LOGAN: LAWS OF LEARNING (Basic Processes) July 2004 DISCRIMINATION LEARNING: Excitation Current Contingency Interdependent Variables Contents Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Positive/Interdependent-Operation Principle DECC<>1:00. Stimulus Discrimination Learning DB****aDA Genz DECC<>1:01. Simultaneous vs Successive Discrim DB****aaD DECC<>1:02. Simultaneous vs Diff-cond DB****aaE Genz DECC<>2:00. Nature of Reinforcement in Discrim Lrng DB****aDK DECC<>2:10. Relative Effectiveness of Reinforcement DB****adK Systematic Analyses of Discrimination Learning DB****aDZ DECC<>3:00. Control Procedures for Discrimination Lrng DB****aDc DECC<>3:10. Insoluble Discrimination Situation DB****acD DECC<>4:00. Miscellaneous Discrimination Lrng Phenomena DB****aDx Miscellaneous Analyses of Discrimination Learning DB****aDz Paradigmatic/Unnatural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation DECC<>5:00. Discrimination Learning as-f(trng) DB****bDR DECC<>5:01. Insight in Discrimination Learning DB****hDH Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Positive/Interdependent-Operation DECC<>5:10. Effect of Presolution Reversal DB****anc DECC<>5:20. Effect of Extended Training DB****ann DECC<>5:30. Within-in Session Effects DB****anw DECC<>6:00. Concurrent Discriminations DB****aDd DECC<>7:00. Role of Awareness in Discrimination Learning DB****aVd Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Negative/Interdependent-Operation DECC<>8:00. Punishment effects in Discrimination Learning DB****cDp Relevant uncoded root-abstracts Relevant(?) unabstracted/uncoded literature Principle DECC<>1:00. Stimulus Discrimination Learning DB****aDA Diff reinf choice R re S1/S2 when present S1S2-->Acq pref for max reinf S NOTE: See "Systematic Analyses: Paradigms" Title: Higher-mental proc in lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - Pet,JC'17- ROOH Acq intermed-of-3 weights discrim w/Mix(lo-mid/mid-hi trng) MCu,TL'35- MVLO W/trng w/diff Ss, rapid acq/reversal - - - - - - - - - - - Har,HF'44- RVL- Rate lrng decr-f(S sim), greater w/successive than simult - MCa,EF'54- MVCH W/9-pair serial discrim, acq not-f same/varied order - - - Lea,RW'57- In above, acq slower if re-pair S- between tr Lea,RW'57- Title: Serial discrim lrng (Bush) - - - - - - - - - - - - Bow,GH'59- RVLU Acq 5 discrims at 5 choice points in single run - - - - - - Kom,D.'59- Above: line tilt/brighitness/shape/inkblots, conditional Kom,D.'59- MVPO Over series, single S- on 1st tr --> better perf than S+ - Lyn,E.'62+ C Title: 2-cue discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mum,R.'68+ FAP Auditory MTS w/dolphin, decr w/short ITI and long retention Her,LM'75- Genz DECC<>1:01. Simultaneous vs Successive Discrim DB****aaD "Successive discrim lrng" = Diff reinf choice R1 re S1S1 vs R2 re S2S2 R Title: Discrim w/single/paired S (Spence) - - - - - - - - Mal,IM'50- RVLH Acq simult discrim slower than successive (diff R to diff S Wei,P.'51+ Interp above re configuration view of S in discrim lrng Wei,P.'51+ RVJH Defend/confirm Weiss-Bitterman: Successive > simult discrim Bit,ME'53+ RVJ- Simult > successive on 1st discrim prob; no diff on second Bit,ME'54+ RTLH Successive > simult discrim w/cue lights over GB - - - - - Cal,AD'54+ R Title: Simult/successive discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wod,J.'54e RTLH Re successive, simult avoid-lite better, app-lite worse - - Cal,AD'56+ RV Title: Simult/successive discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nor,AJ'56+ CVL- More errors during acq of successive than simult discrim - War,JM'56+ RVLH Acq simult > discrim-diffcond, is-f S+ vs S- - - - - - - - Dav,RH'57- hVLO Simult discrim > successive diff-cond, not-f(Delay(Reinf)) Eri,MT'60+ xVLO Successive =concur discrim w/rock squirrel, squirrel monkey Kin,JE'66+ DECC<>1:02. Simultaneous vs Differential Conditioning DB****aaE "Diffferential Conditioning" = diff reinf re separate presentation of S1 and S2 in classcond/instrucond/opcond. RVL Acq absolute (separate S) brightness discrim < relative cue Wol,DL'37- RVPH Acq w/simult = separate S presentation w/hi transfer - - - Gri,GR'49- Interp above re absolute vs relational th discrim lrng Gri,GR'49- R Title: Single/paired S presentation - - - - - - - - - - - Nor,EB'50- RVL- Single-S trng inadequate for brightness discrim, need rel S Lac,SJ'56- Genz DECC<>2:00. Nature of Reinforcement in Discrim Lrng DB****aDK Event is reinf if it functions to sustain discrim acq/perf RILO W/protein deficient O, acq w/casein reinf vs protein-free - Her,WT'49+ MVLO Acq/maint of discrim w/reinf = explor/manip apparatus - - - But,RA'53- MVLK Acq discrims w/visual explor reinf, resistent to satiation But,RA'54+ Visual explor reinf less w/bilateral temporal lesions But,RA'54+ MJLO Acq of discrim w/reinf = object manip - - - - - - - - - - - Har,HF'54+ RTLO Acq B/W discrim w/reinf = 1-min explore complex maze - - - Mon,KC'55+ MJL- Food reward elicits competing R, interferes w/disc lrng set Rio.AJ'55- MAP- Acq position discrim w/reinf=15 sec monkey-colony sounds - But,RA'57- MVLO Acq color discrim w/reinf=visual explor environ - - - - - - But,RA'57+ HVL- Prob(R) to cue = Prob(reinf) of cue in S+/S- compounds - - Est,WK'57e NVCO Reinf discrim beh w/30-sec grooming of experimenter's arm - Fal,JL'58- DECC<>2:10. Relative Effectiveness of Reinforcement DB****adK HMLO Acq w/bell-right > bell-wrong - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sil,SB'37+ MV - Rel reinf value: Peanuts/raisins/celery/bread/potato - - - Har,HF'52+ h L- Acq discrim faster w/candy vs praise/token, w/8/9-yr > 4/5 Ter,G.'57+ RVB Title: Food/ESB reinf on discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - Ter,M.'68+ Systematic Analyses of Discrimination Learning DB****aDZ OVLH Interp chick brightness discrim re Gestalt (sudden lrng) - Lew,MH'30- AXX- Nature of discrimination learning in animals - - - - - - - Spe,KW'36- Each alternative is compound of S elements incl position Spe,KW'36- Each element has excitatory tend (E) elicit approach R Spe,KW'36- Incr E w/reinf = incr-decr-f(existing E of each element) Spe,KW'36- Decr E w/nonreinf = incr-f(existing E of each element) Spe,KW'36- Exclude punish which strengthens competing R Spe,KW'36- Only S elements that affect sensorium participate Spe,KW'36- E of alternative = sum of E of elements in that compound Spe,KW'36- Alternative chosen is one w/greatest total E strength Spe,KW'36- Systematic pre-solution beh if irrel cues differ in E Spe,KW'36- Systematic beh to irrel cues may develop in naive O Spe,KW'36- Sudden solution by O w/large