LOGAN: LAWS OF LEARNING (Basic Processes) July 2004 DISCRIMINATION LEARNING: Inhibition Current Contingency Interdependent Variables Contents Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Positive/Interdependent-Operation Principle DICC<>1:00. Discrimination Learning (Transfer) Db****aad Law DICC<>2:00. Reversal/Nonreversal Shifts Db****aqs DICC<>2:10. Discrimination Reversal Learning Db****aaR Genz DICC<>2:11. Reversal as-f(Amt(Trng) Db****aaT DICC<>2:12. Reversal as-f(N/Reversals) Db****aaV Genz DICC<>3:00. Discrimination Learning Set Db****aaX Systematic Analyses of Learning (Transfer) Db****aaZ Paradigmatiac/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation Principle DICC<>4:00. Experimental Extinction (Discrimination) Db****bbd Systematic Analyses of Experimental Extinction Db****bbz DICC<>4:10. R/Extn as-f(N/Acq tr) Db****bna Relevant uncoded root-abstracts Relevant (?) unabstracted/uncoded literature Principle DICC<>1:00. Discrimination Learning (Transfer) Db****aad Prior discrim trng facil/inhib lrng re old/new general/specific cues HxUO Trng w/discrim sound inten facil brightness discrim - - - - Coo,JE'07+ ROLH Gradual breakdown of discrim w/non-diff reinf, decr-f(trng) And,AC'37- RTxH Acq successive discrim facil w/pretrng w/differentiation - Jay,J.'50- Above facil incr-f(mag of required R in pretrng) Jay,J.'50- RVLH Transfer B+ vs large or small W- to small W+ vs large W- - Gri,GR'51- Above transfer from large W- > small W- orig trng Gri,GR'51- Title: S-prediff on transfer - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fos,HW'53- RNL- Extn of fixated beh not facil by guidance + ECS - - - - - - Fel,RS'54+ RVL- Acq discrim after devel fixated R not facil w/guidance - - Has,GM'54e RVAH Acq of discrim slow after devel position R w/insoluble prob Mai,NR'56+ Show abortive beh to avoid pun in insoluble prob sit Mai,NR'56+ RNL- Effect of ECS on fixated beh not-f(Amt(trng w/insoluble) - Fel,RS'57+ Title: Transfer relations in discrim lrng - - - - - - - - War,JM'59- RVLH Pos/neg transfer diff-opcond to discrim w/same/diff S+ - - DAm,MR'60+ RVPH Acq B/W discrim in 1 locatn-->little transfer to new locatn Log,FA'61- RV Title: Previous discrim on new prob - - - - - - - - - - - Ros,LE'62- MOPO W/2-tr/prob, acq R-shift lrng set (ie opposite R on tr 2) - Bro,WL'63+ RV Title: Transfer angle to brightness - - - - - - - - - - - Mac,NJ'63- M Title: Extensive 2-prob trng on transfer - - - - - - - - - Tre,FR'66- GVLU Acq monocular pattern discrim w/facil reverse in other eye Lev,DM'67+ Retain orig pattern discrim after above reversal lrng Lev,DM'67+ RVLU Retain monocular pattern discrim after reverse in other eye Lev,DM'67+ x Title: Oddity transfer, chimp/child - - - - - - - - - - - Str,PN'67- RVLO Brightness reversal lrng w/hi > lo ESB reinf and short ITI Joh,RN'68- RVLH Context variability in acq incr transfer re diff location - Log,FA'68e Hypo: Varied context in acq decr context control discrim Log,FA'68e RVLU After 2-S size discrim, acq intermed size re absolute size Lav,JJ'69e RVLH Overtrng w/stripes facil transfer to shape S, not width - - Wal,TG'70- Title: Transfer of discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Eck,KO'73- x Title: Intra/extradimensional transfer - - - - - - - - - - Cou,PA'76e BV Interocular transfer not