overlapping stages - - - - - - - Lar,S.'83- Accretion (key positn), tuning (overlap R), specific seq Lar,S.'83- HVPO Simulation model w/motor schema w/only types (no tokens) Nor,DA'83+ Word schema activates press schemata, early inhib later Nor,DA'83+ Attrib errors to "noise" in activation levels Nor,DA'83+ No central timing mech; IRT is-f(time to move fingers) Nor,DA'83+ HVPO Input: Perceive/code text into chunks not ident to reading Sal,TA'86- Parsing: input chunks-->discrete char Sal,TA'86- Translatn: char-->mvmt commands re finger re "home" row Sal,TA'86- Executive: preparatory adjustment and ballistic mvmt Sal,TA'86- RECR>>11:01. Conceptual Propositions re Typing RP****teb HfP- Typing requires determining tend (idea) and fallible R-mech Las,KS'61- HVPO Typing phases: chunking/parsing/translation/execution - - - MNe,PF'64- HVPO Th: Linguistic units assoc w/spelling-->letter-by-letter R Sha,LH'68+ HVPO Concl: Typing model w/R-grouping transferred from text scan Tho,EA'70+ HVPO Concl: Basic unit of motor action in typing is word Ter,CA'80+ HVPO Errors consistent w/abstract mental keyboard representation Gru,JT'83- Re above: Must align columns, diff distance between keys Gru,JT'83- HVPO No magical value for size of R-unit in typewriting - - - - Nor,DA'83+ HVPO Notes that max typing WPM = 50 if simple letter-press RTs - Sal,TA'84- Above implies cog proc re concur attn to future letters Sal,TA'84- HVPO Typewriting skill = incr speed re overlap/coord of mvmts - Sal,TA'86- HXXX Typing speed data inply both central/peripheral perf mech Gen,DR'87- HVPO Concl: Copy-typing incl word-level representation Inh,AW'91- HVPO Disting cog system re goal structure of act vs motor system Sha,LH'91- Former is motor program w/ref to touch typing Sha,LH'91- HVPO W/transposed letters in text, incr IRT B4 transposed key - Gor,AM'94e Concl: Typing mvmts org at several levels (word/key-R) Gor,AM'94e RECR>>11:10. Perceptual Factors in Copy Typewriting RP****tec HVPO Typists fixate up to 9 spaces to right of current keystroke But,RL'32- HVPO Eye mvmt speed 1-2 words ahead w/inner speech (200) Dvo,A.'36+ HVPO Re ability to stop typing on signal, unit smaller than word Log,GD'82- HVPO "Noiseless" typewriter unsuccessful - - - - - - - - - - - - Coo,WE'83- HVPO During copytyping, viewing time per word decr-f(word freq) Inh,AW'86e HVPO Infer typist maint larger read buffer than nec re typing - Sha,LH'88- HVPO Eye-hand span = 2.4 char w/hi w/in-S variability - - - - - Inh,AW'90e Fixation time correl w/typing time, words > letters Inh,AW'90e HVPO W/skilled typist, percep span: need 7 char beyond fixation Inh,AW'92+ W/skilled typist keystroke span: need 3 char past fixatn Inh,AW'92+ Keystroke span is B4 eyemvmt saccade to next word Inh,AW'92+ W/skilled typist: eye-hand span 3 char to left of fixatn Inh,AW'92+ Maint eye-hand coord re incr word freq/difficulty Inh,AW'92+ HVPO Eye-hand span = 2.8 char, w/some neg spans, w/hi w/in-S var Inh,AW'92e Copytype eye-hand span incr-f(speed), between not w/in-S Inh,AW'92e Eye-hand span w/hi > w/lo freq words, not-f(word length) Inh,AW'92e HVPO Eye mvmts in typing controlled by finger mvmts - - - - - - Inh,AW'97+ RECR>>11:20. Response Factors in Copy Typewriting RP****ted HVPO "Good typing form"--rate not steady; vary w/digraph ease - Coo,JE'23- R in above is one quick "swipe" of finger on key Coo,JE'23- Lrng is assn of letter in copy w/feel of proper finger mvmt Coo,JE'23- HVPO Timing based on delayed cond (R "held in check") (118) Dvo,A.'36+ Simplified keyboard balanced re hand/finger ability (219 Dvo,A.'36+ Rows in above: top=:,.py fgcrl aoeui dhtns ;qjkx bmwvz Dvo,A.'36+ HXX- Typist learns to put fdbk loops around larger segments (86) Mil,GA'60e HVPO QWERTY keyboard better than alpha, almost = Dvorak - - - - Nor,DA'83+ HVPO Begin R B4 end of preceding R if between, after R w/in hand Lar,S.'84- HXPO W/skilled typist, finger mvmt begins 2-3 keystroke B4 press MLe,P.'94+ Above w/letter sequence enabling start from home key MLe.P.'94+ RECR>>11:21. Letter Sequence Factors in Typing RP****tee HVPO Precision/consistency of keystroke is-f preceding 2 strokes Sal,TA'85- RECR>>11:30. Interkeypress Latency (IRT) in Typing RP****tfa HVPO Speed w/skilled sighted typists w/printed copy > recording Sch,M.'59+ HVPO Characterize distrib of typing IRTs re fluent/nonfluent Rs Lon,J.'83e Incr typing speed re coord/efficiency of mvmts Lon,J.'83e Incr typing speed incl decr freq/time of nonfluent Rs Lon,J.'83e HVPO Typing word(n-1) IRT decr-f word(n) freq only w/comprehensn Inh,AW'91- HVPO Copytyping IRT shorter w/fixation to right of previous word Inh,AW'92e RECR>>11:31. IRT as-f(hand) RP****tfg HVPO Faster stroking by fingers of opposite hands (218) - - - - Dvo,A.'36+ HVPO Between-hand typing IRTs < w/in hand - - - - - - - - - - - Fox,JG'64+ HVPO Between-hand typing IRT < w/in hand - - - - - - - - - - - - Sha,LH'78- HVPO W/typist, between-hand IRT < w/in-hand transitions - - - - Ste,S.'78e HVPO Between-hand typing IRT < w/in hand - - - - - - - - - - - - Ter,CA'80+ HVPO Typing digraph IRT between hands < w/in hand - - - - - - - Rum,DE'82+ HVPO W/novice typist (< 60 wpm), between hand IRT > w/in hand - Gen,DR'83- W/expert typist (60-90 wpm), between hand IRT other between-hand mvmts Mun,KG'83+ HVPO Typing IRT between-hand digraph < w/in hand - - - - - - - - Ost,DJ'83- HVPO W/typing, between-hand IRT < w/in-hand transitions - - - - Lar,S.'84- HVPO Typing digraph IRT between-hand < w/in hand - - - - - - - - Sal,TA'84- HVPO Genz: 2-hand IRT < 1-hand; interp re advance prep of mvmt Sal,TA'86- RECR>>11:32. IRT as-f(mvmt difficulty) RP****tfh HOPO Keystroke timing is-f(peripheral constraints of finger/hand Rum,DE'82+ HVPO Indiv diff in IRT largest w/2-finger, attrib to indep mvmt Gen,DR'83- HVPO Typing interstroke speed is-f(physical difficulty) Gen,DR'88e RECR>>11:33. IRT as-f(frequency) RP****tfi HVPO Typing IRT decr-f(digraph freq) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ter,CA'80+ HVPO Typing IRT w/hi < w/lo-freq words, w/same letter sequences Wes,LJ'82+ Typing IRTs decr-f(digraph freq) Sal,TA'84- HVPO Typing IRT decr-f(digraph freq) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sal,TA'84- HVPO Genz: Typing IRT decr-f(digraph freq) Sal,TA'86- HVPO Typing interstroke speed is-f(digraph/word freq, syllable) Gen,DR'88e HVPO Typing between-hand < w/in hand IRT, w/lo > hi-freq words Inh,AW'91- Concl: Typing speed hi >lo freq word not-f mvmt practice Inh,AW'91- HVPO Typing IRT same key =diff hands >11:34. IRT as-f(preview text) RP****tfj HVPO Typing speed neg-accel-incr-f(N/preview letters) - - - - - Her,RL'65+ Above effect w/prose > random words > random letters Her,RL'65+ HVPO Typing speed incr-f(N/preview letters) w/random letters - - Sha,LH'70+ HVPO Typing speed incr-f(N/preview letters) - - - - - - - - - - Sal,TA'84- HVPO Typing speed incr-f(N/preview letters) w/prose/random - - - Sal,TA'84- HVPO Genz: speed incr-f(N/preview letters < 7) w/prose/random Sal,TA'86- RECR>>11:35. IRT as-f(word length) RP****tfk HVPO Typing speed is-f read speed =decr-f(word length/structure) Sha,LH'69+ HVPO Lat(1st letter)/typing IRT not-f(word length) - - - - - - - Sha,LH'71+ HVPO Lat(1st letter)/typing IRT not-f(word length) - - - - - - - Sha,LH'78- HVPO W/typist, initial RT and IRT incr-f(word length) - - - - - Ste,S.'78e HVPO Lat(1st letter)/IRTs not-f(word length) - - - - - - - - - - Sal,TA'84- HVPO