LOGAN: LAWS OF LEARNING (Basic Processes) July 2004 DISCRIMINATION LEARNING: Excitation Current Stimulus Independent Variables Contents Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Independent-Operation Principle DECS>>1:00. Functional Stimulus identification DE****Bsd DECS>>1:01. Auditory Discrimination DE****B1d DECS>>1:02. Gustatory/Olfactory Discrimination DE****B2d DECS>>1:03. Tactual Discrimination DE****B3d DECS>>1:04. Visual Discrimination (General) DE****B4d DECS>>1:05. Visual Discrimination (Color) DE****B5d DECS>>1:06. Visual Discrimination (Form) DE****B6d DECS>>1:10. Initial Stimulus Preferences DE****BsL DECS>>1:20. Comparative Effectiveness of S DE****BsC Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation DECS>>1:30. Spatial Contiguity of Cue/Response/Reinf DE****bDs Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Independent-Operation DECS>>1:31. Spatial Contiguity of Cue/Reinf DE****BDs Systematic Analyses of Stimulus in Discrimination Learning DE****bDz Paradigmatic/Unnatural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation DECS>>1:40. Counting in Discrimination DE****hnH Systematic Analysis of Counting in Discrimination DE****hdH DECS>>1:50. Concept Learning in Discrimination DE****hDH DECS>>1:51. Oddity Concept DE****hcH Systematic Analysis of Concept Learning DE****hBH Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation DECS>>2:00. Simult Compound S DE****bsd DS-2:01. Feature Learning in Discrimination DE****bad DECS>>2:10. Added relevant cue in Discrimination DE****bsS Systematic Analyses of Compound Stimulus DE****bsz DECS>>3:00. S-intensity as cue in Discrimination Lrng DE****bmS DECS>>3:10. S-location cue in Discrimination Lrng DE****boS DECS>>3:20. S-quality as cue in Discrimination Lrng DE****bqS Behavioral/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Independent-Operation DECS>>4:00. Role of context in Discrimination Learning DE****Ncd Behavioral/Unnatural/Social/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation DECS>>4:10. Paired Discrimination Learning DE****wcd Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Independent-Operation DECS>>5:00. Irrelevant Cue in Discrimination Learning DE****bcS Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Positive/Interdependent-Operation DECS>>6:00. Reinforcement Schedule in Discrimination DE****afa DECS>>6:10. Amount of Reinforcement in Discriminatn DE****aMK DECS>>6:20. Delay of Reinforcement in Discrimination DE****aDK DECS>>7:00. Effect of Differential Outcomes DE****asS Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Negative/Interdependent-Operation DECS>>7:10. Aversive Event in Discrimination DE****cas DECS>>8:00. Miscellaneous Independent Current S-Variables DE****bxS Relevant uncoded root-abstracts Relevant(?) unabstracted/uncoded literature Principle DECS>>1:00. Functional Stimulus identification DE****Bsd . Any difference in putative stimuli is perceptable to that organism if it functions in discrimination learning See also "Systematic Analyses: Processes" OVLH Honey bees discrim on basis of color/intensity - - - - - - Ber,LM'27- FVPH Discrim position of figure w/genz white-on-black to reverse Her,K.'29- RTLH Discrim intermediate weight, partly re absolute property - MCu,TL'30- RVLH Discrim distant open/closed path, pigmented > albino - - - Rob,EW'30+ OVLH Chickens discrim direction of rotating stripes - - - - - - Sta,WH'30+ W/confinement pun re S-, O approach S+ and avoid S- Sta,WH'30+ OVLO W/doves, very slow acq intermed size re larger/smaller - - War,CJ'31+ DVLH Concl discrim re shape, not triangle/total config - - - - - Kar,HW'32+ OVLU Chickens discrim fast vs slow-moving object, w/transpositn Pat,FA'32+ OVPO Re locate nest, bees disting untraviolet color on white - - Lut,FE'33- ROLH Acq discrim based on shape of entrance into GB - - - - - - Bor,VM'36- HVOO Ident S-shape w/subliminal S > chance - - - - - - - - - - - Wil,AC'38- MVLO Discrim based on tapping on S+ B4 test tr - - - - - - - - - Har,HF'44- NVPO Acq intermed-size w/transposition/reversal - - - - - - - - Gon,RC'54e RVLH Discrim alley w/nearer of 2 pegs w/variable distances - - - Gre,A.'54- RVJH Fail to learn sequential Prob(Reinf) in insoluble discrim - Fel,RS'57+ MVLO Use both absolute/rel cues w/intermediate size, favor absol Bro,WL'59e MWL- Rhesus solve 4-object sequence discrim, not-f early radiatn Mas,RS'59+ MV - Attrib attn to border cues to touching border as goal R - - Sch,JR'60- MVPO Discrim vertical vs tilted object re visual/postural cues - Med,DL'65+ POLH Fail to discrim re magnetic field cue - - - - - - - - - - - Mey,ME'66+ RVLU Acq discrim re sameness-difference in oblique Ss - - - - - Kin,M.'67- RVLH Cue visibile during all=half choice-pt delay facil B/W disc Eif,C.'70+ RVLH Discrim w/constant S- and varied S+ > v/versa - - - - - - - Man,JM'70- OVLU 3/8 great tit O discrim re bilateral symmetry of pattern Ss Men,M.'80+ PVPH Acq discrim each letter of alphabet from all other letters Blo,DS'82- Similarity space re above letters sim to humans Blo,DS'82- HOOO Observers fail to discrim others' state of drunkenness - - Bea,WW'84- FAPO Dolphin comprehend novel, reversible sentences - - - - - - Her,LM'84e RVLH Superimpose tri-dimensional object discrim on brightness, Neu,MN'84- acq former w/gradual fading of latter - - - - - - - - - Neu,MN'84- PVPH W/easy-to-hard trng, discrim length of bar S w/2% differ - Sch,U.'85+ Title: Failure to get magnetic discrim - - - - - - - - - - Als,B.'87- MVCU Java monkey correct MTS mother-offspring pair - - - - - - - Das,V.'88- RAU Discrim 1 vs 8-sec lite duratn, decr for both S w/ITI reinf Wil,DM'88e PSLO Copulatn w/female facil, expose to male nec for sex discrim Nas,S.'89e PSx Discrim sex of distant S w/noncopulatory expose to male - - Dom,M.'91+ Above w/male O re change in beh re distant male Dom,M.'91+ DECS>>1:01. Auditory Discrimination DE****B1d OALH Raccoon acq auditory discrim of their name - - - - - - - - She,WT'11- CALH Discrim articulate sounds (names) w/motor R when called - - She,WT'12- A Title: Concepts w/auditory S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Roy,FL'56- A Title: Discrim of click inten - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sau,JC'69- x Title: Auditory localization - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bee,MD'70- Title: Intensity discrim w/noise - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gol,IA'71- RA Title: Auditory discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hac,MH'71- Title: Discrim w/complex displays - - - - - - - - - - - - Sie,RK'71- MAL Title: Simult inten discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bri,RM'78- M Title: Discrim vocal cond - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ait,PG'81+ MALU Discrim tunes w/diff temporal structure - - - - - - - - - - DAm,MR'84+ OALU Starlings discrim 4-tone sequence incr vs decr in pitch - - Hul,SH'84e MA Title: Acq of auditory same/diff task - - - - - - - - - - Shy,MR'87e Title: Auditory mem re non-matching perf - - - - - - - - - Sak,Y.'88- CALU Discrim re relative elevatn of noise S in either hemifield Sut,DP'94- Disrupt above w/CNS lesions not w/unilat cochlear ablatn Sut,DP'94- DECS>>1:02. Gustatory/Olfactory Discrimination DE****B2d ROL Title: Discrim w/olfactory cues - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fos,GH'58- MG Title: Taste discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sch,JS'61+ RSLS Intact/castrated males discrim female non/estrus odors - - Car,WJ'62+ Intact/ovariectomized females discrim castrate-male odor Car,WJ'62+ RG Title: Discrim reward/nonrewrd odors - - - - - - - - - - - Mor,RR'70+ c Title: Thermal/olfactory cues - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fre,NC'76- ROLU Discr male/female odor on sawdust bedding w/genz re gender Slo,BM'79+ rSPO 6-22-day-old pref genetic siblings w/solely prenatal exper Hep,PG'83- SGLT Acq discrim re sawdust odor of conspecifics - - - - - - - - Cor,P.'94+ DECS>>1:03. Tactual Discrimination DE****B3d Title: Visual field on tactual discrim - - - - - - - - - - Cra,CW'40- CILH Acq discrim re up/down tilt of path - - - - - - - - - - - - Sto,RT'40- NTLU Discrim re lifted weights w/diff limen average 9% - - - - - MCu,TL'41- MTL Title: Tactual random figure discrim lrng - - - - - - - - Car,KR'74+ S Title: Tilt discrim in the mouse - - - - - - - - - - - - - Reu,JH'87- O Title: Tactual discrim (sea lion) - - - - - - - - - - - - Deh,G.'96+ DECS>>1:04. Visual Discrimination (General) DE****B4d oVLO Gradual acq discrim re width of stripe w/chick - - - - - - Joh,HM'16- RVLH Acq moving vs still lite as cue - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ree,CD'17- RVJH Evidence of discrim triangle orientation - - - - - - - - - Fie,PE'31- RVLH Elim other bases (eg brightness) of form discrim - - - - - Fie,PE'31- OVLH W/chicken, discrim re form of figure or background - - - - Mun,NL'31- RVLH Discrim moving B/W stripes vs stationary - - - - - - - - - Haw,JM'33+ MVL Title: Brightness discrim w/rhesus - - - - - - - - - - - - Cra,MP'37- RVJU Discrim stripe patterns w/varied direction/width - - - - - Sas,M.'59- OV Title: Discrim open/closed forms - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sut,NS'60- OV Title: Discrim mirror images in octopus - - - - - - - - - Sut,NS'60- RVLH Discrim steady vs flashing lite, best w/flash = S+ - - - - DAm,MR'61- OV Title: Discrim horizontal/vertical - - - - - - - - - - - - Sut,NS'61- O Title: Horizontal/vertical extent - - - - - - - - - - - - Mac,NJ'63e MVLO Acq discrim re mirror images of color cues - - - - - - - - Bro,WL'65e x Title: Brightness scaling w/pigeon/monkey - - - - - - - - Boa,RA'67- RVL Title: Discrim angle of stripes - - - - - - - - - - - - - Elt,DJ'69- RVL Title: Discrim mirror-image lines - - - - - - - - - - - - Tee,KS'72- PV Title: Discrim mirror images - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mos,VZ'78- mVPO 3-mo old macaque discrim upright, not inverted adult faces Swa,KB'83- P Title: Pigeons see the Ponzo illusion - - - - - - - - - - Fuj,K.'91e P Title: Line inclination on Ponzo illusion - - - - - - - - Fuj,K.'93e PVPH Discrim pictures re both objects and spatial interrelations Kir,KK'95- R Title: Complex visual lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gaf,EA'96+ P Title: Processing complex visual S - - - - - - - - - - - - Kir,SK'96+ DECS>>1:05. Visual Discrimination (Color) DE****B5d NVOG Pig-tailed monkey discrim colors and colors vs grays - - - DHa,JA'25- RVPH Fail to discrim colored S w/brightness equated - - - - - - Mun,NL'32- RVPU Discrim re color w/equated inten - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wal,WE'33- RVPU Evidence of discrim of red vs white not based on brightness Mun,NL'36+ xVLU Some form of color reaction in dog/cat/rat re discrim - - - Wal,WE'36- MVP Title: Anal of color vision - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gre,WF'38- RVPU Discrim red/green, red/yellow, not blue/green, green/yellow Wal,WE'39+ CVPU Cats fail to discrim re colors w/equal brightness - - - - - Gun,R.'54- MV Title: Color vision in squirrel monkey - - - - - - - - - - Mil,RC'58- CVLH Discrim re some, not all diff in color of S - - - - - - - - Cla,KN'66+ CVL Acq color discrim based on rel, not absolute spectral S - - Bro,JL'73e F Title: Color discrim in dolphin - - - - - - - - - - - - - Riv,CJ'76- PVPH Acq discrm w/cue = mvmt vs stationary color on keys - - - - Pis,R.'85+ DECS>>1:06. Visual Discrimination (Shape/Form) DE****B6d RVLH Discrim form cues - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fie,PE'20- RVL- Discrim S shape w/equal size/brightness - - - - - - - - - - Fie,PE'28- RVLH Rats fail to discrim forms (cross vs square) w/=brightness Mun,NL'30- OVLH Raccoon fail to acq form discrim w/equal brightness - - - - Mun,NL'30- FVLU Stickleback discrim form indep of color/size - - - - - - - Mae,R.'32- MVPO Discrim square/circle w/genz re position/background - - - - Nee,CC'33- CVPH Discrim triangle vs circle, w/no effect of punish errors - Smi,KU'34- MV Title: Area/arrangement of pattern - - - - - - - - - - - - War,JM'53- MV Title: Geometric regularity of forms - - - - - - - - - - - War,JM'53- RV Title: Spon pattern discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tho,WR'54+ M Title: Concentric-ring pattern discrim - - - - - - - - - - Rio,AJ'58e OVL- Shape discrim in octopus based on vertical/lateral extents Sut,NS'58- RV Title: Acq distinctiveness of form - - - - - - - - - - - - Nor,AJ'59- OV Title: Discrim circles/squares/triangles - - - - - - - - - Sut,NS'59- RV Title: Discrim small shapes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dod,PC'60- OV Title: Discrim of square/rectangle - - - - - - - - - - - - Sut,NS'60- M Title: S-R isolation on pattern discrim - - - - - - - - - Ott,MI'62e OV Title: Shape discrim in sea lion - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sch,RJ'66+ GVL Title: Shape discrim: Code irregularities - - - - - - - - Bow,RS'70+ R Title: Structural complexity w/pattern - - - - - - - - - - Hul,SH'77+ MVL Title: Goodness of pattern - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sch,AM'79e PVPH Fail to acq prototype shape w/trng w/distorted samples - - Wat,S.'88- DECS>>1:10. Initial Stimulus Preferences DE****BsL OVLH W/bee, acq/reversal unless hi initial dominance of figure S Her,M.'34- HVPU Tend to select larger/brighter S w/out diff reinf - - - - - Ber,DE'50- HVPU Tend to select S w/changed shape/color w/out diff reinf - - Ber,DE'51- NOP- Preference for