diff in E to irrel cues Spe,KW'36- Systematic beh will develop in unsolvable sit Spe,KW'36- Pre-solution reversal of S+/S- retards subsequent discr Spe,KW'36- AXX- Visual discrim may require lrng of receptor-orienting-acts Spe,KW'40- Above lrng if diff OrR are diff reinf Spe,KW'40- Define pre-solution period--B4 O resp above chance to S+ Spe,KW'40- Non-continuity--O tests only 1 hypo at a time Spe,KW'40- Continuity--lrng re rel cues (if received) on every tr Spe,KW'40- Continuity--irrel tendencies neutralized by nondiff rf Spe,KW'40- XXX- Fitting empirical lrng curve w/math function is not theory Spe,KW'52- Hypothetical lrng proc need not match empirical function Spe,KW'52- Must use complete theory to evaluate fit w/data Spe,KW'52- Must evaluate theory w/in boundary conditions Spe,KW'52- In selective lrng--choose S or R w/highest E value (202) - Spe,KW'56- Observe boundary cond (e.g. receive both S simult) (202) Spe,KW'56- XXX- Stat lrng model of discrim based on cond single components Bur,CJ'57+ XXXX Stat model for discrim based on Prob(R) assoc w/S elements Gre,EJ'58- XXX- Elaborates 1956 contiguity theory for selective lrng - - - Spe,KW'58- S/Genz gradient of excit-pot steeper under hi drive Spe,KW'58- Diff-cond incr-f(drive) Spe,KW'58- Choice as-f(trng) is not-f(D) w/N/trials to S+/S- equal Spe,KW'58- Nonreinf inhib as-f(frustration R) may be f(drive) Spe,KW'58- MVLO Infer relational lrng re intermediate size w/rhesus - - - - Gen,GV'59e R Title: Discrim lrng (Kendler) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ams,A.'71- DECC<>3:00. Control Procedures for Discrimination Lrng DB****aDc AVLX Need to control light inten, position B4 infer form discrim Hun,WS'13- RVPH Apparent form discrim elim w/equal area/brightness - - - - Mun,NL'29- RVLH Jumping-stand acq facil w/2 promonotories, 1 toward each S Hai,M.'39- XXXX Need to elim secondary spatio-temporal cues (eg altern) - - Nis,HW'39- ROPH Delayed non-MTS not-f odor re experimenter handling objects Mum,DG'95e DECC<>3:10. Insoluble Discrimination Situation DB****acD "Insoluble discrim" = Partial non-diff reinf re all available cue Ss RxPH W/insol discrm, systematic beh initiated by O - - - - - - - Kre,I.'32- RxPH After insol discrim trng, systematic beh change re soluble Kre,I.'33- RVPH W/insol discrim, maze-bright favor positn, dulls brightness Kre,I.'33- RCOH Anal neurotic beh as-f jump forced w/compressed air - - - - Mai,NR'39- RRCO "Neurotic" beh is-f auditory S from air blast, not discrim Mor,CT'39+ RVJH Decr abnormal acty if enable abortive escape from S- - - - Mai,NR'40- RVJH Disting fixation re lrng vs fixation as-f(frustration) - - Mai,NR.40e Devel "fixated" position-R w/insoluble discrim Mai,NR'40e Note: R to S- punished w/bump-on-nose and fall-to-net Mai,NR'40e After above, fail to acq soluble discrim Mai,NR'40e Note: Diff Lat(R) w/S+/S- in fixated position Mai,NR'40e Attrib abnormal strong fixated R to conflict/frustration Mai,NR'40e RVKJ Devel fixated R after prior lrng discrim/position habit - - Mai,NR'43+ RVLH Attrib fixation (fail soluble after insoluble) to frustratn Kle,JB'44- Facil elim of fixated R by manual guidance Kle,JB'44- RVJH Acq after fixation w/insoluble prob facil w/guidance vs T&E Mai,NR'45+ RVJH R-fixation w/insoluble discrim involves motiv factor