facil w/overtrng orig discrim - - DVo,W.'88+ PVLH Errorless acq conditional discr w/fading color-->line tilt Plo,BO'91- Above transfer of S-control did not facilitate lrng Plo,BO'91- Law DICC<>2:00. Reversal/Nonreversal Shifts Db****aqs After discrim trng, reversal S+/S- > change to prior irrel cues H Title: Reversal/nonreversal shifts - - - - - - - - - - - - Bus,AH'56- hVLO W/nursery-age O, non-reversal > reversal w/w/out verbalize Ken,TS'60e hVLO W/retardates, extradimen shift < reversal/intradimen shift Hou,BJ'62+ RVL After trng w/form or stripe relevant, intradimensional She,BE'64+ shift to new forms or stripes > extradimenaional shift She,BE'64+ hVOO W/nursery school subj, non = reversal after verbal pretrng Cob,NJ'66+ x LO N/errors w/reversal > nonreversal w/cat, no diff w/rhesus - Cou,LW'66+ RxLH Incr acq w/repeated reversals w/out transfer to nonreversal Mac,NJ'69+ PVLH Intradimen (eg color rel w/new colors)>extra (eg tilt rel) Mac,NJ'69+ MVL W/only 10-tr/prob over a series of discrim problems, She,BE'69+ maint same relevant S dimension =alternate dimensions She,BE'69+ W/trng to criterion on each problem, intradimensional She,BE'69+ shifts become superior to alternating dimensions She,BE'69+ RxLH Extended trng w/visual discrim facil transfer to spatial - Wal,TG'73- Note: In above, orig visual cues not present in transfer Wal,TG'73- MxCh Extradimensional shift not-f extended trng or reversal trng War,JM'73+ PVPH After trng w/color or orient relevant, intra = extra- Hal,G.'85+ dimensional shift w/new colors/orientations - - - - - - Hal,G.'85+ xVLO W/human/marmoset, transfer re intra > extra-dimen shift - - Rob,AC'88e DICC<>2:10. Discrimination Reversal Learning Db****aaR RVLH No correl, indiv diff in rate of initial acq w/reversal - - Hun,WS'22- NVL- Reversal facil if change 1 S- to 11, v/versa, vs same N/S- MCu,TL'37+ RTOH Re reversal/transposition, lrng gradual/contin w/rapid perf Pra,JG'38- MVLO Reappearance of position tend during reversal re form - - - Col,J.'51- MOL- Effect of Amt(Reinf) on reversal lrng devel over reversals Mey,DR'51- RVLH Reversal faster after CRF than PRF trng - - - - - - - - - - Gro,JH'54e Rxx- Amt of systematic beh during reversal incr-f(N/S dimensions Law,DH'55+ RVL Discrim reversal slower after PRF if N-R seq end w/reinf - Gro,JH'56+ FVLH Initial errors w/discrim reversal different w/fish re rat - Wod,J.'57+ MVLO Object reversal w/P(reinf)=100 vs 0 after 60 vs 0 >60 vs 40 Ela,CB'58+ RVCH Discrim reversal retarded by PRF of S+ in acq - - - - - - - Ken,HH'58+ Discrim reversal retarded by hi-D during reversal Ken,HH'58+ CVL Successive reversal lrng not-f(10, 70-sec ITI) - - - - - - Cro,JN'60e LVLH Reversal w/extn B4 reversal < immed reversal - - - - - - - DAm,MR'60+ RVLH B/W reversal after CRF > PRF, w/ORE only w/PRF - - - - - - Erl,A.'63- MOLO Reversal facil w/pre-reversal tr w/1 S, S- > S+ - - - - - - Cro,HA'64e MVLO Over series of prob, reversal after 10 > after 20 acq tr - Boy,WN'65+ RVLH After trng/overtrng Discrim1 Mix w/Discrim2, Reversal 2 > 1 Coa,WB'65+ MOLO Reversal facil by pre-reversal tr w/1 S, S- > S+ - - - - - Cro,HA'65+ hVPO W/2-dimen Ss, reversal/intradimen shifts > extradimen - - - Dic,DJ.66- OVPU Errorless form reversal w/sea lion w/concur size cue - - - Sch,RJ'66- During gradual elim above size cue, OrR