odd of 3 objects w/out diff reinf - - - - - Dav,RK'60+ MV Title: Preferred dimensions in discrim - - - - - - - - - - Rio,AJ'61e MVPO Init pref re darker-hued color Ss w/squirrel monkey - - - - Gre,KF'66e DVLH Initial R to absolute size w/slow acq intermed size - - - - Ebe,HC'67- Title: Dimensional dominance - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ken,TS'70e rSPO Pref mirror-image > rat-model > age-mate at 15-d age - - - Sch,AH'73- Pref age-mate > mirror-image > rat-model at 50+-d age Sch,AH'73- Note: Above pref show stochastic transitivity Sch,AH'73- OVPO W/heat reinf w/1-3-d-old chicks, init pref re form of Ss - Zol,JF'75e DECS>>1:20. Comparative Effectiveness of S DE****BsC MVPO Acq re color > form, but transfer re form > color - - - - - Rev,G.'25- RVLH Acq re lighted circle < lighted hole thru which O goes - - Hub,RM'27- XXXX Acq absolute/relative cues, absolute forgotten faster (403) Koh,W.'29- RVL- Discrim lrng incr-decr-f(spatial separation of Ss) - - - - Har,GW'36- RVPH Indiv diff re control by rel/absolute size/brightness - - - Mai,NR'39- OVLH W/sheep, discrim w/cue on box > below/above box - - - - - - Gar,LP.45- MV - Color discrim easier than form, equal to color+form - - - - Har,HF'45- MVLO Discrim w/diff objects (triangle/circle) > pattern Ss - - - Har,HF'45- MVLO Rapid acq w/exper-naive O w/objects, not w/patterns - - - - Har,HF'45- MVL- Discrim lrng re contour > color = pattern = brightness - - Cho,KL'53- MV - Color best cue for discrim, form+size > form or size alone War,JM'53- PxLH W/compound color/form/position S, control re color>position Jon,LV'54- In above, no control re form and form discrim difficult Jon,LV'54- V Title: Discrim as-f(S size) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fox,WR'56- MVL- Acq w/cues vertical=horizontal, w/contig of cue/reinf - - - Mil,RE'56+ MWL- Form=color as cue, w/area/elevation important only if diff War,JM'56- MVL- W/small relevant cue, discrim facil if manip cue - - - - - Sch,AM'57+ xVLH Squirrel = raccoon w/rotation > sidedness > asymmetry cues Hit,L.'63e CVL- Object discrim re property of S+ > S- w/shape > texture - - Dav,WF'64+ MVU- Diffcond re rel or absolute S diff, w/rel>absolute if both Zak,II'64- MVLH W/oddity, color > form/size, w/>1 cue = 1 cue - - - - - - - Dra,WA'65- PVLH Acq w/color > pattern > form - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fid,FG'66+ RVLU Acq alleys split-half B-W vs W-B = W vs B alleys - - - - - Kol,BP'66+ CVL Acq incr-f diff in perimeter/complexity of form S - - - - - Der,D.'69+ Rx Odor > lites/tones re reversal/lrng set/compound S-control Nig,BJ'75e MVPO Rapid discrim faces of monkeys w/genz re orient/size/illuim Ros,SA'79+ RVLU B/W door discrim w/moving > stationary doors - - - - - - - Kar,L.'80e MVLO Acq w/cues close to > far from O w/feature pos effect - - - Kha,SR'80e RVLH Acq not-f(variation in size of B/W doors) - - - - - - - - - Kar,L.'81e RVLH Acq B/W discrim not-f(variation in size of Ss) - - - - - - Kar,L.'81e MVLO Discrim inverted faces = upright - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bru,C.'82- MVPO MTS perf w/color-form compound sample to color or form Cox,JK'82+ comparison Ss < MTS w/only color or form sample - - Cox,JK'82+ Note: MTS w/compound sample/comparison equal to elements Cox,JK'82+ PVLH Discrim mirror-image < nonmirror-image forms - - - - - - - Tod,DL'83+ CVLU W/random figures, acq decr-incr-f(N/sides) - - - - - - - - Whi,DA'85- DECS>>1:30. Spatial Contiguity of Cue/Response/Reinforcement DE****bDs H Title: Spatial S-R correspondence - - - - - - - - - - - - Gra,DA'55+ H Title: Angular S-R correspondence - - - - - - - - - - - - Gra,DA'55+ H Title: Spatial position of S-R components - - - - - - - - Gra,DA'56e MVLO Acq decr-f(distance of discriminanda from site of reinf) - Car,RM'60+ MV Title: Spatial S-R contiguity on discrim - - - - - - - - - Mey,DR'61e MVP- Perf decr-f distance between discrim cue and R - - - - - - Dav,RT'64e MVLO Spatial separation S-R-S-reinf < S-R-reinf contig - - - - - Cow,A.'68+ DECS>>1:31. Spatial Contiguity of Cue/Response DE****BDs OVLH Concl: Signal must be spatially near R for lrng w/horse/cow Gar,LP'42- NVLO Discrim perf poorer w/Ss displaced from R and reinf - - - - Jen,WO'43- nVL- W/cue near food reinf, acq slow but rapid reversal - - - - Gar,LP.48+ NVLH Rapid color discrim w/cue on reward object; not if separate Jar,ME'53- RVJ- Role of location of cue S is-f(pattern difficulty) - - - - Mah,H.'54- MWL- Rate acq decr-f spatial separation of S from R - - - - - - MCl,GE'54+ MJL- Fail to acq discrim if S-objects displaced 6" from reward - Mur,JV'55+ MVL- Color discrim lrng facil if reinf w/in object vs beneath it Jar,ME'56- MVCH Discrim lrng only if cue S spatially contig w/R or reinf - Mur,JV'58+ MVLO Acq w/small S displays, espec if near R buttons - - - - - - Hor,JA'61e MOLO Acq object-discrim lrng set w/reinf contig > remote from Ss Vau,J.'70+ Systematic Analyses of Stimulus in Discrimination Learning DE****bDz RVLH Concl some O can discrim size/form w/extensive trng - - - - Las,KS'12- AVLX Disting discrim meth re size/form/color vs natural objects Yer,RM'12- AXXX Concl animals perceive pattern but not form - - - - - - - - Vin,SB'14- RVLH Concl evidence proving rat's ability to discrim forms - - - Fie,PE'32- RVLH Apparent discrim yellow-blue based on brightness diff to O Mun,NL'34- RVPU Concl: rats have weak color-discrim ability, rel to bright Mue,KF'36+ CVL- Discount relational th re discrim/transfer w/unpaired Ss - Smi,KU'36- xVLx DMTS requires prin of sameness w/S/Genz to novel Ss - - - - Wei,B.'41- Also exchange app/avoid re same S w/non-spatial delay-R Wei,B.'41- RVLH Infer from S/Genz test that discrim is-f(size cue) - - - - Gri,GR'51- RIL1 Concl some but limited role of hunger/thirst as cues - - - Web,WB'55- Tend to ignore common S-element after discrim trng - - - - LBe,D.'57+ MVLH Use peripheral cues not-f(Qual(Reinf)) unless prior radiatn Dav,RT'63+ RSLUbDz Diffcond w/cagemates as Ss is-f(diff in beh) - - - - - - - Sha,LG'66+ Title: S-control of simult discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - Mou,DJ'73- OVPO Concl: Bees ident flowers re image, not isolated features - Gou,JL'85- MV Title: Categorization of natural stim - - - - - - - - - - Sch,AM'87+ DECS>>1:40. Counting in Discrimination DE****hnH MALH Fail to discrim 1 vs 3 sounds on basis of absolute number - Kur,R.'31- OVOH Parakeet discrim re N/kernels as visual percept vs counting Mar,E.'39- PVPH Discrim up to 6 corn kernels from larger quantity - - - - - Arn,W.'40- OVPH Jackdaw discrim N/pieces of food match N/spots on card - - Sch,K.'40- OxLH Fail to estab discrim re number lites/dots/sounds w/baboon Dou,JW'41+ HVOO Re judge N/dots, R-speed function discontinuous at 6 dots - Kau,EL'49e