Egl,A.'51- because make fixated R w/visible food in alternative - - Egl,A.'51- RVJH Attrib fixation to frustration-->decr prob-solving beh - - Mai,NR'51+ RVJ- After fixation trng w/jump R, learn discrim w/walk R to Ss Fel,RS'53- Above discrim w/walk R did not transfer back to jump R Fel,RS'53- XXLX Attrib "fixation" re insoluble pre-trng to inhib - - - - - Egl,A.'54- RVPH W/position fixated w/jump R, some subj acq discrim w/walk R Ell,P.'58- R J R-fixation incr-f N/inconsistent reinf/pun in trng - - - - Hir,H.'58- R CH P(fixated beh) w/insoluble discrim incr-f(Prob(pun)) - - - Shi,EH'59- M Title: Insolvable discrim on lrng set - - - - - - - - - - Rum,DM'64+ RVOH Attrib R-fixation to go-no-go conflict re (non)spatial cues Fel,RS'67+ RVLH Prior soluble discrim elim helpless effect of insoluble Mul,GP.78+ trng unless O devel position R w/insoluble discrim - - - Mul,GP.78+ HLOO Prior insoluble decr soluble perf only if told task signif Ski,NF'79- DECC<>4:00. Miscellaneous Discrimination Lrng Phenomena DB****aDx HOLO Fail to assoc diff smells w/pictures/colors - - - - - - - - Bog,EM'07+ RVLH W/2 contrary B/W discrim B4 reinf, acq 2nd B4 1st - - - - - Tol,EC'34- HVP- Acq stable interp of incomplete/ambiguous S, w/verbal facil Lee,R.'35- RxLH Concl low pos correl sensory acuity and propriocep discrim Ghi,EE'36+ hVPO After trng w/4-dimen Ss, 4-yr-olds choose absolute S - - - Jac,TA'39+ RVLH Configuration (2-sit) lrng > relational (4-sit) - - - - - - Tur,JR'52e RVLH B/W discrim in T-maze facil w/GB same as choice pt - - - - Bau,FJ'53+ RVLH Acq brightness discrim facil w/congruent GB brightness - - Eni,MU'53- MVPO Present S+ alone w/reinf or S- alone w/nonreinf on trial 1, Kin,JE'62+ perf on choice trial 2 is-f(% S+ or S- on trial 1) - Kin,JE'62+ Eg if 75% S+ on tr-1 hi tr-2 perf after S+, not after S- Kin,JE'62+ Or if 75% S- on tr-1,hi tr-2 perf after S-, not after S+ Kin,JE'62+ Interp former re suppress R-shift, latter re R-persevere Kin,JE'62+ RR Title: Monotonicity of neg S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Deu,JA'65+ MVPO Forced nonreinf S- >reinf S+ re choice on tr 2, decr-f(ITI) Boy,WN'66- CAHH W/discrim lever-OpR, pre-S HR during acq higher than extn - Sew,JP'68- Interp above re HR as-f(incentive motiv) Sew,JP'68- RVHH Observe incr in basal HR on reinf trials - - - - - - - - - Sew,JP'69e MOPO W/previously unchosen object, pref one from rewarded trial Med,DL'77- RVLH Acq w/variable S- < S+; interp re avoid S- > approach S+ - Mul,GP'79+ MNOU Record diff Hippocamp EEG B4 R on correct/incorrect choices Lee,HM'80- OVLH No color pref w/honeybee after trng w/diff-Amt(Reinf) color Buc,GM'89+ MVPH Acq 5-item serial chain ABCDE + pairwise chains AB/BC/CD/DE DAm,MR'90+ After above, Lat(1st R) decr-f separation BE spatial coding + assoc chain memory DAm,MR'90+ Miscellaneous Analyses of Discrimination Learning DB****aDz HALO Average human can acq absolute pitch w/trng w/attn to notes Mul,HK'25- RVLH Need combination of localization and mass action re brain - Las,KS'31- RVLH Attrib conflicting discr to sense of spatial/temporal order Ros,EL'39- RVLH Ident excitability early and recog rel cues later in acq - Ret,D.'41- HOPO P(attrib causality to PRF S1) decr-f(correl S1S2 w/reinf) - Was,EA'90- HOPO Note: David Hume (1789) rules of assn--> S selection