LOGAN: LAWS OF LEARNING (Basic Processes) July 2004 DISCRIMINATION LEARNING: Excitation Historic Stimulus Independent Variables Contents Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation DEHS>>1:00. Pre-exposure to Stimuli in Discrimination Learning DG****bas Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Negative/Interdependent-Operation DEHS>>1:10. Pre-expose to aversive event DG****cau DEHS>>2:00. Delayed Response (Discrimination) DG****hrH Behavioral/Natural/Social/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation DEHS>>3:00. Observational Discrimination Learning DG****qoH Systematic Analysis of Observational Discrimination Learning DG****qHz Paradigmatic/Unnatural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation DEHS>>4:00. Conditional Discrimination (Identity) DG****hHD DEHS>>4:10. Delayed Conditional Discrimination (Identity) DG****hHE DEHS>>4:20. Delayed Conditional Discrim (Differential) DG****hHF DEHS>>4:21. Effect of cue on trials w/no test Ss DG****hHX Systematic Analysis of Conditional Discrimination Learning DG****hHG Relevant uncoded root-abstracts Relevant(?) unabstracted/uncoded literature DEHS>>1:00. Pre-exposure to Stimuli in Discrimination Learning DG****bas RVLS Pre-expose to inescapable sh decr acq w/shock-escape motiv MCu,TL'39+ Attrib above to passive crouch R acq during pre-exposure MCu,TL'39+ MVLH Over 90 prob, present S- w/out reinf B4 trng > S+ w/reinf - Mos,EM'47+ Title: Pre-trng w/S pre-differentiation - - - - - - - - - Can,JH'54- RVL Facil effect of form-preexpose is-f(selective R re forms) - For,RH'58- RVL Facil effect of form-preexpose is-f(sim expose/trng forms) For,RH'58- RVLH Preexpose w/patterns on cage walls facil acq only w/sim Ss Gib,EJ'58e RVLH No effect of exposure to forms during rearing on discrim - Gib,EJ'59e RV Title: Early percep exper on adult discr - - - - - - - - - Mei,GW'59+ R Title: Prolonged exposure to cutouts - - - - - - - - - - - Wal,RD'59e RVL- No effect of early form pre-exposure on later form discrim Bai,JC'62+ MOLO Discrim lrng facil w/home-cage pre-expose to 1 object - - - Cro,HA'63e NVC- Manip pairs of diff colored S facil color discrim - - - - - Cha,SS'64+ MVLH Temporary prompt S- facil acq re prompt S+ or T&E lrng - - Fle,HJ'65+ xOLO Initial prompt re S+ facil acq w/children, not monkey - - - Fle,HJ'65e RV Title: Preexposure to forms w/nondiff RF - - - - - - - - - Ker,LC'65- Title: Exposure on compound discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - Cra,JL'70+ RVLH Pre-expose to form Ss facil later discrim, not-f(age) - - - Ben,TL'72+ RVLH 28-d exposure to S facil if S-, retard if S+ vs novel S - - Fra,RE'73+ TVLH Pre-expose to circle/triangle facil discrim, not-f(manip) - Ant,BS'74+ R Title: Prior experience w/shapes on discr - - - - - - - - Bel,JA'77+ O Title: Lrng after exposure to both S - - - - - - - - - - - Ste,DJ'77e RVLH Preexpose to triangle/circle w/young/adult O facil lrng - - Hal,G.'79- RVLH Pre-expose to circle/triangle facil discrim only if Bel,JA'81+ differentially assoc w/food in same context - - - - - - Bel,JA'81+ RVLH Prior daily exposure to Ss in home cage facil discrim lrng Cha,S.'81+ RVLH Pre-expose to horizontal/vertical stripes in home cage Hal,G.'83+ facil acq w/S- varied between H/V vs constant S+ - - - - Hal,G.'83+ DEHS>>1:10. Pre-expose to aversive event DG****cau RVPH Prior unavoid long-, not short-duration shocks decr acq - - Gri,VE'78+ RVLH Inescapable shock as weanling decr adult discrim lrng - - - Gar,J.'79e Attrib fixation