Genz: Lat(type 1st-letter)/IRTs not-f(word length) Sal,TA'86- RECR>>11:36. IRT as-f(serial position w/in word) RP****tfl HVPO Lat(1st letter) > typing IRTs of subsequent letters - - - - Ter,CA'80+ HVPO Lat(1st letter) > remaining typing IRTs w/in word - - - - - Ost,DJ'83- W/typing long words, IRT=incr-decr-f(serial position) - - - Ost,DJ'83- HVPO Typing Lat(1st letter) > remaining IRTs w/in word - - - - - Sal,TA'84- HVPO Genz: Lat(type 1st-letter) > subsequent IRTs Sal,TA'86- HVPO W/long word, IRT incr-decr-f(serial position) - - - - - - - Bro,TL'89+ Typing IRT incr-dec-f(serial positn) w/lo, not hi freq word Inh,AW'91- RECR>>11:37. IRT as-f(letter context) RP****tfm HVPO Typing IRT re each letter is-f(letter context) - - - - - - Sha,LH'73- HVPO IRT re typing each letter is-f(letter context) - - - - - - Sha,LH'78- HVPO Letter IRT in typing is-f(letter context) - - - - - - - - - Ter,CA'80+ HVPO Digraph latency is-f surrounding context incl across words Gen,DR'82- HVPO Letter IRT is-f(context re prior 2-3 letters/l following) - Gen,DR'83- HVPO Typing IRT of letter is-f(context letters) - - - - - - - - Sal,TA'84- HVPO Genz: Typing IRT re each letter is-f(letter context) Sal,TA'86- RECR>>11:38. IRT as-f(text) RP****tfn HVPO Typing speed w/random words = prose > random letters - - - Fen,P.'37- HVPO Typing speed w/apprehendable groups > singly - - - - - - - Vin,MA'49- HVPO Typing speed w/random words = prose > random letters - - - Her,RL'65+ HVPO Typing speed w/random words = prose > random letters - - - Tho,EA'70+ HVPO Typing speed w/random words = prose > random letters - - - Sha,LH'71+ HVPO Typing speed w/random words = prose > random letters - - - Sha,LH'73- HVPO IRT w/preview of prose=random word text approx 100 msec - - Sha,LH'76- Contrast w/choice RT w/random letters approx 550 msec Sha,LH'76- Note: IRT w/prose text but no preview approx 450 msec Sha,LH'76- Note: RT w/random letters w/preview approx 200 msec Sha,LH'76- HVPO Typing speed w/random words = prose - - - - - - - - - - - - Shu,JD'77+ HVPO Typing speed w/random words = prose > random letters - - - Ter,CA'80+ HVPO Typing speed w/random words = prose > random letters - - - Wes,LJ'82+ HVPO Typing speed w/random words = prose - - - - - - - - - - - - Lar,S.'83- HVPO Typing speed w/prose > random letters - - - - - - - - - - - Lar,S.'84- HVPO Typing speed re words >nonwords, regular >irregular strings Mas,DW'84+ Concl: Typing speed is-f orthographic (spell) structure Mas,DW'84+ HVPO Typing speed w/random words = prose > random letters - - - Sal,TA'84- HVPO Genz: Typing speed w/random words=prose; typing not=reading Sal,TA'86- Typing speed w/random word>random letters, is-f(input Sal,TA'86- RECR>>11:39. Systematic Analyses of Latencies RP****tfo HVPO Lo correl of typing speed/accuracy w/reading span - - - - - Dav,PS'59+ HLTO Indiv typing speed > testing in group - - - - - - - - - - - Kir,WR'66- HVPO Use form/latency of typing errors to infer hierarchical org Sha,LH'75- 2 stages: word strings then letter strings w/finger mvmt Sha,LH'75- HVPO Omission error on opposite > same hand as preceding R - - - Sha,LH'75- Infer omission error is-f(weak R) w/long IRT Sha,LH'75- HVPO Skilled typing paced by regular beat, w/rhythmic departures Sha,LH'78- HXPO Typists copy in bursts; implies on-going processing - - - - Ost,DG'80- HVPO Keystroke timing based mainly on centrally-stored patterns Ter,CA'80+ HVPO Skilled timing based on internal sched of motor events - - Sha,LH'82- Above events are targets in space/time, not mvmt onset Sha,LH'82- HVPO Anal: Interstroke intervals not critical re central engram Viv,P.'82+ HVPP Typing IRT is-f(keyboard layout, physical contraints) - - - Gen,DR'83- HVPO