MVOO Acq concept of "threeness" re choose array of 3 of 5 Ss - - Hic,LH'56- Above Ss varied in color/size/shape/spatial display Hic,LH'56- R Title: Number concept - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wes,F.'58- xVPH Upper limit simult discrim of 6 from 5 w/pigeon/parakeet - Koe,O.'60- Note: Same limit w/human if brief S so can't count Koe,O.'60- Interp above as counting but not number concept Koe,O.'60- OxL- Discrim N/buzz or N/flash w/cross-modal transfer (jackdaw) Daw,BV'61- MVLH Discrim 5 Ss w/correct N/OpR, facil w/TO - - - - - - - - - Sch,HH'63- h Title: Number concept and R-inhib - - - - - - - - - - - - Sch,S.'71- x Title: Numerosity cue w/rat/pigeon - - - - - - - - - - - - Fox,RA'72- MVPO Discrim 7 vs 8 arrays, not 9 vs 10 re prototype matching - Tho,RK'80e RALH Diffcond 2-cycle/2-sec S1 vs 8-cycle/8-sec S2 - - - - - - - Mec,WH'83+ After trng genz to either count or time, and cutaneous S Mec,WH'83+ RAPH Diffcond 1-sec S-->R1 vs 2-sec S-->R2 w/intermed Ss nonrein Mec,WH'85+ S/genz above trng to N/.5-sec S w/count = 200 msec Mec,WH'85+ MOLO 1 rhesus acq concept of 3rd-object in row of 4/5/6/7 - - - Rub,LM'85- Above w/varied positions in matrix of locations Rub,LM'85- NVLO Acq choice of tray w/most total Ss in two food wells - - - Rum,DM'87e Above summation incl tr w/eg 3+3 choice vs 4+1 Rum,DM'87e NVCO Title: Summation in the chimp - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rum,DM'88e N Title: Lana chimp learns to count - - - - - - - - - - - - Rum,DM'89e RSL Discrim based on 2 vs 4 other rats in context - - - - - - - Dav,H.'92+ PVLH Discrim re N/elements in Ss, but no acq of identify MTS - - Kil,S.'95- Acq conditional discrim re N/elements in Ss re color cue Kil,S.'95- NVPO Did not learn choose smaller array of candies-->large reinf Boy,ST'96e Re above, did learn to choose smaller number symbol cues Boy,ST'96e PVPH Acq differential discrim re N/prior presentations of Ss - - Kee,RG"00- Accuracy of above discrim is-f(diff in N) re Weber's law Kee,RG"00- Systematic Analysis of Counting in Discrimination DE****hdH MAPH Discrim large/small N/taps based on time interval not N - - Woo,H.'29- AXXX Favor size/distance/rhythmic action vs idea of number/count Bie,HA'37- AXXX Monkeys can count (discrim) to 2 or 3 Spe,KW'37- PVPH Attrib counting to qual diff feeling re automatic peck mvmt Vol,H.'37- XXXX Concl: Number concept in human sense not in animals - - - - Hon,H.'42- PfPH Attrib discrim N/OpR re changes in OpR force/duratn as-f(N) Ril,M.'68- DOS- Define "mobility" re shift between excit/inhib (Pavlov) - - Kim,HD'77- Meas mobility re lrng diff-CR w/reinf every 4th trial Kim,HD'77- AXXO Title: Delay-interval illum effects - - - - - - - - - - - Sal,DP'81+ NVPO Adult, not juvenile O perf MTS re numbers 1-4 w/area/length Woo,G.'81+ AXXX Ident levels: number discrim, counting, concept of number - Dav,H.'82+ Def counting: cardinal chain applied 1-to-1 to external Ss Dav,H.'82+ Concl: Variety of infrahumans can learn to count if nec - - Dav,H.'82+ Above limited, like un, deux, trois, beaucoup phen w/child Dav,H.'82+ (FAL: Counting by Australian aborigines: 1, 2, 3, many) Dav,H.'82+ Counting beh unnatural; occurs w/no alternative predictors Dav,H.'82+ HVPO Subitizing: Acquired rapid numerosity judgment to 1-3 items Man,G.'82+ RALH Concl same internal mech for counting/timing - - - - - - - Mec,WH'83+ XXXX Review evidence that numerousness judgments are based on Tho,RK'92- prototype matching rather than counting - - - - - - Tho,RK'92- Eg no incr in Lat(R) w/incr in N/items in array to 7-8 Tho,RK'92- MVOU Concl: Rhesus can understand ordinal numerosities 1-9 - - - Bra,EM"00- DECS>>1:40. Concept Learning in Discrimination DE****hDH MVPO Acq discrim re "lighter" grey w/trng w/several pairs - - - Kin,AJ'02- DVLH Discrim red from other colors, with genz to new context - - Col,SS'09+ RVC- Learn to choose brighter (darker) w/var absolute brightness Hel,H.'27- CVPH Acq circle-square discrim w/genz re N/size/irregular edges MAl,WG'31+ RVLH Acq concept of triangle w/trng w/diff orient vs circle - - Fie,PE'32- Above trng w/equilateral triangle genz to right-angle Fie,PE'32- Above trng genz to other neg form S Fie,PE'32- MVPO Solve end-box/same-box but not 2nd-from end/middle box - - Yer,RM'34- Above solutions often sudden, with S/Genz Yer,RM'34- NOB- Chimps learn middle-of-5 S discrim w/location varied - - - Spe,KW'39- Most O lrnd above discrim for diff locations separately Spe,KW'39- Above discrim more difficult than 2nd-from-end of 6 S Spe,KW'39- Both above discrims more difficult than end-of-7 S Spe,KW'39- Learn last-2 above discrims for diff locations concur Spe,KW'39- NVB- No transposition of intermed-size discrim prob - - - - - - Spe,KW'42- Some transposition after several intermed-size discrims Spe,KW'42- MVPO Acq color categorizing re MTS and sorting problems - - - - Wei,B.'42- NVCH Acq discrim based on common element of S+ (concept) - - - - Kel,RT'58- MVLO Acq oddity lrng set is-f(N/tr) irrespective of N/problems - Lev,M.'59+ MVLO Oddity acq facil w/odd object in 1, not both end positions Loc,JM'62+ NVLO Acq discrim re middle object of 3-17 symmetrical objects - Roh,FH'66+ NVLO Acq sameness vs difference concepts w/genz to new Ss - - - Kin,JE'73- PVPH S/Genz trng oak-leaf pattern only to other oak-leaf pattern Cer,J.'79- MVLO 3 of 4 O acq discrim re rel cue size re W/G/B background - Tho,RK'79+ SVOO Acq categorize Ss as food/non-food w/genz to novel Ss - - - Sav,ES'80e PVPU Fail to obtain S/Genz re matching/oddity concepts - - - - - San,A.'82- MVP Title: Sameness-diff concept w/color S - - - - - - - - - - Fuj,K.'83- OVLO Sea lions acq semantic comprehension re gestural signs - - Sch,RJ'84+ NVLO Acq concepts color/object-name w/symbolic MTS trng - - - - Mur,K.'85- xVLO Pigeon/monkey discrim 1 bird species vs other birds - - - - Rob,WA'88+ Pigeon/monkey discr animal/non-animal, not bird/non-bird Rob,WA'88+ PVLH Acq same/diff concept (re transfer) only w/large N/trng Ss Wri,AA'88e PVPH Acq symbolic MTS w/S/Genz re S-classes (faces/trees/birds) Pis,R.'90- PVPH After trng w/cube-Ss vs distorted S, S/Genz to novel cube S Ste,R.'92- OVGH W/Arabian horses, perf discrim re shape concept (triangle) Sap,BF'94+ DECS>>1:41. Oddity Concept DE****hcH NVL- Acq w/1 S+ in display w/1 < 9 identical S- in display - - - Nis,HW'37+ SVLH Rapid acq re oddity w/11 neg Ss w/lo transfer color to form Nis,HW'37+ MVPH Acq object oddity re Context A, non-oddity re Context B - - Spa,T.'43+ Concur w/above, acq Spatial L/R of 3 ident Ss re A/B Spa,T.'43- MV - Oddity lrng w/color alone = color+form+size - - - - - - - - Mey,DR'49+ OVLO Canary acq oddity discrim, w/"search" beh re odd S - - - - Pas,N.'55- CVL- 3 of 5 O learn/transfer oddity w/4/6-config prob - - - - - Boy,BO'57+ MVLO Acq oddity w/triangular < linear horizontal display of Ss - Rio,AJ'59- PVPH Very slow acq (re DMS) of oddity, w/transfer to new Ss - - Ber,R.'65e Title: Oddity discrim as-f(N/dimensions) - - - - - - - - - Cro,WL'67- MJ Title: Object-discrim R in oddity - - - - - - - - - - - - Sha,O.'67- MVL Oddity lrng set w/reversal of odd object w/squirrle monkey Nob,CS'70+ PVLH Acq oddity incr-f(2-24 N/incorrect alternatives) - - - - - Zen,TR'80e Acq oddity w/8 incorrect alternatives facil w/S+ in center Zen,TR'80e PVP Discrim odd (of 5) color Ss, w/genz to new colors - - - - - Pis,R.'83+ MVL Title: Dimension-abstracted oddity - - - - - - - - - - - - Tho,RK'83+ RxL Title: Visual/olfactory oddity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tho,RK'88+ PVPH Oddity perf incr-f(N/identical distractors) - - - - - - - - Blo,DS'89- PVPH Acq OCD w/compound S1S2 sample, S1/S2/S3/S4 comparison - - Pis,R.'96- Transfer above oddity-from-compound to novel samples Pis,R.'96- Systematic Analysis of Concept Learning DE****hBH MVPU Attrib acq of oddity discrim to abstraction - - - - - - - - Rob,EW'33- AXXX High-ment-proc not nec for relational/abstract discrim - - Spe,KW'37- M Title: Absolute/relative class concepts - - - - - - - - - Tho,RK'77+ XXXX Anal concept of concept re exemplars vs categories - - - - Med,DL'84- AXXO Cog ethology investigate intentionality re what animals do Bek,M.'95- AXOO Can understand behavior only if assume beliefs/intentions - Den,DC'95- AXXO Evidence of natural/abstract relational concepts incl self Tho,RK'95- AOOO Categorization in animals re S/Genz + assoc networks - - - Rob,WA.96- xCOO Evidence that primates understand causality (vs correl) - - Vis,E.'98+ DECS>>2:00. Simult Compound S DE****bsd FVLH Acq re relative lite inten w/varied patterns, w/transpositn Per,FT'31- SVPO Evidence of lrng re both size/brightness w/both relevant - Nis,HW'43+ MVLO Acq concur configural discrim re size/color squares/circles Noe,M.'46+ Eg: big-W vs big-B, big-B vs small-W, small-W vs big-W Noe,M.'46+ RVCH Diff R re size or brightness after compound trng - - - - - Gri,GR'52- MVL- W/color-form Ss, learn re both but color > form - - - - - - Col,J.'53- RVL- Evidence of R to both absolute/pattern cue in transfer/test Bir,D.'55+ RxTH Discrim w/visual/tactual compound-->Transfer to components Bab,H.'57- MVLO Acq ambiguous cue (MIX A+B- and A-C+) w/more errors in A+B- Lea,RW'58- MVC- Equal pref for form/color in dimensional oddity - - - - - - Ber,IS'61- xVPO W/child/monkey, form > orientation after compound discrim - Hic,LH'64+ OUU- Leghorn fowl discrim rhythmical seq w/gap between patterns Rah,M.'65- MVL- W/compound S, discrim solely on basis of color w/ObR avail DAm,MR'66+ RxLH W/2 or 7 relevant cues, N/cues lrnd w/PRF > CRF - - - - - - Sut,NS'66- RVLH Little lrng re redundant orient cue w/easy B/W discrim - - Lov,E.'67+ Title: Lrng w/compound S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ste,TE'67- P1PH S-control by rel > irrel dimension incr-f(discrim trng) - - Mil,DG'70e Title: Continuity/cue dominance (Kendler) - - - - - - - - Ken,TS'71- RVPT W/2 redundant cues, acq re both cues w/lo > hi dep - - - - Tel,GA'71+ MVLh Acq w/random shapes decr-incr-f(N/sides) w/in O - - - - - - Car,KR'73- FVPU Blocking/overshadowing of S angle by color w/goldfish/carp Ten,WA'75+ W/above O, extra- = intra-dimensional transfer Ten,WA'75+ NV Title: Discrim word-like compound S - - - - - - - - - - - Gaf,D.'77- NVPO Select S (of 4) matching both color/shape - - - - - - - - - Bra,JT'79e PVLH Discrim compound w/separated cues not= unified compound - - Coo,RG'83- Eg color-square-w/white line vs color-line-w/orient Coo,RG'83- P Title: Dissociation of S compounds - - - - - - - - - - - - Bro,MF'87- CVL Discrim incr-decr-f(figure S-complexity), w/simult>separate Whi,DA'88+ OxPH Train location/color DMTS w/food-storing/non-storing birds Bro,D.'95+ W/test elements alone, location > color Bro,D.'95+ for former species; location = color for latter Bro,D.'95+ PVPH Acq 3-element (ABC) compound S+ vs 1 (A) >2-element (AB) S- Red,ES'95+ Interp re configure rather than element th re S in discr Red,ES'95+ PVLH W/compound hue/line-tilt cues, acq facil w/trials blocked Lac,DM'97- vs random order re cued relevant dimension - - - - - - - Lac,DM'97- PVPH W/compound color/form/size cues, discrim re color only or Rem,DR'97- color-form/color-size compounds vs hierarchy of control Rem,DR'97- H LO Acq transverse pattern (A+ vs B-, B+ vs C-, C+ vs A-) - - - Ast,RS'98+ Above acq facil w/stepwise approach to trng Ast,RS'98+ DS-2:01. Feature Learning in Discrimination DE****bad MVLO Incremental acq concept re 1 rel dimension (of 4) - - - - - Wel,H.'66+ PVLH Acq w/feature pos > neg w/short, not long S-exposure - - - Nal,GB'79e Above effect not-f(ITI) Nal,GB'79e HVLO W/color/symbol Ss, acq w/feature pos > neg - - - - - - - - Nal,GH'81e R1 Title: Simult/serial feature-positive acq - - - - - - - - Ros,RT'81+ MVC Title: Feature pos/neg discr w/neg reinf - - - - - - - - - MCo,DF'83+ R Title: Serial feature-pos discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - Ros,RT'83- oVLO Obtain feature pos > feature neg w/1-d-old chicks w/heat rf Mil,JS'88e Note: Incr feature-neg perf w/relrng after extn Mil,JS'88e R Title: Config anal of feature-neg discrim - - - - - - - - Wil,PN'92+ P Title: Coding of feature and no-feature - - - - - - - - - She,LM'93+ OVOU Concl: Chickens ident indiv mates re visual pattern - - - - Wer,CW'99+ DECS>>2:10. Added relevant cue in Discrimination DE****bsS RVLH Fail to acq discrim re added redundant cues - - - - - - - - Las,KS'42- Interp above blocking re noncontin th Las,KS'42- RTL- Add incidental cue to S+ after trng/overtrng-> =Lrng re cue Chu,RM'56- sVPH Chicks acq control re irrel shape/color added to form discr Gra,PH'57- HVPO Acq re ir/relevant cues added after trng w/1 irrel dimensn Her,BR'66e RVLH Noise "marker" B4/after choice facil w/w/out persist cue - Tho,GV'83- SVOP (In)escapable shock --> temp decr in lite/dark discrim Szo,C.'85+ in H2O maze only w/dark+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Szo,C.'85+ Note: O pref lited arm, incr w/inescapable shock Szo,C.'85+ Systematic Analyses of Compound Stimulus DE****bsz AXX- Identify S-compound (eg black-left) per se - - - - - - - - Spe,KW'52- S-compound relevant if no diff-reinf of simple Ss Spe,KW'52- Transverse pattern lrng (choose A if paired w/B) if nec Spe,KW'52- RVLH Lrng of oddity discrim not based on compound/config discrim Wod,J.'53+ RVL- Views both absolute/patterned cues as discrete S elements - Bir,D.'55+ DECS>>3:00. S-intensity as cue in Discrimination Lrng DE****bmS RVLx Lite-inten discrim w/reward + pun > pun > reward - - - - - Hog,MA'12+ RTL- Can discrim w/3 degree difference in slope