Was,EA'90- XXXX Ident lrng/intel hierarchy: (1) habituation/sensitization; Tho,RK'92- (2) signal lrng (classcond); (3) operant/instrumental; Tho,RK'92- (4) R-chains; (5) discrim lrng; (6) lrng class concepts; Tho,RK'92- (7) relational concepts; (8) biconditional relationships Tho,RK'92- Ident sub-levels w/in level 6 above (absolute/relative) Tho,RK'92- ie N/cues relevant/constant/ambiguous (vary but irrel Tho,RK'92- eg Ss in "oddity" may involve non-identical non-odd S Tho,RK'92- eg small/blue/triangle odd vs medium/red/circle and Tho,RK'92- larger/red/square (oddity based on color) Tho,RK'92- DECC<>5:00. Discrimination Learning as-f(trng) DB****bDR CVL- Cite Kohler: Discrim acq gradual if must discover rel cue - Spe,KW'37- MVB- Sudden solution w/stim w/history of reinf - - - - - - - - - Spe,KW'38- Sudden solutn likely by faster learners of first discrim Spe,KW'38- RVLH P(correct) as-f(N/tr) not-f(Amt(Reinf)) - - - - - - - - - - Rey,B.'49- RVLH Note: Re above, Speed incr-f(Amt(Reinf)) Rey,B.'49- MJL- Discrim lrng facil w/1st tr correct (stay) vs wrong (shift) Rio,AJ'54+ MJL- Faster acq of successive discrim if 1st tr reinf vs reverse Rio,AJ'55+ P Title: Pref as-f(Amt(trng)) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bie,GB'76e DECC<>5:01. Insight in Discrimination Learning DB****hDH OxL- Chickens discrim inten/size/form, w/insight - - - - - - - - Tak,K.'27- FVLH Discrim re lite inten, w/genz; attrib to insight vs T&E - - Per,FT'30+ XXXX Need mechanism of prob-solving and insight Spe,KW'37- XXXx W/stick/puzzle, gorilla/chimp/child learn re T&E vs insight Pec,LA'39+ XXXX Insight is-f(experience) re perceive new org of S (165) Heb,DO'46- XXX- Is insight more than T+E + receptor adjustments - - - - - - Spe,KW'51- RMLH Account for "insight" in rats w/simpler "expectancy" th - - Ant,WS'59- xVLO Infer insight re rapid acq oddity w/wolf vs dog - - - - - - Fra,H.'89e DECC<>5:10. Effect of Presolution Reversal DB****anc ROL Title: Pre-solution in weight discrim - - - - - - - - - - MCu,TL'34+ RVLH No effect of pre-solution reversal on acq of difficult disc Kre,I.'38- Note: Above based on N/errors in Lashley correction meth Kre,I.'38- RVJH No decr w/presolution reversal if rel cues require ObR - - Ehr,D.'48- Acq decr w/presolution reversal if rel cues perspicuous Ehr,D.'48- RVJH Acq decr-f(N/pre-trng trials w/reversed conting) - - - - - Gat,FP'51- HVL- Acq discrim decr by small amt pretrng w/reversed cues - - - Wal,RD'52- No effect of omitting critical discrim cue for 1st 11 tr - Bra,JI'61- DECC<>5:20. Effect of Extended Training DB****ann DECC<>5:30. Within-in Session Effects DB****anw DECC<>6:00. Concurrent Discriminations DB****aDd MVLO Acq concur MTS, non-MTS, and S-conting R-diff w/same Ss - - Har,HF'42- RVJH Concur acq lite(L)-dark(D) and horizontal(H)-vertical(V) Sal,EL'51+ Acq both above w/altern trials w/L+ vs D- and H+ vs V- Sal,EL'51+ No acq w/altern trials w/L+ ve V- and H+ vs D- Sal,EL'51+ Infer relational lrng but only w/simult presentation Sal,EL'51+ NVLH Acq concur discrim of 5/10/20 pairs of S in rotation - - - Hay,KJ'53e MOLH W/3 Ss, perf on trials w/S1+ vs S2- > S2+ vs S3- - - - - - Fle,HJ'65+ RVLH Acq w/varied S+ vs fixed S- < varied S- vs fixed S+ - - - - Gar,RA'65+ MVPO Acq concur S1+,S2- > S2+,S3 w/flat S - - - - - - - - - - - Boy,WN'66e