LOGAN: BASIC LAWS OF LEARNING 7/1/2000 OPERANT CONDITIONING: Excitation Interdependent Current Stimulus Variables Contents Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally Positive Effect OS-20:00. Correlated Reinf in Opcond OF****ara OS-20:10. Force-correlated Reinf in Opcond OF****arw OS-20:20. Rate-correlated Reinf in Opcond (DRL) OF****art OS-20:30. Rate-correlated Reinf in Opcond (DRH) OF****aru Paradigmatic Effects of Drugs: CONTINGENCIES Processes of reinforcement w/Erugs: Fear reduction OF****gEF Processes of reinforcement w/Drugs: Dependence OF****gEH Processes of reinforcement w/Drugs: Preference OF****gEJ Processes of reinforcement w/Drugs: Genetics OF****gEL Systematic Analyses of Reinforcement w/AbDrugs OF****gEO Behavioral Tolerance (Operant) OF****gER Cue Value of Drug State OF****gEs OS-20:00. Correlated Reinf in Opcond OF****ara xCPH Rats learn to delay run R 2 or 4 min, and diffcond re delay Buy,FJ'36e Dogs learn to wait B4 push-door every 1-1/2 min RUPH Incr/decr Rate(OpR) w/reinf conting on fast/slow re other - Chu,RM'61- R B- Lat(R) after S-on adjusts to diff-reinf-long-latency - - - Log,FA'61- Above adjustment not-f maintenance diet RUPH Rate(OpR) on VI incr if reinf conting on fast R re other - Chu,RM'62- Above effect is-f rel skill, esp w/added FR RUPH W/FI, incr/decr IRT w/Amt(Reinf) pos/neg correl w/reinf IRT Hen,DP'62- RCPH W/diff-reinf OpR-duratn, pretrng w/wide range facil narrow Fer,DP'68e RUPH Diffcond R-duration w/LH, w/perf decr-f length .1-1.6-sec - Fer,DP'70+ RUPH Acq 40-sec bar-holding OpR w/cue after 40 sec - - - - - - - Ste,JB'70+ RUPH Incr variability w/diff-reinf re vary left-right key OpR - Pag,S.'85+ OS-20:10. Force-correlated Reinf in Opcond OF****arw RUPH Maint OpR w/Amt(Reinf) + P(shock) pos correl w/R-force - - Fil,RD'69e W/above, R-force decr-f(P(shock)) but Rate(OpR) not-f shock Fil,RD'69e RUPH Incr effort (time integral of force) w/pos correl Amt(Reinf Fil,RD'70e RUPH W/R-force discrim, P(OpR w/in band) decr-incr-f(prefeeding) Fil,RD'70e W/R-force discrim, Rate(OpR) incr-decr-f(prefeeding) Fil,RD'70e RUPH W/Amt(Reinf) pos correl w/R-force, elim prefeed-->incr Rate Fil,RD'71e Re above, no incr in R-force w/elim prefeeding Fil,RD'71e RUOT Differentiation bite-force is-f pressure S, not propriocep Dau,NG'77- RUPH Perf w/reinf w/in limited force band incr-f(Amt(Reinf)) - - Har,JV'77+ RUPH Maint diffcond R-force not based on diff in R-topography - Eis,R.'89- OS-20:20. Rate-correlated Reinf in Opcond (DRL) OF****art R PH W/incr DRL interval, mdn IRT incr and P(Reinf) decr - - - - Wil,MP'53+ RfP- P(IRT) is-f rel P(Reinf) of diff IRT - - - - - - - - - - - Ang,D.'56- R P- Timing process w/DRL sched attrib to other behaviors - - - Sid,M.'56- PCPH Maint OpR w/DRL up to 100 sec - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dew,PB'60- PCPH Rate(OpR) further suppressed by pre-TO S w/DRL sched - - - Fer,CB'60- HUPO W/DRL sched on 1 of 4 keys, maint spaced R w/collateral Rs Bru,A.'61+ RCPH W/DRL sched, P(reinf IRT) after reinf > nonreinf R - - - - Fer,DP'65e HVPO Rapid acq of DRL beh, w/rapid shift to longer DRL - - - - - Car,DE'66+ RCPH DRL perf facil w/concur FR on 2nd bar - - - - - - - - - - - Dav,H.'67- RCPH