of runways - - - Ruc,TC'27- RVL- Brightness discrim w/constant > varied Ss - - - - - - - - - Gre,WF'36+ CVLU Brightness discrim incr-f(inten) except at very hi levels - Mea,LC'42- MVL- Discrim perf incr-f area of diff S, persist thru 768 prob - Bla,NC'55+ RVLH Acq B/W discrim faster w/B+ even w/diff stim - - - - - - - Mue,KF'57+ RVLH Acq choose dimmer S but not diffcond w/separate presentatn Lac,SJ'63+ DECS>>3:10. S-location cue in Discrimination Lrng DE****boS DECS>>3:20. S-quality as cue in Discrimination Lrng DE****bqS RVL- Square-circle discrim based on horizontal base w/S/Genz - - Dod,PC'57- CVLU Color, not inten discrim incr-f(cue size), decr-f(distance) Loo,MS'80e DECS>>4:00. Role of context in Discrimination Learning DE****Ncd RVLH Discrim S1+/S2- w/1 background, S1-/S2+ w/diff background - Las,KS'38- MV - Discrim cues on wedges (bases) harder than directly on tray Har,HF'45- RVLH Acq discrim pos-f difference S+ from context inten - - - - Nyg,JE'58- xVC- Monkeys/apes respond to absolute color re background - - - Vat,EG'65- PVPH Houselight on during delay decr delayed-MTS perf - - - - - Rob,WA'78+ Above decr incr-f(HL duratn), max w/HL on near end delay Rob,WA'78+ PVLH W/MIX S1+,S2- & S2+,S3-, perf S2+,S3- > S1+,S2- - - - - - - Ric,RW'81- Facil ambiguous cue perf w/diff context S re above trial Ric,RW'81- h O Title: Context on retrieval w/infants - - - - - - - - - - Rov,C.'85e P Title: Context reinf re discrim control - - - - - - - - - Blo,DS'98- DECS>>4:10. Paired Discrimination Learning DE****wcd OVL- Acq w/paired parakeets < single, not-f(pair/single housing) All,WC'36+ DECS>>5:00. Irrelevant Cue in Discrimination Learning DE****bcS RVL- Acq line-thickness discrim not-f(irrel line direction) - - Ela,CB'53+ After above, acq line directn discrim decr w/irrel thick Ela,CR'53+ RVLH Rate lrng decr w/concur irrel S diff - - - - - - - - - - - Wor,EC'53+ Title: Irrel/partially rel S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Jee,MA'56+ MVLO Incidental cue w/trng S+ facil acq w/cue=S+, decr w/cue=S- Bro,WL'58+ RxLU Acq same > reverse B/W discrim after irrelevant B/W made Hug,CR'59+ partially relevant during initial form discrim - - - - - Hug,CR'59+ Title: S overlap of irrel cues - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mil,ME'60- RX Title: Irrel maze arm angle - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mic,KH'63+ HVLO Acq decr-f(P(Reinf) of another S-dimension) - - - - - - - - Abr,F.'64e P Title: Constant irrel cue lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wil,DI'67- Title: Irrel S in discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tur,C.'72+ CVL No effect of irrel size/brightness cues on shape discrim - War,JM'76- DECS>>6:00. Reinforcement Schedule in Discrimination DE****afa H Title: Discrim lrng w/P(reinf) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Atk,RC'59e R Title: P(reinf) on discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nor,AJ'59+ h O W/3-choice P-lrng sit, incr tend to maximize w/hi reinf - - Bra,Y.'62e 0VPH P-matching re color discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bul,DH'62+ FVPH W/PRF, prob-matching w/color relevant, not w/spatial rel - Woo,WT'73+ DECS>>6:10. Amount of Reinforcement in Discrimination DE****aMK R Lx Acq w/reinf = food + H2O escape same as w/food only - - - - MGi,ME'31+ MV - W/paired comparison, peanut reinf proportional to log amt - Har,HF'52+ RVLH Pre-exposure w/large reinf in S+ facil later discrim lrng - Gre,JE'53- B/W discrim lrng not-f Amt(Reinf) Gre,JE'53- M Title: Discrim lrng as-f Amt(incentive) - - - - - - - - - Sch,AM'56- MWLH Discrim incr-f(Amt(Reinf)), effect incr-f(trng w/diff amts) Sch,AM'56+ MVPO Acq of serial lists of object discrims not-f(Amt(Reinf) Lea,RW'58- w/same amt for all pairs, but hi > lo amt if mixed - - - Lea,RW'58- RVPH Acq visual/spatial w/diff in Amt(food-in-GB) w/same amt eat Dya,JA'60- RVLH Acq incr-f N/cups sucrose reinf w/=Amt(Reinf) - - - - - - - Hal,RD'60+ R Title: Mag(reward) on discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wal,TG'68- R Title: Mag(reward) in discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - Sin,BF'69- RVLH Acq incr-f(Amt(Reinf)) w/effect incr-f(difficulty) - - - - Hoc,M.'75+ OVLH Concl: Amt(Reinf) incr rate of acq, not lrng asymptote - - Lee,Y.'90+ OGC Title: Lrng as-f(Amt(Reinf)) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cou,PA'91e DECS>>6:20. Delay of Reinforcement in Discrimination DE****aDK ROLH Acq pref re detention time B4 GB, approx Weber's Law - - - And,AC'32- cVLH W/reinf S+ vs pun S-, acq decr-f(Delay(Reinf)) - - - - - - Woo,AB'33- NVLH Acq decr-f(Delay(Reinf)) w/cue absent during delay - - - - Rie,AH.40- RVLH Acq B/W discrim w/grey GB decr-f(delay(Reinf) - - - - - - - Gri,GR'48- Acq B/W discrim w/delayed reinf facil w/B/W GB Gri,GR'48- Acq B/W discrim w/delayed reinf facil w/diff motor Rs Gri,GR'48- Interp: Delayed reinf based on immed sec reinf Gri,GR'48- Title: Pos/neg S w/delayed reward - - - - - - - - - - - - Lev,NM'52- RTLH Acq w/delay reinf is-f genz sec-reinf/extn from GBs to CPt Gri,GR'55+ RVL- Discrim w/delay reinf facil by buzz after S+ or S- R - - - Lev,N.'57- Above facil greater if pretrain buzz w/reinf or nonreinf Lev,N.'57- hVLO Delay(Reinf) decr acq w/3-S > 2-S problems - - - - - - - - Hoc,CH'61+ RVLH Acq B/W discrim w/10-sec delay B4 enter GB only w/diff GB - Law,DH'61+ Above esp w/B/W GB, even w/GB opposite to choice pt cues Law,DH'61+ R Title: Discrim lrng w/1-min Delay(Reinf) - - - - - - - - - Rob,WA'76- OVLH Anal effect of inherent diff in Delay(Reinf) w/Amt w/bees - Lee,Y.'90+ R Title: Post-S events w/delayed reinf - - - - - - - - - - - Hal,G.'93+ OVPH W/hens, ICDD decr more w/delay B4 reinf than B4 choice - - Wea,R.'98e DECS>>7:00. Effect of Differential Outcomes DE****asS P Title: Altering outcome expectancies - - - - - - - - - - - Pet,GB'80+ PVPH Acq concur shape MTS + color MTS w/corn rf assoc w/1 shape Edw,CA'82e and 1 color and wheat rf assoc w/other shape/color - Edw,CA'82e After above, pos transfer to conditional MTS w/1 dimensn Edw,CA'82e as sample and other as comparison if same rf outcome Edw,CA'82e Interp above re mediation by differential rf expectancies Edw,CA'82e P Title: Different outcomes in DMTS - - - - - - - - - - - - All,K.'91e PVP Title: Outcome expectations and memory - - - - - - - - - - San,A.'92e PVPH After trng w/1-to-many MTS w/diff R-outcome and S-outcome, Urc,PJ'96+ decr perf if switch to non-diff S-outcome assn - - - Urc,PJ'96+ No decr if switch from non-diff to diff S-Outcome Urc,PJ'96+ After above, pos transfer novel Ss assoc w/diff outcomes Urc,PJ'96+ PVPH After MTS w/diff outcomes, transfer to Ss assoc w/outcome - Urc,PJ'98e Sim pos transfer to/from 1-to-many MTS w/diff cutcomes