Ident keystroke/latency/interstroke interval in typing - - Gen,DR'83e Ident di/tri-graph letter seq re N/fingers/hands Gen,DR'83e HVPO Ident 3 spans in typing: copying, eye-hand, stopping - - - Log,GD'83- Interp above as buffer memories; measure re info or time Log,GD'83- HVPO Genz: Typing IRT < discrim RT; implies parallel operations Sal,TA'86- Typing speed < reading; implies max-speed not-f(input Sal,TA'86- Comprehensn not-f(typing skill/speed), is-f(instruct) Sal,TA'86- HVPO Interp word/syllable re percep, digraph/diff re motor perf Gen,DR'88e HVPO Hypo: Programming speed re to-be-typed word incr-f(freq) Inh,AW'91- HVPO Temporal structure in typing is-f(word, typist) - - - - - - Viv,P.'96+ Above structure unchanged w/in normal variation in speed Viv,P.'96+ RECR>>11:40. Error Factors in Copy Typewriting RP****tej HVPO Interp typing errors as "revelation of Freudian law" - - - Hou,SD'22- HVPO Common errors in writing/typing/speaking re mental antic - Dan,BV'40- HVXO P(typing error) w/left =right hand for O w/hi/lo error rate Pro,KA'68+ Attrib above to equal practice (vs left>right w/writing) Pro,KA'68+ HVPO Attrib typing errors to analogy/blending/editing - - - - - Hoc,CF'73- HVPO Incr errors re misplaced hands if mask keyboard - - - - - - Lon,J.'76- HVPO W/trng, errors decr, pattern changes substitutions-->trans Gru,JT'83- RECR>>11:41. Categorization of Typing Errors RP****tei HVPO Errors=24% substitute, 40% intrude, 25% omit, 8% transpose Wel,FL'16- HVPO Spatial (horizontal/vertical) errors, left > right hand MNe,PF'64- Temporal (reversal/omission) errors, left = right hand MNe,PF'64- Anticipation/interpolation/type/contralateral/doubling MNe,PF'64- Also persistent ideosyncratic error re indiv typist MNe,PF'64- HVPO Ident typing errors: omissn/response/reading/context/random Sha,LH'68+ HVPO Ident typing errors: Omission/addition/alteratn/transpositn Sha,LH'76- HVPO Ident typing positn errors: transpositn/interchange/migratn Gen,DR'83e Ident typing R errors: omissn/insertn/doubling/alternatn Gen,DR'83e Substitutn errors re column/row/homologous/nonspecific Gen,DR'83e RECR>>11:41. Anal of Typing Errors: General RA****tek HOOO Typewriting errors are persistent/regular/come in bunches - Swi,E.'07+ HLPO Anal of substitution errors in typing, esp vowel confusions Les,DD'36- HVPO Substitution errors in typing often hi-freq letter for lo - Gen,M.'59- HVPO P(Spatial) > P(temporal) = decr-f(word length/digraph freq) MNe,PF'64- Spatial/temporal above early, below chance late in word MNe,PF'64- 2 mech: "program" re temporal +"executive" re spatial MNe,PF'64- HVPO P(error) w/real v/versa - - - - - Gru,JT'83- Hi freq vowel-vowel substitutns re "multi-letter R-unit" Gru,JT'83- HVPO Between-hand substitutions w/mirror image > other digraphs Mun,KG'83+ RECR>>11:43. Anal of Typing Errors: Intrusion RP****tel HVPO Notes typing migration errors sim to speech Spoonerisms - - Sha,LH'75- HVPO Many insertion errors = letter also elsewhere in word Gru,JT'83- Repetition intrusion is-f fail deactivation in trans/exec Sal,TA'86- RECR>>11:44. Anal of Typing Errors: Omission RP****tem HVPO P(omission error) incr-f keystroke difficulty - - - - - - - Dvo,A.'36+ HVPO No finger mvmt toward target key in half omission errors Gru,JT'83- Omission rare in 1st position, often if finger just used Gru,JT'83- Attrib above to need to deactivate R to avoid perseverat Gru,JT'83- HVPO Omission error is-f(key location) w/max w/little fingers Sal,TA'86- Space-bar omission error twice as frequent as letter Sal,TA'86- RECR>>11:45. Anal of Typing Errors: Spatial RP****ten HVPO Horizontal hi w/left index, vertical hi w/left middle/ring MNe,PF'64- Horizonal errors w/lo > hi freq letters/digraphs MNe,PF'64- HVPO W/horizontal error, R w/finger appropriate to error key Gru,JT'83- HVPO Adjacent-key error is-f faulty finger assign in translatn Sal,TA'86- Above if substitutn; imprecise R w/short IRT if intrusn Sal,TA'86- RECR>>11:46. Anal of Typing Errors: Temporal RP****teo HVPO Attrib transpositions to over-compensation - - - - - - - - War,N.'36- Nonpreferred B4 preferred hand; little-used finger 1st - War,N.'36- Short IRT re 2nd keystroke of transposition error Sal,TA'86- RECR>>11:50. Error correction in Copytyping RP****teu HVPO In serial choice task, hi P(Error recog) w/correctn RT nonsense >random letter (29%) Sha,LH'69+ Error detection is-f serial scan image in phase w/fdbk Sha,LH'69+ HVPO Evidence for rapid error detection re comparison proc Sha,LH'75- HVPO Continuous comparison for error detection/correction - - - Sha,LH'75- Re IRTs, infer P(error detectn) add>transpose>omit>alter Sha,LH'75- HVPO Detect 70% of errors; stop immed after error 80% of times - Lon,J.'76- HVPO Detect 70% of errors; stop immed after error 90% of times - Rab,PM'78- Can detect/identify many typing errors w/out visual fdbk Rab,PM'78- P(error detectn) greater if error-R made w/light stroke Rab,PM'78- RECR>>11:60. Within-subject Variability in Copytyping RP****tev HVPO Note: Hi IRT variability w/same word, esp w/short words Ter,CA'80+ RECR>>11:70. Miscellaneous Copytyping Phenomena RP****tex NVOO W/typewriting, speed gradually improves w/focus on accuracy Stu,M.'21- HVOO Only 1 short genuine plateau in indiv lrng typewriting - - Tow,BM'22- HVPO Typing perf is-f(music)--jazz incr errors; dirge decr speed Jen,MB'31- HVPO Ident indiv diff w/typing > handwriting - - - - - - - - - - Wit,B.'35- HVPO Can do math (addition) problem concur w/fast typing - - - - Dvo,A.'36+ HVPO Comprehension, not typing perf incr w/instruct re "think" - Mar,FI'72+ HXPO Delayed auditory fdbk --> decr typing speed, incr errors - Lon,J.'75- HVPO Maint typing perf concur w/reading rhymes, shadowing speech Sha,LH'75- HVPO W/in-subj variability in IRT w/1-hand > 2-finger > 1-finger Gen,DR'83- HVPO Genz: Typing perf not-f(concur math/recitation/shadowing) Sal,TA'86- HVPO Note: Hi (up to 40%) IRT variability w/typing same word - - Gen,DR'87- HVPO Anesthetize right index finger-->incr errors w/that finger Gor,AM'95+ Anesthet index finger-->decr detect errors w/that finger Gor,AM'95+ RECR>>12:00. Systematic Analyses of Human Speech RP****sdz HXXX Context-sensitive association th of noncreative speech - - Wic,WA'69- Lrnd R different in diff context re prior/subsequent R Wic,WA'69- HLLO Interp Spoonerisms re hierarch program w/phoneme/syllable MKa,DG'70- HXLX Th: Control speech re internalized space coord system - - - MNe,PF'70- R-equivalence = context-dependent mvmt toward target MNe,PF'70- Open-loop motor control mech command some phonemes ahead MNe,PF'70- Close-loop mech for motor equivalence initiate utterance MNe,PF'70- HfL- Muscle-spindles of tongue give fdbk for closed-loop control Sus,HM'72- Ie Fdbk mech in tongue mediate dynamic space-time info Sus,HM'72- Need closed-loop for intelligible speech w/pipe in mouth Sus,HM'72- Findings support phonetic-target-oriented th of speech Sus,HM'72- HLLO Spoonerisms contradict context-sensitive chain assn th MKa,DG'73- HVLX "Speech errors" at Internat Congress Linguists, Vienna 1977 Fro,VA'80- HLLO Interp intermed vowel speech errors re neuromuscular proc - Lav,J.'80- HfL- P(Error) incr-f conceptual availability of error info - - - MKa,DG'80- HXXX Hierarchical th of skilled beh w/nodes w/in systems - - - - MKa,DG'82- Conceptual/phonological/muscle systems for speech MKa,DG'82- Error is-f strong extraneous node at any