decr w/trng Sch,RJ'66- RVLH B/W reversal facil w/intertrial nonreinf in old pos GB - - Bow,J.'67- RY Title: S+ and S- in reversal + transfer - - - - - - - - - Man,JM'68- RVLH Overtrng facil extradimen shift only w/sim init rel cues - Bas,BH'70- MVLH Eye fixation duration not-f difficulty w/brightness discrim Sch,AM'73+ Eye fixation duratn temp incr w/reversal of hard discrim Sch,AM'73+ RNLH Septal lsn-->incr in repeat-errors in reversal, not N/tr - Chi,T.'76e PVLH After 1-to-many conditional discrim (S1 --> R1 and Ra, Zen,TR'92e S2 --> R2 and Rb) reversal both R1/R2 and Ra/Rb > only 1 Zen,TR'92e Genz DICC<>2:11. Reversal as-f(Amt(Trng) Db****aaT Term: Overtraining reversal effect (ORE) Discrim reversal facil by extended trng w/original S+/S- RVLH Acq reversal facil by overtrng on orig discrim - - - - - - Rei,LS'53- R L- Obtain rapid (1-tr) reversal after extensive discrim trng - Duf,RH'54e RxL- Overtrng facil reversal of both visual/position discrims - Pub,BH'56- RVLH Rate reversal B/W discrim incr-f(amt orign trng) - - - - - Cap,EJ'57+ MVLO Reversal of serial list of object discrims decr-f(trng) - - Lea,RW'62- RxLU Overtrng facil reversal, incr-f(N/irrel cues) - - - - - - - Mac,NJ'63- MOLO Reversal incr-f(N/acq tr) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cro,HA'64e hVLO Extend trng facil reversal/intradimen, not extradimen shift Fur,HC'64+ hVLO Extended trng decr/incr reversal w/young/older children - - Gol,ES'64- MVL- After color discrim, no ORE re form discrim w/color irrel - DAm,MR'65- RVLH No ORE w/brightness discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - DAm,MR'65+ x Title: Overtrng, reversal, extn - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mac,NJ'65- x L W/cat/monkey, extended trng retarded reversal lrng - - - - Bec,CH'66e MVLO No effect of overtrng on reversal - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cro,HA'66+ hOLO Overtrng facil reversal w/young, not older children - - - - Cro,HA'66+ UUUU ORE w/conditional discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Her,BR'66e FVLH No ORE w/goldfish, attrib to extn re analyzer = response - Mac,NJ'66e hVLO Reversal w/w/out novel S+ incr-f(N/reinf in acq) - - - - - Ste,JI'66+ h O W/6-7-yr-olds, ORE w/successive > simult discrim trng - - - Tem,VJ'66e RVLH Reversal not-f(N/reversals) or overtrng - - - - - - - - - - Wey,RG'66- RNLH Extended trng facil B/W reversal w/large, not small reinf - Hoo,R.'67- Above ORE w/correction > noncorrection proc Hoo,R.'67- RVP- After more trng w/discrim1 concur w/discrim2, w/in-O ORE - Bie,GB'68- RVLU Fail to obtain ORE w/spaced trng and hi-reward - - - - - - Luk,I.'68- Above w/correction/noncorrection w/w/out irrelevant cues Luk,I.'68- RVLH After B/W discrim, ORE only w/choice-pt cues present in GB Den,MR'71+ RVLH ORE w/horizontal-vertical Ss, not w/light-dark grey Ss - - Hal,G.'73- Attrib above to diff R-strategy: ORE if Ss require OrR Hal,G.'73- DICC<>2:12. Reversal as-f(N/Reversals) Db****aaV RVLH Constant acq curves over repeated reversals re light/dark S Fri,MF'30- MVLO Rate of reversal lrng incr-f(N/reversals) w/different Ss - Har,HF'50- RVJH N/tr to crit incr-decr-f(N/reversals) - - - - - - - - - - - Gat.FP'52- RVLH W/daily reversals, simult < successive at end of trng - - - Gon,RC'61+ RVPH W/repeated reversals