re insoluble discrim to lrng helpless Gar,J.'79e RNRx Daily ECS B4 maturity decr later acq - - - - - - - - - - - Wu.,L.'85e DEHS>>2:00. Delayed Response (Discrimination) DG****hrH Def: Choice delayed after expose to baited putatively diff S Note: See also delayed response re position (Spatial) xVPO Re delayed-R, baboon > monkey > lemur - - - - - - - - - - - Mas,AH'32+ MPHO Vertical = horizontal plane re delayed-R - - - - - - - - - Yud,HC'33+ NVCH Limit of delayed R incr-f(Amt(Reinf)) - - - - - - - - - - - Nis,HW'35+ AXXX Spatial delayed R w/out orient, little w/color/form/size - Spe,KW'37- NxPO Concl: Delayed-R requires symbolic mech - - - - - - - - - - Nis,HW'38e W/chimps, above mech for spatial cues > visual Ss Nis,HW'38e NxPO W/chimps, little incr in symbolic proc re delayed-R w/exper Yer,RM'39+ Delayed R difficult or impossible w/out spatial cues - - - Yer,RM'39+ XXXX Disting discrim lrng (R to same S) vs delayed R (to diff S) Cow,JT'41- View delay-R as concur acq of discrim+irregular reversal Cow,JT'41- RVPH Delayed-R w/4 choices not-f(symbols on R-points) - - - - - MCo,K.'47- DCPH Indiv diff in delayed-R perf attrib to avoid beh re humans Ful,JL'50+ M Title: Variables on delayed-R perf - - - - - - - - - - - - Mey,DR'52+ NVPO Non-spatial delay-R as-f(delay) sim to delay lrng set tr-2 Hay,KJ'53+ OVLO Canary perf complex delayed-R - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pas,N.'55- mxxO At 150-d age, acq discrim lrng set, 40-sec delayed-R - - - Mas,WA'56e MVAO Rhesus macaque > marmoset re delayed-R, incr-f(delay) - - - Mil,RC'57- MVAO Squirrel monkey > marmoset but < rhesus in acq of delayed-R Mil,RC'57- DUPU Delayed-R perf related to somatotype (body mass index) - - DMa,A.'59- DVPH Both recent/stable memory proc involved in delayed-R - - - Kon,J.'59+ MAPH Reserpine decr auditory discrim, not delayed-R perf - - - - Gro,CG'61+ COPH 1-16-sec delayed-R/object discrim but < w/monkey - - - - - Mey,WJ'62e MSPH Hi perf of 20-sec delayed R w/pos correl errors/delay-acty Fle,HJ'64- xxPO Young gorillas/orangs spatial > non-spatial delayed-R - - - Fis,GJ'65+ MCPH Delayed-R correl w/bodily position during delay, not-f(ITI) Fle,HJ'65+ MCPH Delayed-R not-f(ITI) or transfer R re previous trial - - - Fle,HJ'68e MVPO Acq delayed reproduction 4-lite pattern in 4 x 4 matrix - - Med,DL'69- Above perf not-f(symmetry), incr-f(dispersion) Med,DL'69- MVPO Interp delayed-R perf as-f(delay interval) re both STM/LTM Med,DL'72- MVPh W/4x4=16 locations, acq R to white lite w/5-sec delay - - - Bor,ML'73- Above acq decr-f(N/red lites) 1 to 6, no diff w/6-15 Bor,ML'73- MVOO Ident position perseveration error-factor in delayed R - - Len,JL'81+ TVPO Observe object permanence (choose screen w/hidden object) - Thi,C.'81+ CVPU Observe object permanence re approach screen w/hidden food Thi,C.'82e DEHS>>3:00. Observational Discrimination Learning DG****qoH SGPO Decr social acq of safe-food pref w/Thy-1 KO O - - - - - - May,V.'00e Note: Above O normal re anxiety/acty/explor/spatial lrng May,V.'00e NVLH No evidence of observational lrng w/relational prob - - - - Yer,RM'34- OSL- Indiv trng > paired re color discrim w/parakeet - - - - - - All,WC'36+ NSLH After discrim pretrng, observational lrng only w/reinf - - Cra,MP.39+ MSL 1st-tr object discrim perf facil w/observe 1-tr w/other O - Dar,CL'59- Above perf better if demonstrator made error vs rewarded Dar,CL'59- M - Title: Observational lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mah.JL'63+ R Title: Observation and discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - - Koh,B.'76- OSUU No facil effect of observe correct perf by other horses - - Bae,KL'84e P Title: Observational lrng of hue discrim - - - - - - - - - Hog,DE'86- PVPH Acq facil w/observe less > more proficient model re errors Bie,GB'88+ Systematic Analysis of Observational Discrimination Learning DG****qHz XXXX Disting imitation vs R as-f(enhanced attn re S/location) - Spe,KW'37- M Monkey only imitate R in repertoire, based on R facil Spe,KW'37- MSL Note similarity of observational lrng to delayed-R - - - - Dar,CL'59- XXX- Research on imitative beh - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fla,JP'68- HXXX Exposure to hostile words--> incr hostile beh - - - - - - - Car,DS'83e HXXX Perceive beh (eg aggression)-->representation-->own beh - - Ber,L.'84- ASXO Disting imitation vs copy (same R w/out understand R-->S) - Gal,B.'88- ASOO Imitatn re R-topography w/2-action task (R1-->S or R2-->S) Hey,CM'90+ OSOO Mvmt imitation w/birds evolved from song lrng, not= mammals Moo,BR'92- AXXX Title: Evolution of imitation (Slater) - - - - - - - - - - Whi,A.'92+ ASOO Title: Imitative lrng in animals (Heyes) - - - - - - - - - Zen,TR'96- XSOO Need to ident motive to imitate (eg social significance) - dWa,FB'98- XSOO Disting imitatn vs priming (incr acty stored representatn) Byr,RW'98+ Ident action-level/program-level imitation in great apes Byr,RW'98+ SXOO Must understand function of acts w/in program for imitation Byr,RW'98+ FSOO Both action/program imitation w/dolphins, action is social Kuc,SA'98e Disting prob-solving re program imitatn/creatn (insight) Kuc,SA'98e XSOL Add role of listening to observation re imitation (eg song) Tod,D.'98- DEHS>>4:00. Conditional Discrimination (Identity) DG****hHD Term: Matching-to-Sample (MTS) NxPO Match objects w/color > size > form, not w/15-min delay - - Koh,N.'29- NOPO Acq choice of matching object, w/hi S/Genz to new objects - Nis,HW'48e PVP- Nonmatching > matching-to-sample = amatching w/diff sample Gin,N.'57- DVPH Report MTS beh w/color Ss - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cum,WW'61+ PUPH Acq DMS w/diff procedures - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ber,R.'63e PVPH No decr in MTS perf w/satiation/pre-feeding - - - - - - - - Cum,WW'65e PVPH Acq MTS w/0-delay 2 novel Ss - - - - - - - - Hol,PW'79- PVPH Acq form MTS w/diff size samples/comparison S - - - - - - - Pis,R.'84e PVPH Infer S-class reflexivity/symmetry/transitivity re S/Genz - Zen,TR'93+ PVPH Between-key recog of familiar, not novel pictorial Ss - - - MPh,EM'95e DEHS>>4:10. Delayed Conditional Discrimination (Identity) DG****hHE Term: Delayed Matching-to-Sample (DMTS) NVPO Chimp match colors/figures > achromatic S w/ < 15-sec delay Yer,RM'25- NVPO Delayed (2/10/20/40-sec) MTS > non-spatial delayed-R - - - Fin,G.'42- SVPO Signif non-spatial 35-sec DMTS, facil w/discrim pretrng - - Rie,AH'42+ nVPO Acq non-spatial delay-R w/color MTS, facil w/color pre-trng Rie,AM'42+ MVLO Acq delayed-MTS re color/form attribute - - - - - - - - - - Sim,MM'44+ PVPH Delayed MTS decr-f(delay), is-f diff in mediating beh - - - Blo,DS'59- MVPO DMTS decr-f(1/3/9/18-sec delay) indep of 2/3/4-S set size - Etk,M.'69+ MxP DMTS perf decr w/interpolated cued acty - - - - - - - - - - Moi,SL'70- PVPH Temporary backward assn w/delayed not simult symbolic MTS - Hog,DE'77+ RVPT After prolonged expose to S, 30-min delayed MTS - - - - - - Ale,T.'78+ PVPH IDCD re color w/FR2 dark context during long ITI - - - - San,A.'84- OAP W/budgerigars, auditory delay MTS w/diff acoustic category Dow,JD'88e FxLU Dolphin acq delayed visual MTS after trng w/visual-auditory For,PH.88+ PVPH Decr delay MTS w/incr, not decr context illum during delay Gra,DS'88- PxPH Delayed MTS w/visual > duration cue, both decr-f(delay) - - Bow,RL'90+ PVL- Delaying offset of Ss after error facil MTS/-MTS acq - - - Str,V.'91+ Above not attrib to incr Lat(R), diff outcome, delay tr Str,V.'91+ PVPH Many-to-1 MTS decr/incr w/diff outcomes (un)correl w/sample Urc,PJ'91- DEHS>>4:20. Delayed Conditional Discrim (Differential) DG****hHF Def: Choice S1 vs S2 re prior cue other-than S1 or S2 Term: "Symbolic" Matching-to-Sample MX Title: Sign-differentiated object discrim - - - - - - - - War,JM'60- PVPH Acq "symbolic" matching color --> choice line-tilt - - - - Rod,HK'74- After above, fail to acq matching figures-->choice color Rod,HK'74- PVPH Acq line-tile discrim conditional on prior color cue - - - Bro,DL'76+ Above acq facil w/diff (food/H2O) reinf re line tilt Bro,DL'76+ Note: W/diff reinf, R topography re cue is-f(reinf) Bro,DL'76+ Conditional discrim perf w/wild-caught > domestic O Bro,DL'76+ PVPH Acq line-tilt discr conditional on prior color cue, v/versa Coh,LR'76e Above acq facil w/diff Sched(Rf) (DRL,FR) re sample cue Coh,LR'76e MxLU 2/5 O acq match touch cue w/visual S - - - - - - - - - - - Bol,RB'78- PVPH DDCD facil w/different reinf (food/H2O) re cue-choice Ss - Pet,GB'78e After above, chance perf if reverse or remove diff reinf Pet,GB'78e PVPH Acq choice red-green re trial onset w/food/no-food - - - - Wil,DM'78- PVPH W/form/hue Ss, S/Genz decr w/recovery of symbolic MTS - - - Hol,PW'79- PVPH Use food/no-food outcome of discrim tr as cue for DMTS - - Mak,WS'79- Lite-on during delay decr DMTS w/no effect on discrim Mak,WS'79- Above implies effect of reinf/nonreinf not-f(outcome STM Mak,WS'79- PVPH Acq line-tilt discrim conditional on prior color cue - - - DLo,RE'81+ Above acq facil w/diff P(Rf) (.2/1.0) re lin DLo,RE'81+ Effect not-f(diff R re cue S), incr-f(delay B4 choice DLo,RE'81+ PVLH Discrim line tilt re sample color Ss w/CRF after 1 S and Hon,WK'81+ nonreinf after other S > PRF correct R after both Ss Hon,WK'81+ Interp above re prospective and retrospective memories D Hon,WK'81+ PxPH HL not tone during delay decr symbolic food-S-->color MTS - Wil,DM'81e Above diff re HL/tone also obtained on simple VI sched Wil,DM'81e PxPH "Surprising" cue B4 food/no-food sample facil symtolic DMTS Gra,DS'83e MVPH Fail to obtain backward assn w/reverse cue/comparison Ss - DAm,MR'85e Monkeys but not pigeon show transitivity re symbolic MTS DAm,MR'85e PVPH Re symbolic DMTS perf, Delay(Reinf) < delay B4 choice - - - MCa,D.'86+ PVPH Acq conditional discrim decr-f(2 or 4 sample/comparison S) Zen,TR'87e PVPH W/symbolic MTS, element > compound (color/line-orient) - - Ril,DA'91+ Perceive compound as unitary whole is-f(separation/trng) Ril,DA'91+ PVPH Conditional delayed MTS facil w/added cue re discrim-S-qual San,A.'91+ PVPH Scopolamine decr long/short-->red/green DMTS - - - - - - - San,A.'91+ Above re incr choice-short bias; sim to cue-to-forget San,A.'91+ PAPH Choose-short effect: pref S assoc w/short S incr-f(delay) - Gra,DS'93+ Implies analogical coding S-duratn w/decr asof(delay) Gra,DS'93+ Elim effect w/many-to-one trng w/>1 set of sample Ss Gra,DS'93+ PAPH Infer temporal-summation effect re S-duratn w/symbolic MTS Gra,DS'93+ PVPH Equivocal evidence of same-diff concept acq re symbolic MTS Lac,GD'93+ PVPH Acq