Hippocampectomy decr DRL perf, not w/external cue re time - Ric,EJ'73e rUPH Neonatal septal lsns decr DRL perf in adulthood - - - - - - Sta,JM'77+ RUPH DRL/DRH perf facil w/brief cue after reinf IRT B4 reward - Tar,RM'85+ HCPO Maint IRT above lower, below upper bound re reinf OpR - - - Zei,MD'87e HUPO W/DRL sched, incr in long IRTs w/incr in N/distant other-Rs Was,EA'88e OS-20:30. Rate-correlated Reinf in Opcond (DRH) OF****aru RUPH Variance, not mean Lat(discrim OpR) incr w/diff reinf fast Chu,RM'63+ PUPH Rate(OpR) w/Amt(Reinf) correl w/N/OpR > yoked control - - - Gen,GD'84+ Paradigmatic Effects of Drugs: CONTINGENCIES Processes of reinforcement w/Erugs: Fear reduction OF****gEF Note: Reinforcement inferred from self-admin, maint OpR Processes of reinforcement w/Drugs: Dependence OF****gEH REP- R/Extn OpR w/ALC reinf incr-f duratn chronic forced intake Mye,RD'61- REP- Opcond w/MORPH reinf during w/drawal from chronic MORPH - - Wik,A.'67+ RECO Induce hi ALC intake re polydipsia OpR during FT food - - - Tra,MA'79+ Maint Op(R) w/ALC reinf w/dep after hi ALC intake REC- Maint OpR w/reinf =brain infusion of MORPH w/out dependence Boz,MA'84+ AEC- COC dependence: Vol self-admin drug at toxic level - - - - Joh,CE'85- Above estab w/many species, several routes of delivery REC- Evidence of dependence if provide beer to beer-pref O - - - Lan,F.'88e MEP- Decr self-admin iv ALC during w/drawal chronic passive ALC Win,G.'89- REP- VI trng w/reinf=sweet-ALC--Decr OpR w/exposure to trng cues Kra,MD'90+ REPO W/ALC-pref subj, OpR w/ALC reinf incr-f ALC dep - - - - - - Hyy,P.'91+ REP- Incr ESB reinf-thresh w/w/drawal from chronic self-COC - - Mar,A.'91+ Above incr-f(COC intake), interp as neg hedonic state Processes of reinforcement w/Drugs: Preference OF****gEJ REL- Acq Y-maze lrng w/reinf = MORPH w/w/out need re addiction - Bea,HD'59- Retentn of above after drug w/drawal w/D-reduction>euphoria REP- Devel pref 5% ALC > H2O w/pre-exposure, not w/20% ALC - - - Mye,RD'61- REP- iv self-admin MORPH decr-f(dose) w/rapid satiation - - - - Wee,JR'62- MEO- Acq self-admin iv nicotine - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Den,GA'67+ REO- Maint OpR w/iv m-AMPH reinf, decr w/pre-test ip m-AMPH - - Pic,R.'68e REPT Rate OpR w/reinf = oral H2O + intragastric ALC > v/versa - Ami,Z.'69+ Rate OpR w/reinf = intragastric ALC > intragastric H2O MEP- Rate(OpR) w/FI sched COC reinf incr-f(dose) - - - - - - - - Bal,RL'73+ REP- Maint OpR w/reinf = oral ALC w/w/out food dep, >w/H2O reinf Mei,RA'73+ REP- Maint OpR w/reinf = 32% ALC > H2O w/out food dep - - - - - Mei,RA'74+ MEP- Maint sim Rate(OpR) w/FR/2nd-order sched w/food/COC/d-AMPH Gol,SR'75- REP- OpR maint w/8% ALC, not w/H2O CRF, w/Rate decr-f(Amt(Reinf) Hen,JE'75+ REP- OpR w/CRF ALC > H2O reinf, Rate decr-f(8-32% concen) - - - Mei,RA'75+ DEP- Maint OpR w/reinf=iv d-AMPH, w/N/Reinf decr-f(Mag(Reinf)) - Ris,ME'75+ CEP- Maint OpR w/reinf=iv m-AMPH, w/contin/limited access - - - Bal,RL'76e MEPO W/FR30, OpR w/COC reinf incr-decr-f(dose) - - - - - - - - - Dow,DA'76+ Re above, COC exposure incr Rate OpR w/lo dose MEP- W/reinf=iv COC, maint characteristic FR/FI/MULT OpR beh - - Gol,SR'76+ MEP- Maint OpR w/FR16 w/reinf = 