w/2 relevant cues, switch cue control Sut,NS'66- RVLH Obtain ORE only w/hard discrim and large reinf - - - - - - Mac,NJ'69- STLH Strain diff in lrng rate w/repeated reversals - - - - - - - Eli,MF'70- M LO Overtrng facil acq w/repeated reversals - - - - - - - - - - Sch,AM'74- OVLO W/orangutan, reversal incr-f(N/reversals) but not 1-trial - Dav,RR'78+ PxLH No ORE w/either color or position relevant dimension - - - Man,L.'81- Genz DICC<>3:00. Discrimination Learning Set Db****aaX Term: "Learning Set" = rapid acq after prior trng on many discrims MVLO Over series of discrims, gradual acq of rapid 1-tr solution Har,HF'50- MNL- 20 ECS-->Temp decr in discrim lrng set - - - - - - - - - - Bra,HW'52e MVL- Acq discrim lrng set w/transfer plano- to stero-metric S - Har,HF'52+ NVLH Discr lrng set facil w/trng to crit early, fixed N/tr later Hay,KJ'53e MOL- Discrim lrng set incl decr neg transfer w/old S reversed - Rio,AJ'53- MOL- Acq discrim lrng set w/trng on mult discr successive>concur Dar,CL'55+ MJL- Acq oddity lrng set re decr in object/position pref errors Moo,LE'55+ OxLO Marmoset acq discrim reversal lrng set, slow/low re rhesus Cot,RE'56e MVL- Marmosets devel discrim lrng set, but slower than rhesus - Mil,RC'56+ CxL- Object/position discrim lrng sets w/cats < monkeys - - - - War,JM'56+ MNR- Rapid discrim reversal lrng set w/no effect of ECS - - - - Bra,HW'57e RVL- 5 of 20 rats devel oddity lrng set - - - - - - - - - - - - Kor,C.'57+ OVL- Imperfect lrng set acq w/raccoon - - - - - - - - - - - - - She,WF'57+ MOLO Acq lrng set w/series of prob w/former S+ now S- vs new S - Bro,WL'58e Acq lrng set w/series of prob w/prior S- now S+ vs new S Bro,WL'58e Concl: Above 1-tr solutn cannot be attrib to absolute S Bro,WL'58e MVLO Discrim lrng set is-f(total N/tr) w/3 or 12/tr/problem - - Lev,M.'59e MVL- Acq object altern lrng set incr-f(trng), not-f(trials/prob) Beh,I.'61- MVLO Transfer during lrng set acq is-f(N/tr), not N/problems - - Lev,M.'61e OVP- During acq lrng set, approach S+ > avoid S- w/mangabeys - - Beh,I.'62- MVP- During acq lrng set, choose old S+ vs new S>new S vs Old S- Beh,I.'62- PVPH Devel reversal lrng set re position > simult > successive - Bul,DH'62+ MOLO Strain diff in acq lrng set, same diff w/reversal - - - - - Cra,FT'62- oVLH Acq pattern-S lrng set w/young gorilla > rhesus - - - - - - Fis,GJ'62- M Title: Discrim lrng set and sec reinf - - - - - - - - - - Bow,RE'63- MVLO W/lrng-set experienced O, no effect of changing object Loc,JM'63e not-chosen on tr-1, regardless of tr-1 choice reinf - Loc,JM'63e Re above, chance perf if change object chosen on tr-1 Loc,JM'63e Title: Lrng-to-learn as-f(cue) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mat,DE'63- M Title: R-shift lrng sets - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MDo,AA'63+ M Title: R-perseveration lrng sets - - - - - - - - - - - - - MDo,AA'63+ MT Title: Tactual lrng sets - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wil,M.'63e RV Title: Lrng sets - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wri,PL'63e MOLH W/trnd subj, tr-1 nonreinf S1- alone-->hi perf w/S1 vs S2+ Fle,HJ'64+ MVLO Lrng set acq facil if + cue in same position after errors - Abo,EJ'65+ xOLO Acq 2-tr lrng set w/same-R to S- > to S+ w/baboon/macaque - Bro,WL'65e RVLU Acq discrim lrng set re