level MKa,DG'82- Internal speech activates concept/phonol, not muscle MKa,DG'82- HLPO Speech and finger mvmt coupled re rate of Rs - - - - - - - Cha,P.'87+ HVP Title: Awareness and error detection - - - - - - - - - - - MKa,DG'92- RECR>>12:10. Errors in Human Speech RP****sde H L- Divide errors into omission/insertion/repetition/exchange - Kol,J.'38- HVVX Intrusion errors re letters in STM is-f(acoustic sim) - - - Wic,WA'70- Above w/vowels > consonants Wic,WA'70- Note: Incl speech-motor interp of intrusion errors Wic,WA'70- HLLO P(speech Spoonerism w/initial phoneme of word) > chance - - MKa,DG'73- Above esp w/initial consonant MKa,DG'73- HLLO Speech errors substitution/addition/omission of element - - Noo,SG'73- Phonemic speech errors do not at all occur at random Noo,SG'73- Error is-f influence another syllable in same utterance Noo,SG'73- Orthogonal to above: antic > perseveratn > transpose Noo,SG'73- HfL- Slips of tongue - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Baa,BJ'74- Incr P(slip) if precede S words w/word w/same 1st consonant Baa,BJ'76+ Th: 2 (phoneme/word) prearticulatory sequencing systems Baa,BJ'76+ HfL- Greater P of lexically real errors than nonsense errors - - Baa.BJ'80- Tend to antic/avoid overt abnormal/inappropriate errors Baa,BJ'80- HLLO Spreading activation model for slips of the tongue - - - - Del,GS'80+ HLLO 64% speech errors corrected; anticipations > other errors - Noo,SG'80- Phonological = lexical errors in freq of correction Noo,SG'80- Always stop at word boundary to correct prior error Noo,SG'80- HLLX Ident articulatory/acoustic consonant features re errors - VdB,MP'80+ Repeated speech sounds--> exchange/antic/perseveration Del,GS'83- HVVO Repeated phoneme effect: interchange 1st if 2nd same > diff Del,GS'84- Eg above: bad man --> mad ban > bad men --> mad ben Del,GS'84- Attrib above to hierarchical model w/"double" vs repeat Del,GS'84- HXLX Severe serial restrictions on speech, not typing errors - - MNe,PF'85- Above incl syllable structure, exchange consonant/vowel MNe,PF'85- HXXD Slip is-f tradeoff risk of error vs incr speed/flexibility Baa,BJ'92- Slips imply automatisms w/some autonomy from vol control Baa,BJ'92- RECR>>12:11. Systematic Analyses of Speech Error RP****sdf HLLO Phoneme reversal usually B4 = after repeated phoneme - - - MKa,DG'70- P(reversed phonemes) hi in 1st positn, decr-f(separatn) MKa,DG'70- P(reversal) hi if 2nd stressed (sim to S-inten in percep MKa,DG'70- HVPO Anal antic/perseverative slips re tonic (stress) in phrase Boo,DS'73+ HLLO Vowels do not switch with consonants in speech errors - - - Fro,VA'73- Features, segments, syllables are units for speech error Fro,VA'73- HVVO Word-shift (eg They not might) not form of word exchange - Gar,MF'75- Exchange (eg Watch radio listen TV) in construct vs perf Gar,MF'75- HLLO Interp spoonerism re competing plans re order - - - - - - - Baa,BJ'80- Ie: Prior context may induce wrong expectation re order Baa,BJ'80- HLLO Interp some syllable omission speech errors re isochrony - Cut,A.'80- Ie: Omit syllable to maint rhythm re stress timing Cut,A.'80- RECR>>12:20. Inner Speech RP****sdi HCOO Indiv diff in use of inner speech in reading/writing - - - Ree,HB'16- Inner speech has no important function in comprehension Ree,HB'16- HfX- Tongue mvmt w/internal speech only w/emot tension - - - - - Las,KS'61- HLXO Covert neuromuscular speech pattern is-f(class of phonemes) MGu,FJ'89+ HLLO Very hi rate of inner speech correl w/subvocal physiol acty Kor,RJ'90- HLLX Inner speech = subset of processes involved in overt speech Del,GS'92+ Sim but fewer errors w/inner speech Del,GS'92+ Inner-speech practice decr inner-speech, not overt error Del,GS'92+