conditional discr w/different (reinf/nonreinf) outcomes Urc,PJ'94+ Observe diff sample beh (peck/no-peck) re sample S Urc,PJ'94+ Pos S/Genz re test Ss assoc w/peck/no-peck Urc,PJ'94+ Above S/Genz implies beh re sample is cue to choice Urc,PJ'94+ PAPH Infer analogical coding of S-duration re symbolic MTGs - - Gra,DS'96+ OVPH Baboon acq categorical S/Genz re letter/number-->color R - Vau,J.'97+ R1PH DCDD w/S1-->R1/S2-->R2, decr-f(delay B4 choice) - - - - - - Wil,BA'98- Above effect decr-f(ITI) Wil,BA'98- DCDD w/S1-->R1/S2-->R2, decr-f(delay after choice) Wil,BA'98- Above effect not-f(ITI) Wil,BA'98- DEHS>>4:21. Effect of cue on trials w/no test Ss DG****hHX PVP1 W/delayed MTS and cue S after sample S on trials w/no test, Gra,DS'81- perf on probe test low after above "forget" cue - - Gra,DS'81- Effect of above forget-cue hi if immed after sample S Gra,DS'81- Forget-cue effect decr w/remember-cue immed B4/after cue Gra,DS'81- Systematic Analysis of Conditional Discrimination Learning DG****hHG XXXX Th: "if-then" mech: S elicits R only if facil by another S Nis,HW'53- XXX- If-then mech: Conditional (if) S1 determines R to (then) S2 Nis,HW'53e MVPO Acq 2-4-min delayed MTS w/brief (<.45 sec) S duration - - - DAm,MR'72+ Infer "lrng how to remember" re incr perf w/prolong trng DAm,MR'72+ PVPH Anal conditional discrim as concur successive discrim - - - Car,DE'75+ re sample Ss and simultaneous discrim re comparison Ss Car,DE'75+ Re above, effect of sample discriminability > comparison Car,DE'75+ PVLX Coding hypo: choice is-f(unique implicit R to each sample) Car,DE'78+ PXXX Working memory incl all-or-none "instruction" re pre-S - - Hon,WK'78- Instruction determines criterion R, terminates after R Hon,WK'78- PVPH Infer selective attn re brief/complex S-->DMTS errors - - - Ril,DA'78+ PVPH S/Genz of MTS/symbolic MTS favors S-R chaining account - - Hol,PW'79- PVPH Identity/oddity DTMS is-f(diff-R (DRL/FR) re sample Ss) Urc,PJ'80+ Interp: Fdbk cues re sample beh overshadow sample cues Urc,PJ'80+ PxPH Some symbolic DMTS solvable re presence/absence of 1 sample Coh,SL'81e PVPH Genz: Matching/oddity lrng based on approach/avoid identity Zen,TR'81e Relevant uncoded root-abstracts Relevant(?) unabstracted/uncoded literature OV Title: Early dep of visual form - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sie,AI'53- Title: Lrng as-f(S predifferentiation) - - - - - - - - - - Bal,RD'54- R Title: Wakefulness acty on perf - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bra,OR'56- R Title: Early visual environ on discrim - - - - - - - - - - Coo,SJ'66- RA Title: Early auditory restrictn on discr - - - - - - - - - Tee,RC'67- RV Title: Early visual dep on discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - Tee,RC'68- Title: S-sim on S-familiarization effect - - - - - - - - - Kub,SK'70- RV Title: Restricted rearing on discrim - - - - - - - - - - - Mea,PG'72- R Title: Neonatal thyroxine stim on lrng - - - - - - - - - - Dav,JW'73+ R Title: Neonatal hyperthroidism on lrng - - - - - - - - - - Dav,JW'75e R Title: Early thyroid deficiency on lrng - - - - - - - - - Dav,JW'76e A Title: Exposure lrng in animals - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hal,G.'80- R Title: Percep lrng w/nondiff reinf - - - - - - - - - - - - Hal,G.'80+ Rxx Title: Early undernutritn on discrim lrng - - - - - - - - Ton,J.'84+ R Title: Isolation rearing on social perf - - - - - - - - - Ree,P.'96e PV Title: Priming of attn - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fre,T.'98e