tr-to-criterion w/3- > 2-dimen Ss - Kay,H.'65+ OULU Rock squirrel acq discrim lrng set w/criterion > fixed N/tr Kin,JE'65- MVA- During lrng-set acq, shift pos-->neg easier than neg-->pos Mot,R.'65- RVLH Acq pattern-S lrng set w/reinf=hypothal ESB - - - - - - - - Joh,RN'66- MVLO Repeated reversals facil acq discrim lrng set, v/versa - - Sch,AM'66- xOLO Object discrim lrng set w/mink/ferret sim to primates - - - Dot,BA'67e DVLH Acq intermediate size incr over 3 problems - - - - - - - - Ebe,HC'67- MVLO Acq conditional-cue discrim lrng set - - - - - - - - - - - Hil,CW'67- MOL Title: Lrng set as-f(S attributes) - - - - - - - - - - - - Dev,JV'69- MOLO Acq object discrim lrng set w/motiv=avoid airblast - - - - Sto,GR'73+ In above, more positn, fewer R-shift errors than w/food Sto,GR'73+ MOLO No effect of pretrng S w/reward/nonreward on acq lrng set - Med,DL'74- H Title: Lrng mech in 2-tr lrng sets - - - - - - - - - - - - MDo,AA'74e M LO Hi but imperfect transfer repeated reversal to acq lrng set Sch,AM'74- AXLO Interp lrng set re hypothesis th as extensn of error-factor Sch,AM'84- Systematic Analyses of Learning (Transfer) Db****aaZ RVLH Discrim trng facil diffcond w/same rel cue - - - - - - - - Law,DH'49- Interp: Disc trng estab mediating proc incr distinctive Law,DH'49- CVLH Over 160 discrims, acq w/1st tr reinf > nonreinf - - - - - Ste,DA'66+ XXX Title: Explanation of transfer of discrim - - - - - - - - Mar,G.'69- MXXX Reject reinf and hypo anal of lrng-set formation Med,DL'72- vs between-prob S/Genz re fdbk re expected rewards - - - Med,DL'72- XXXX Anal nonreversal shift re changed/unchanged sub-problems - Med,DL'73- Above anal rejects attn model for only some O populatns Med,DL'73- PxLH Some O w/color relevant show independent subproblem lrng - Man,L.'81- Ie Some O acq Red-Green B4 Green-Red (position hypo?) Man,L.'81- W/shift position relevant, all O show indep subprob lrng Man,L.'81- W/reversal of color, no O show indep subprob lrng Man,L.'81- Above anal favors continuity vs noncontinuity th Man,L.'81- Principle DICC<>4:00. Experimental Extinction (Discrimination) Db****bbd Remove diff-reinf re S1/S2 elim discrim perf HVC- Pair tone w/reinf during acq, tone during extn incr R/Extn Hub,WR'51- RVCH R/Extn incr-f(dep) up to trng dep, not longer - - - - - - - Cau,JR'56- Interp above re both cue and motiv functions of dep Cau,JR'56- hVPO Acq w/marble reinf w/noncorrection, incr in Amp(R) w/extn - Hor,RB'61- R Reinf of altern S facil extn w/w/out punish - - - - - - - - Raw,RA'73+ Above facil elim if reinf of altern S stopped Raw,RA'73+ Title: Drive/pun on R/Extn - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nad,EE'77- RVLUbbd After discrim trng, inhib re S- w/resist acq w/rf < R/Extn Lee,FC'84e Systematic Analyses of Experimental Extinction Db****bbz DICC<>4:10. R/Extn as-f(N/Acq tr) Db****bna R - Perseveration incr-decr-f(trng), incr-f(difficulty) - - - - Tho,R.'58- O Title: Overtrng on extn of discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - Mac,NJ'65+ Title: R/Extn as-f overtrng w/irrel cue - - - - - - - - - Her,BR'67+ Relevant uncoded root-abstractgs MxPO Over 240 prob, shift rapidly re object/position/reversal - Zab,M.'46+ Relevant (?) unabstracted/uncoded literature M Title: Intra/interprob relationships - - - - - - - - - - - Mey,DR.51- RX