8% oral ALC - - - - - - - - - - Hen,JE'76+ MEP- W/concur sched, rel rate incr-f(.05-.8 mg/kg dose-COC) - - Lle,ME'76e MEOH Over 8-d choice OpR w/COC vs food reinf, almost all COC OpR Aig,TG'78+ Above produced hi COC intake w/beh toxicity, lo food intake REP- Maint OpR w/reinf=acetaldehyde in central brain ventricles Ami,Z.'78e Above decr by dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor REP- Maint OpR w/ALC > H2O reinf after trng w/food dep - - - - - Bea,RM'78e MEP- Re break-pt w/progressive ratio, max COC reinf at .4 mg/kg Bed,JA'78e MEP- W/FR sched of ALC reinf, Rate decr-f(concen) w/incr intake Hen,JE'78+ MEP- Maint OpR w/iv ALC reinf, intake constant w/various manip - Kar,AJ'78e REP- Rate self-inject MORPH w/CRF>FR, w/no effect post-reinf TO Wee,JR'78+ OEP- W/FR and progressive ratio, reinf value incr-f(dose COC) - Gri,RR'79e MEP- Max progress-ratio incr-f(dose heroin reinf) (FR=12,800) - Hof,F.'79- MEP- Maint OpR w/reinf =COC, concur w/OpR w/reinf =end COC sched Spe,RD'79- REC- Re self-admin, infer reinf prop of MORPH w/out dependence - Wee,JR'79+ REP- 14/20 O self-admin lethal doses MORPH w/OpR cued w/shock - Bec,SG'80+ KEP- Maint OpR w/reinf = iv COC, higher dose than w/d-AMPH - - - Ris,ME'80+ REP- In contrast w/COC reinf, no incr OpR w/incr FR w/ALC reinf Gru,LA'81- REP- W/iv ALC avail 24 hr/day, incr OpR w/1-mg/kg, not w/.5 or 5 Sin,JD'82+ REU- Acq OpR w/reinf = iv ALC self-admin Zva,EE'82- REP- W/contin access, no maint of OpR w/reinf = lo dose iv ALC - Num,R.'84e REP- Maint OpR w/iv pentobarbital, not w/iv ALC - - - - - - - - DNo,WN'85e MEOH W/concur sched, OpR w/drug > w/H2O reinf - - - - - - - - - Lem,GA'85+ Above drugs: ALC, pentobarb, mixture ALC+pentobarb Max FR sustained by drug reinf incr-f(Amt(Reinf)) REP- Sim strain diff in ALC pref/reinf; not due to calorie/taste Rit,MC'85- REP- Naloxone decr OpR w/ALC reinf, not w/sucrose/H2O reinf - - Sam,HH'85+ MEP- Maint OpR w/reinf=iv nicotine, w/w/out sched induction - - Sli,BL'85+ SEP- ALC-pref C57s maint OpR w/8% ALC reinf - - - - - - - - - - Elm,GI'86e REPO W/concur sched, OpR w/ALC>H2O incr-decr-f(concen) max at 5% Iso,H.'87- REPH Rate(OpR) w/ALC reinf incr w/food dep - - - - - - - - - - - Pfe,AO'87+ Rate(OpR) w/ALC reinf decr w/dopamine antagonist (pimozide) Rate(OpR) w/ALC reinf decr w/AMPH only if no food dep DEP- Maint OpR w/COC inject, inc-dec-f(Amt), decr w/pimozide - - Ris,ME'87+ MEP- OpR w/conting drug incr-f(food dep) only if drug is reinf - DlG,R.'88+ SEP- W/C57, not BALB subj, ALC reinf of OpR inverted-U-f(concen) Elm,GI'88e xEP- Estab iv-nicotine as reinf w/rats/monkeys/humans - - - - - Gol,S.'88+ REPx W/concur food-ALC reinf, pos contrast w/extn of either - - MSw,FK'88e W/mult food-ALC reinf, pos contrast only w/ALC extn REP- W/FI-90 sched on 1 bar, induce ALC intake w/CRF on 2nd bar Sam,HH'88+ REP- After above, maint OpR on FR8 w/ALC reinf to 40% concen Sam,HH'88+ REP- Acq OpR w/reinf = iv AMPH, not-f(group/isolated housing) - Sch,S.'88e REP- W/ALC-reinf baseline, Pair(S,sh)-->large persist decr OpR - Tol,GA'88e REP- Acq OpR w/reinf=iv heroin/COC, w/indiv = group housing - - Boz,MA'89e REP- Maint OpR w/FI sched of reinf = heroin infusion - - - - - - Cor,WA'89+ REP- Maint