Acq concur S1+,S1- < S2+,S3 w/object S Boy,WN'66e PVPH Acq form discrim decr-f(P(Reinf)) of concur color discrim - Wil,BA'77- DECC<>7:00. Role of Awareness in Discrimination Learning DB****aVd HVO- Card-sort beh is-f verbal reinf w/out awareness - - - - - - Ess,WB'56- HVVO Acq pref re nonsense syllables w/out awareness - - - - - - Eri,CW'58e Above pref genz to later ESP or size judgment task Eri,CW'58e HxOO Acq S-sort beh re pereceptual = verbal Ss w/out awareness - Ess,WB'59- HXX- Mult concur-R model w/overt-R/awareness indep correl w/S - Eri,CW'60- Concl: No proof for subliminal discrim/lrng w/out aware Eri,CW'60- DECC<>8:00. Punishment effects in Discrimination Learning DB****cDp RVLS Acq discr invert-U-f(inten(pun), optimal decr-f(difficulty) Yer,RM'08+ SVLO Acq B/W w/dancing mouse is-f(inten pun error) w/ correction Yer,RM'09- Re above, optimal pun decr-f(difficulty) Yer,RM'09- RVL- Reward + punish > only punish > only reward in discrim lrng War,CJ'27+ cVLH W/reinf S+ vs pun S-, acq not-f(Delay(Pun)) - - - - - - - - Woo,AB'33- RVLx Air-blast > shock punish re decr errors - - - - - - - - - - Bay,AG'40- RVJH Punish errors incr Lat(R) and R-force, incr-f(difficulty) - Fin,FW'41- RVxH Beh re conflict is-f(drive and punish) re difficulty - - - Bro,JS'42- Re above, hi drive-->indiscriminate R; punish-->w/drawal Bro,JS'42- HVPO Pun in insoluble discrim-->aggressn/stereotypy, not fixatn Mar,DI'48- RVLH Acq incr-f(Delay(Punish)) only if cue B4 shock - - - - - - Bev,W.'55+ RVJ- Fall into net w/fixation trng is a cue affecting later lrng Gla,LL'55+ V Title: Punish on visual discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - - Pri,A.'56- h O Acq w/reinf=candy < w/reinf=candy + punish=lose candy - - - Bra,Y.'58+ RVMH Acq discrim not facil by S assoc w/gap in runway in pretrng Mue,KF'58+ Title: Point applicatn of pun (JJGibson) - - - - - - - - - Tig,TJ'59- R Title: Delayed pun on choice beh - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ted,WH'67- R Title: Punish in discrim lrng (Campbell) - - - - - - - - - Fow,H.'69- PVPH W/=FR sched, near-100% choice color assoc w/30% vs 70% TO - Top,JS'70+ RVLH GB shock-right facil B/W discrim w/delayed reinf - - - - - Fow,H.'71e Interp sh-right facil as distinctive cue to incr discrim Fow,H.'71e OOOO Honeybee acq color discrim re sucrose vs sucrose+shock - - Abr,CI'86- SVLT Acq visual discrim only w/pun by blocking incorrect door - Reu,JH'88+ Relevant uncoded root-abstracts RVLX _Interp discrim lrng re 2 diff config: BL vs WR and WL vs BR Gul,H.'38+ Relevant(?) unabstracted/uncoded literature RV Title: Antagonistic visual discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - Kre,I.'32- XXX Title: Qual discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hul,CL'50- PVL Title: Anal discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Jon,LV'51- Title: (Non)continuity th of discrim - - - - - - - - - - - Rei,JB'51- HVL Title: Lrng w/out awareness (Bechtoldt) - - - - - - - - - Bir,D.'52- Title: Test Spence's th - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wel,JC'53- M Title: 1st-trial proc on discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - Rio,AJ'54e R Title: Simult/successive discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bit,ME'55e Title: Continuity hypo (DLawrence) - - - - - - - - - - - - Goo,WR'55- R Title: Trng meth + reward var on discrim - - - - - - - - - MKe,RK'56- Title: Correction and ITI stim - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cle,CC'58- MJ Title: Progressive discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - She,WF'58+ R Title: Discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Car,PL'59- CA Title: Trng proc on auditory freq discrim - - - - - - - - Tho,RF'59- Title: Nonreinf in 2-choice lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gre,JG'61- Title: Paired vs single-S presentation - - - - - - - - - - Lip,LP'61+ Rx Title: Reinf value of food vs ESB - - - - - - - - - - - - Kli,JW'62+ HxP Title: Improve visual/tactual (JJGibson) - - - - - - - - - Pic,AD'63- Title: Differentiatn vs mediatn (JJGibson) - - - - - - - - Tig,LS'63- R Title: Forced-choice on free-choice - - - - - - - - - - - Atk,RC'64+ Title: Errorless discrim w/fading proc - - - - - - - - - - Moo,R.'64+ RB Title: Free/forced trials on discrim - - - - - - - - - - - Por,JJ'64- Title: Discrete-trial trng tech (Harlow) - - - - - - - - - Mey,DR'65e MSP Title: Prompted/T+E discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fle,HJ'66- Title: Wide range math model (RRBush) - - - - - - - - - - Lov,EP'66- RVB TItle: 2 psychophysical meth - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mos,H.'66+ MX Title: Freq-specific mech in discrim - - - - - - - - - - - Shu,H.'66+ M P Title: Discrim lrng w/option to switch - - - - - - - - - - Ree,R.'67+ M Title: Correction in mult discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - Rio,AJ'67e Title: Nondiff-reinf in 2-cue discrim - - - - - - - - - - And,L.'70+ h Title: Success/failure on lrng (SHarter) - - - - - - - - - Mei,ES'71- Title: Hypo info in lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sch,RM'71- R Title: Trng proc/difficulty on discrim - - - - - - - - - - All,JP'72- Title: Single/2-R trng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ram,AP'72- P Title: All-or-none acq of MTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rod,HK'74- R Title: S vs R lrng in discrim punish sit - - - - - - - - - Bol,RC'75e R Title: Overtrng and incentive - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Git,MM'75- RT Title: "Thinking ahead" in discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - Hul,SH'75+ P Title: Inhib w/errorless trng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sim,MJ'76- Title: Shaping/fading/T&E trng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sch,GL'77- Title: Lrng as-f(R-cost/reinf) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mat,LH'78- PV Title: Subproblem lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gif,JL'81- RUx Title: Signif of reinf for signal discrim - - - - - - - - Sem,VN'83+ PVP Title: Attn/genz on category (Wasserman) - - - - - - - - - Bha,RS'88- RV Title: Beh teratology II: Discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - Sch,G.'88e XXX Title: Conditional discrim (Commons) - - - - - - - - - - - Mak,WS'91+ P Title: Backward assn in delayed discrim - - - - - - - - - Zen,TR'92e P Title: Successive delayed MTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Jac,P.'93e R Title: Trial tracking - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Coh,JS'99+