Title: Habit summation in selective lrng - - - - - - - - - Eni,MU'52- H H Title: Extn after HR cond - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sch,WN'52e R Title: Fixations and stress - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kno,F.'53- V Title: Interocular transfer - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rie,AH'53e O Title: Overtrng on nonreversal shift - - - - - - - - - - - Mac,N.'54- R Title: Lrng sets w/rats - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wea,LA'57- C Title: Discrim reversal lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - War,JM'60- R Title: Extn after discrim trng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - DAm,MR'62e H Title: Nonreinf and neutralization of S - - - - - - - - - LBe,D.'62e MV Title: R-induced S change on discrim - - - - - - - - - - - She,CL'62e O Title: Irrel cues on reversal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mac,N.'63+ R Title: Overtrng on extn of discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - Mac,NJ'63- Title: Shifts w/fast/slow learners - - - - - - - - - - - - Vin,AW'64- XXX Title: Discrim lrng sets (Schrier) - - - - - - - - - - - - Mil,RC'65- M Title: Lrng mech in R-shift lrng set - - - - - - - - - - - MDo,AA'65+ M Title: Lrng set w/encased objects - - - - - - - - - - - - Ter,JW'65e Title: Transfer as-f overtrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sie,S.'67- QV Title: Successive reversal lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ste,LJ'67e M Title: Cue size and lrng set - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - LVe,TE'68- Title: Factors in serial reversal lrng - - - - - - - - - - Mac,NJ'68e M Title: Mult transfer after discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - Sle,M.'68+ C Title: Visual P-lrng + reversal - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sch,B.'69+ h Title: Trng proc on transfer of discrim - - - - - - - - - She,BE'69+ Title: Discrim overtrng/shift (Gilbert) - - - - - - - - - Sie,S.'69- Title: Transfer along a continuum - - - - - - - - - - - - Mac,NJ'70+ M Title: Repeated/nonrepeated reversals - - - - - - - - - - Rio,AJ'71+ P Title: Contrast/inhib in discrim lrng - - - - - - - - - - Blo,TM'72- Title: Lrng/transfer/R-inhib - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kei,I.'72- H Title: 2-tr lrng set formations - - - - - - - - - - - - - MDo,AA'72e R Title: Transfer discrim hunger to thirst - - - - - - - - - Cap,ED'75+ h Title: Discrim shift lrng in young child - - - - - - - - - Esp,NJ'75- M Title: Hypo-anal of lrng set - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kin,JE'75+ R Title: Aversive/appetitive transfer - - - - - - - - - - - Fow,H.'77e RVL Title: Helplessness in nonaversive sit - - - - - - - - - - Mul,GP'77+ R Title: Expectancy in reversal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pur,JE'79+ M Title: Criterion vs fixed-tr on lrng set - - - - - - - - - Ste,GM'83e PxP Title: Visual/olfactory S in reversal - - - - - - - - - - Dun,HJ'84- M Title: Are lrng sets lrnd? Nature-nurture - - - - - - - - Men,EW'84+ P Title: Transfer w/directed forgetting - - - - - - - - - - Gra,DS'88- O Title: Transfer of MTS in sea lions - - - - - - - - - - - Kas,D.'94+ P Title: Transfer re initial vs test S - - - - - - - - - - - Urc,PJ'98e