OpR w/limited access FR5 sched of reinf = iv nicotine Cor,WA'89+ REP- Maint OpR w/reinf=lo-dose heroin w/out physical dependence Dai,S.'89e REH- Acq incr-HR (incl incr acty) as OpR w/reinf=iv MORPH - - - Gra,KW'89+ REP- W/free food/H2O, ALC-pref subj acq OpR w/oral ALC reinf - - Hyy,P.'89+ RExO Infer common mech but incomplete genz ALC pref to reinf - - Rit,MC'89e MEP- W/progressive-ratio OpR, estab COC-base smoke as reinf - - Car,ME'90e MEPH Estab oral COC as pos reinf w/rhesus, incr-f(concen) - - - Geo,FR'90e Above required gradual substitutn COC for ALC reinf REP- Preexposure w/COC injection incr OpR w/reinf = COC - - - - Hor,BA'90e MEP- Maint OpR w/reinf = 1% oral ALC, incr w/added pentobarbital Mei,RA'90+ MEP- W/concur FR sched, Rate(OpR) w/reinf = oral COC > H2O - - - Mei,RA'90e MEC- Choice COC vs food incr-f(Amt(COC), decr-f(Amt(food) reinf Nad,MA'91+ REPO Maint OpR w/reinf=ALC (up to 40%) w/ALC pref O - - - - - - Sch,K.'91e REP- Rate OpR w/2nd-order FR incr-f(Amt food/COC reinf) - - - - Spe,DJ'91+ REP- W/VI-5 sec sched on 2 bars, pref for ALC-sucrose vs sucrose Hey,GM'92+ Maint above pref w/incr to VI-30 sec sched for ALC vs 5-sec Hey,GM'92+ Processes of reinforcement w/Drugs: Genetics OF****gEL REPT Inbreed for ALC pref-->OpR w/ethanol reinf vs free H2O - - Pen,PE'78e MEP- Maint OpR incr-decr-f(dose COC reinf) w/pigtail < macaque - You,AM'80+ REP- Strain diff in maint OpR w/reinf = self-intragastric ALC - Wal,MB'84e MEP- Strain diff in estab ALC as reinf for OpR - - - - - - - - - Rit,MC'86e SEx- Strain diff, w/correl ALC pref w/self-admin - - - - - - - - Geo,FR'87- HEO- Greater ALC reinf (re R to stress) w/hi-risk-for-alcoholism Lev,RW'87e Above risk re parental or personality, w/male/female SEP- Maint OpR decr-f(FR) w/ALC reinf w/C57s, not w/BALB strain Elm,GI'88e SEPO Estab strain diff in OpR reinf prop of ALC - - - - - - - - Elm,GI'88e REPO Rate(OpR) as-f FR w/ALC reinf differs w/strain - - - - - - Rit,MC'89e Infer biol factor of ALC self-admin from strain diff REC- Higher OpR ratio limit for COC reinf in estrous stage - - - Rob,DC'89e HEC- Strain diff w/rats/mice in ACL reinf lo correl w/ALC pref - Geo,FR'90- Strain diff w/rats/mice in ALC reinf hi correl w/COC reinf SEPO Estab reinf prop of ALC w/hi-ALC-sensitive, not w/lo strain Elm,GI'91e XEC- Concl sim genetic factors in reinf w/ALC/COC/opiate - - - - Geo,FR'91- SEP- Maint OpR w/reinf=oral COC w/mice bred re ALC pref - - - - Geo,FR'91e Systematic Analyses of Reinforcement w/AbDrugs OF****gEO Genz: ALC has reinf prop for some organisms Note: ALC reinf prop =f(genetics/experience/situation) XEX- MORPH reinf is-f initial depress or later stimulant effect Dom,EF'76e XEC- Proc to decr control by reinf drug: Weaken reinf prop - - Tho,T.'76+ Also change S-control of self-admin, and punish REX- Hypo: Brain acetaldehyde/norepinephrn mediate ALC reinf - - Ami,Z.'78e XEX- Concl reinf effect of ALC/opiates is noradrenergic - - - - Ami,Z.'82+ XEX- Hypo: Opiates activate same brain reward circuitry as ESB - Wis,RA'82+ XEX- Genz: iv nicotine is reinf w/animal/human w/restricted cond Hen,J.'83+ xEC- Concl catecholamine/peptidergic proc rel to ALC reinf - - - Val,AV'83+ REC- Decr ALC intake (reinf