Urc,PJ'98e DECS>>7:10. Aversive Event in Discrimination DE****cas RVLH W/brightness discrim, shock-right = shock-wrong w/correctn Mue,KF'34- RVLH Shock-right/wrong incr N/VTE in acq - - - - - - - - - - - - Mue,KF'34- RVLH Acq not-f(buzz-right/buzz-wrong) < shock-right/wrong - - - Mue,KF'35+ RVLH Acq brightness discrim not-f(shock B4 choice) - - - - - - - Mue,KF'35+ RTLH Discrim lrng facil by shock/gap-to-jump after choice pt - - Mue,KF'36+ RTLH Shock at "moment of choice" decr acq, shock-right > wrong - Fai,CW'37- Above shock elicits forward-going R, devel position R Fai,CW'37- RVLH Acq facil by enforced several seconds delay at choice pt - Mue,KF'37+ RMLH Require jump gap B4, not after B/W doors facil acq - - - - Hon,CH'38+ RVLH Shock-wrong > shock-right >no-sh even w/decr Freq(sh-right) Mue,KF'38e Attrib above to faster error-correction w/shock-wrong Mue,KF'38e RVLH Shock-wrong > no shock insig > shock right w/noncorrection Wis,GJ'47- Shock-right-->init avoid tend then rapid acq discrim Wis,GJ'47- R Title: Shock-right in discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - Mue,KF'48- RVLH Correction > non-correction, shock right > no shock w/both Mue,KF'51+ RVL- Post-choice shock both right/wrong > no shock - - - - - - - Fre,CM'52+ RTLH Shock-right approx=shock wrong after shock pretrng in alley Mue,KF'52e RVL- Shock-right facil easy/hard discrim, not-f(shock inten) - - Tak,T.'61+ RVLH Facil effect of shock pun incr-f(sim S+/S-) - - - - - - - - Fow,H.'65+ Above for both shock-right < shock-wrong Fow,H.'65+ RVPH After acq w/shock-right, shock not sec reinf re R/Extn - - Fow,H.'65+ RVL- Acq white-gray discrim in Y-maze w/shock-right in goal area Sai,S.'65- RVLH Shock-right facil acq w/noncorrection > correction - - - - Fow,H'.67e Shock-right facil acq incr-f(discrim difficulty) Fow,H'.67e RVLH Acq incr-decr-f(shock-right inten) - - - - - - - - - - - - Fow,H.'68e Elim above decr w/hi inten shock-right w/sodium amytal Fow,H.'68e RVLH Acq incr-decr-f(shock-right inten), incr-f w/sodium amytal Gol,L.'68e Interp above re cue and avoid components of shock-right Gol,L.'68e RVLH Facil effect of shock-right not-f(incr exposure to cues) - Sew,JP'70e Facil effect of shock-right not-f(pretrng w/shock-->food Sew,JP'70e R Title: Shock-right w/correction - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dom,EA'71e RVLH Acq facil w/noise-right = noise-wrong, incr-f(inten) - - - Fag,G.'72+ DECS>>8:00. Miscellaneous Independent Current S-Variables DE****bxS Relevant uncoded root-abstracts Relevant(?) unabstracted/uncoded literature RAL Title: Auditory sensitivity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hun,WS'15- HAU Title: Volume/inten of tones - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ste,SS'33- HVO Title: Concept of limen - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hov,HB'34- DA Title: Intense S on acuity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fin,G.'35- Title: Context on percep differentiation - - - - - - - - - Fol,JP'35- XXX Title: Weber-ratio in intensitive discrim - - - - - - - - Hol,AH'36+ V Title: Size/inten on brightness - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hur,LM'36- HAP Title: Concept-beh in primates - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bak,JA'40- Title: Decision as-f(physical S diff) - - - - - - - - - - Fes,L.'43- Title: Context/S patterning (Sheffield) - - - - - - - - - Mil,RB'47- R Title: Sound on discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sho,J.'48- HxL Title: Pictorial/verbal symbols - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lum,AA'50- Title: Sec reinf in concept formation - - - - - - - - - - MGu,FJ'51- RV Title: S trace gradient in visual discrim - - - - - - - - Smi,MP'51- H Title: Number/form/color concept in Weigl - - - - - - - - Gra,DA'52- Title: S-complexity on discrim R - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gre,LW'52- RVL Title: Acq as-f(goal object) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MKe,RK'52- Title: Discrim w/2 critical components - - - - - - - - - - Nor,AJ'52+ XXX Title: Spence on patterning - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bit,ME'53- V Title: Discrim as-f(density) (WAShaw) - - - - - - - - - - Gal,E.'53- RY Title: Reinf gradient in complex discrim - - - - - - - - - Mat,FL'53- Title: Pos-neg cue diff - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tay,JE'53- h Title: Configurational lrng in children - - - - - - - - - Cal,AD'55- MJ Title: Object qual discrim task - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mil,RE'55e NV Title: Sameness-difference discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - Rob,JS'55- Title: Lrng as-f(drive/cue sim) (JJGibson) - - - - - - - - Ste,A.'55- h Title: S sim on discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Spi,CC'56- hVL Title: Intermed-size prob - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gon,RC'57- RV Title: Interpolated visual S on discrim - - - - - - - - - Tho,R.'57- Title: Single/compound/alternate S sets - - - - - - - - - Fra,JP'59- R Title: Patterning in S compounds - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nor,AJ'59+ M Title: Object/position discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - - War,JM'59- Title: Cond to elements of complex - - - - - - - - - - - - Fle,HJ'60- RO Title: Detect n-aliphatic acetates - - - - - - - - - - - - Mou,DG'60- Title: Probability lrng (RWalk) - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pic,HL'60- NV Title: Sameness-difference discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - Rob,JS'60- RN Title: Thalamic stim on discrim (Walker) - - - - - - - - - Sam,I.'60- MX Title: Memory for compound S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ste,LS'60+ A Title: Detect unspecified signal - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gun,RF'61- M Title: Multiple-sign lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ber,S.'62- Title: Trng cue-position patterning - - - - - - - - - - - Joh,BL'62- H Title: Random reinf on discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - - Lev,M.'62- RV Title: Equal reinf after discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ros,LE'62- Title: Lrng as-f(N/rel cues) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bor,DG'63- R Title: Lasting discrim S w/competition - - - - - - - - - - Mak,CY'63e MVL Title: Figural interactions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nas,AJ'63- M Title: Sequential P dependencies - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ove,JE'63+ M Title: Object-contact cues in lrng set - - - - - - - - - - Pet,ME'63+ MV Title: Titration of spatial S-R separatn - - - - - - - - - Sch,AM'63e h Title: Rel/absolute + position cues - - - - - - - - - - - Ber,PW'64+ Title: Detection of accel motion - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fil,RD'64- Title: Discrim pattern of change - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fle,JM'64- MN Title: Precedence effects in discrim lrng - - - - - - - - Mey,DR'64e MJ Title: Cue/resp/reward location - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mil,RE'64+ MV Title: S-R spatial continguity on discrim - - - - - - - - Pol,VJ'64+ MV Title: Pattern complexity on discrim - - - - - - - - - - Pol,VJ'64+ MV Title: Mirror-image discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rio,AJ'64e OV Title: Discrim squares/rectangles - - - - - - - - - - - - Sut,NS'64+ O Title: Tactile shape discrim by octopus - - - - - - - - - Wel,MJ'64- M Title: Complex spatial arrangements discr - - - - - - - - Bro,H.'65e M Title: Post-R S display - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - LVe,TE'65- R Title: Incidental cue lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mac,NJ'65- MV Title: Discrim mirrored cues - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MDo,AA'65+ M Title: Spatial discontinuity of S + R - - - - - - - - - - Pol,VJ'65+ h Title: Varying N/pos/neg S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wal,RD'65+ Title: Component/pattern lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bin,A.'66- RT Title: Conditional discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - Eim,PD'66+ Title: S-sim and P(Reinf) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hal,J.'66- Title: Nonreinf exposure to Ss on acq - - - - - - - - - - Jag,HM'66- h Title: Discrim oblique lines by child - - - - - - - - - - Jef,WE'66- MVP Title: Sequential matching - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mel,D.'66e M Title: Incentive level on lrng/transfer - - - - - - - - - Mey,DR'66e PR Title: S control in FR matching-to-sample - - - - - - - - Min,DE'66e M Title: Figural interactions in shapes - - - - - - - - - - Nas,SJ'66+ MV Title: S correlates of pattern discrim - - - - - - - - - - Pol,VJ'66- Title: Patterning w/compound S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gut,GL'67- M Title: Irrel S in S-R discontiguity - - - - - - - - - - - Had,R.'67+ P Title: Matching w/out nonmatching S - - - - - - - - - - - Mal,RW'67e PVP Title: Relational lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mar,GD'67- NV Title: Middleness concept in chimp - - - - - - - - - - - - Roh,FH'67+ P Title: Discrim lrng as-f N/neg S - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wil,DI'67- Title: Sched of food/shock w/PRF - - - - - - - - - - - - - Asc,LM'68- M Title: Similarity R in matching - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wri,DC'68e Title: Conditional discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bar,EM'69+ Title: Interference on delayed matching - - - - - - - - - Jar,ME'69e Title: Irrel S in lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - San,RE'69- Title: Irrel dimen w/simult/successive - - - - - - - - - - Tra,CJ'69- M Title: S-attributes/trng proc on lrng set - - - - - - - - Dev,JV'70- Title: Acq/extn complex discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gri,JA'70- R Title: Neg conting discrim: save/random S - - - - - - - - Ham,LJ'70+ PV Title: Discrim w/distinctive feature - - - - - - - - - - Far,GW'71- Title: Hippocamp stim on lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fre,FG'71- Title: Facil w/delayed reinf - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gol,SB'71- MVC Title: Serial discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kin,JE'71- RVL Title: Luminous flux discrim w/visual dep - - - - - - - - Tee,RC'71- Title: Intensity discrim w/masking - - - - - - - - - - - - Tow,TH'71- Title: Matching sample w/interval sched - - - - - - - - - Bor,MC'72+ M Title: Anal of ambiguous-cue prob - - - - - - - - - - - - Boy,WN'72+ Title: Choices based on redundant info - - - - - - - - - - Cha,S.'72+ M Title: Lite-interference in delayed MTS - - - - - - - - - Etk,MW'72- PV Title: 3-configuration matching-sample - - - - - - - - - - Kam,AC'72+ MVL Title: Pre-R utilization of S info - - - - - - - - - - - - LVe,TE'72+ MVL Title: Level of ambient illum - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tro,RL'72- M Title: List length on concur discrim - - - - - - - - - - - Blo,AJ'73- PVP Title: Trace interaction in STM - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gra,DS'73+ VL Title: Discrim as-f(fdbk/reinf) - - - - - - - - - - - - - Jac,DA'73- h Title: S-altern in concept indent - - - - - - - - - - - - She,RL'73- MV Title: 2-cue problems w/cues separated - - - - - - - - - - Beh,I.'74- F Title: Auditory delayed MTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Her,LM'74+ MD Title: COC discrim w/choice - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MLe,DM'74- Title: S-selection w/animals and PA lrng - - - - - - - - - Rud,JW'74- M Title: Sameness-difference judgments - - - - - - - - - - - Cze,P.'75+ Title: Delayed-prompt fading - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - VOs,SL'75- V Title: Lrng of masked S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Whi,LA'75- Title: Drug state discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Aki,FR'76- M Title: Post-R visual S on lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bar,RT'76+ P Title: Selective info processing(DARiley) - - - - - - - - Leu,TC'76- PVP Title: Test S in compound MTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mak,WS'76e PVP Title: Identity in MTS (JWTombaugh) - - - - - - - - - - - San,A.'76- Title: S/R-factors w/mirror-images - - - - - - - - - - - - Sta,JD'76- RVL Title: Spatially separated cues w/H2O dep - - - - - - - - Coh,JS'77+ MVL Title: Sample duration in delayed MTS - - - - - - - - - - Dev,JV'77e M Title: Novelty/familiarity in discr lrng - - - - - - - - - Gre,SE'77e P Title: Configuration on S selection - - - - - - - - - - - Lei,CR'77+ xV Title: Symbols of quant w/chimp/child - - - - - - - - - - Bro,DP'78e P Title: Spaced/massed samples - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nob,DE'78- P Title: Number/form of S on search - - - - - - - - - - - - Blo,DS'79- Title: Matching as-f(S structure) - - - - - - - - - - - - Cri,WB'79- M Title: S-sim in visual STM - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dev,JV'79e P Title: Probabilistic discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fri,F.'79- PV Title: Identity in MTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hog,DE'79- N Title: Use of dimensions in matching - - - - - - - - - - - MCl,MK'79+ M Title: Acq conservation w/macaques - - - - - - - - - - - - Pas,R.'79- M Title: Info in delayed matching to sample - - - - - - - - Rey