value?) w/inhib serotin in reuptake Ami,Z.'85e XEC- COC has direct reinf effect, blocks dopamine reuptake - - - Wis,RA'85- xEx- Concl acetaldehyde has pos reinf prop mediates ALC euphoria Ami,Z.'86+ XEX- Hypo: Common system of reinf re ventral tegmental dopamine Boz,MA'86- AEX- Disting opioids re discrim S prop, eg MORPHlike/reinf drugs Hol,SG'86- XXX- Membrane (decr fluidity) hypo ALC tolerance/dependence - - Nor,R.'87- xEC- Concl caffeine is reinf, incr w/dependence, w/indiv diff - Gri,RR'88+ XEC- Attrib abdrug reinf prop to psychomotor stimulant effects - Wis,RA'88- REPO Decr Rate(OpR) w/ALC reinf w/inhib prostaglandin synthesis Geo,FR'89- XECO Attrib diff ALC reinf effects to genetic beta-endorphin - - Top,H.'89- MEP- Reinf effect COC re specific recognition sites in brain - - Ber,J.'90e RECT Interp: ALC reinf is-f acty in endogenous opi system - - Fro,JC'90e XEXX D1/D2 subtypes dopamine receptor re reinf w/food/heroin/ESB Nak,S.'90- XEP- Concl Rate(OpR) =f(Amt/R) w/either varied FR or Amt(Drug) - Bic,WK'91e SEP- ALC reinf self-admin decr w/inhib prostaglandin synthesis - Geo,FR'91- AEC- Disting estab vs maint of drug reinf and drug discrim - - - Mei,RA'91- XEX- Attrib COC reinf to incr effect of cond reinf S - - - - - - Phi,AG'91+ RECO Extn of ALC drinking by block brain reinf w/naloxone - - - Sin,JD'91- RExU Re reinf/aversive thresh w/ESB, heroin potency much > MORPH Hub,CB'92+ Behavioral Tolerance (Operant) OF****gER Genz: Recover normal perf w/trng in ALC state REPH W/FR50, do not devel beh tolerance if chronic ALC B4 trng - Bro,H.'65- Cue Value of Drug State OF****gEs Genz: Organisms can discriminate ALC state from sober HEO- Indiv diff in judged olfactory inten of diff ALCs - - - - - Kru,L.'55e RECH 4/7 O acq T-maze differentiation re ip ALC vs saline - - - Bar,H.'65e REPH Diffcond ip ALC vs saline re OpR-conting reinf S - - - - - Bar,H.'68- REP- Diffcond ALC vs saline w/approach/av OpR - - - - - - - - Kub,RK'70+ REL- Diffcond T-maze re THC vs solvent w/good retention - - - - Hen,BG'72+ RER- Diff-cond approach/av re THC w/little genz to drugs - - Kub,RK'72+ REL- Diffcond T-maze re sc nicotine vs saline, w/little genz - - Sch,MD'72+ REC- Diffcond spatial ER w/sc nicotine vs saline, transfer to iv Sch,MD'73- RER- Diffcond spatial AR re ip d-AMPH vs saline, w/little genz - Sch,MD'73+ MEP- Diff-cond THC/vehicle 2.5-h B4 trng-->S/Genz re admin time Fer,DP'74e REP- Diff-cond d-AMPH vs saline w/genz to stimulants - - - - - - Hua,J.'74+ REP- Diff-cond .23 mg/kg d-AMPH vs saline 60-90 min post injectn Kuh,DM'74e REC- After diff-cond ALC vs saline, elim w/deplete serotonin - - Sch,MD'75- REO- Diff-cond ALC vs saline, decr w/d-AMPH - - - - - - - - - - Sch,MD'75- REP- Diff-cond ip MORPH or ALC vs saline, w/no genz to other - - Win,JC'75- REP- Diffcond re iv AMPH, w/genz to COC, not to ALC - - - - - - And,K.'76- Diffcond re iv ALC vs saline, w/test in extn REPH Diffcond ip d-AMPH/saline, cue value w/extn inc-dec-f(time) Jon,CN'76e Above temporal effect not-f trng dose, is-f test dose REL- Diff-cond ER re ip nicotine vs saline, decr-f(time B4 test) Sch,MD'76+ PEPH Diffcond MORPH-saline, genz to methadone, block w/naloxone Jar,TU'78- OELH W/gerbils, diffcond MORPH vs no-drug, w/acq incr-f(dose) - Jar,TU'78+ REP- After diff-cond w/MORPH vs saline, genz to MORPH vs ALC - - Mik,S.'78e MEP- Diffcond COC vs saline w/S/Genz re dosage - - - - - - - - - Woo,WL'78+ HEO- Re judged level of intox, infer sensory adapt to drug cues Ban,WP'79e REL- Diffcond w/ALC vs saline, but inferior to external cue - - Dun,PM'79e After diffcond w/compound ALC-ext cue, R control w/ext cue REP- Diffcond iv MORPH vs saline, genz to ip MORPH - - - - - - - Fre,LG'79+ PEP- Diffcond THC vs vehicle, more salient than pentobarb - - - Jar,TU'79+ CEP- Diffcond d-AMPH vs saline, genz to COC, not to MORPH - - - Kil,MM'79+ REL- ALC pref = non-pref re lrng of T-maze w/ALC as discrim stim Yor,JL'79- REP- Diffcond w/d-AMPH or m-AMPH vs saline, w/no genz to other - Sil,PB'80+ REP- Olfactory cues from prior subj confounds drug discrim data Ext,K.'81+ HEL- Hypo: ALC incr P(lo-freq R) via change internal context - - Wei,AL'81- Less proactive inhib if learn 1st w/out and 2nd w/ALC REP- Diffcond 1 mg/kg ip ALC/saline w/ESB reinf, genz to .39g/kg DWi,Ph'82- HEO- Pos correl estimate w/caffeine dose and w/caffeine taste - Blo,JP'85+ PEPH Diffcond im coc vs saline; various genz to other drugs - - DlG,R.'85+ PEP- Diffcond MORPH/naltrexone/saline w/w/out daily MORPH trtmt Fra,CP'85- REeH COC/AMPH/MORPH during CER trng decr CER test w/out drug - - Nie,EG'85+ Infer drug-S may overshadow others, affect S-control of beh REPH Diffcond ALC vs saline, dose-dependent genz incr w/apoMORPH Sch,MD'85- REC- Diffcond MORPH vs saline w/1/tr/session - - - - - - - - - - Tom,A.'85e REC- Diff-cond hi/lo ip ALC incr-f(Inten ESB reinf) - - - - - - DWi,Ph'86+ HEO- Report level of intoxicatn, incl euphoria, incr-f(dose ALC) Luk,SE'86e PEP- Concl MORPH S is steroselective/pharmacologically specific Pau,MG'86+ REC- Diffcond ip ALC vs vehicle, incr w/pretrtmt ip nicotine - - Sig,SA'86+ REPH Diffcond COC vs saline, dose-dependent genz to m-AMPH - - - Woo,DM'86e Above discrim-S prop decr w/chronic admin of COC HEC- Half O discrim d-AMPH vs placebo w/in 1-hr after ingestn - Cha,LD'87e REC- Diff-cond re MORPH vs saline - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kae,GL'87+ PEU- Emit "communicative" OpR re COC vs saline, genz to d-AMPH - Lub,DJ'87- REPH Supplemental MORPH admin decr diffcond w/MORPH cue - - - - San,CA'87+ REPH Diff-cond re injection COC vs saline - - - - - - - - - - - Woo,DM'87+ Elim above w/tolerance after chronic COC MEP- Diffcond intragastric d-AMPH vs saline, genz to anorectics DlG,R.'88+ REe- No blocking if AMPH B4 or after add S - - - - - - - - - - - Oha,D.'88e Note: Blocking if AMPH both B4 and after add S MEx- Diffcond iv nicotine vs saline, w/no S/Genz to COC/MORPH - Tak,K.'88e PEPH Diff-cond MORPH vs saline, potentiated w/AMPH - - - - - - - Gau,DV'89+ PEPH 3-way diff-cond w/2 doses of MORPH vs saline - - - - - - - Gau,DV'89+ REx- Correl disc-S effect w/injected ALC w/ALC in rebreathed air Hil,AJ'89e REPH Diffcond COC vs saline for 60-min, incr w/caffeine - - - - Gau,DV'90e REP- Diff-cond ALC vs saline w/hi/lo ALC sensitive O - - - - - - Kri,EC'90- REP- Asymmetrical S/Genz re post-injection ALC trng/testing time Sch,MD'90- REPH Diffcond re injected lo-dose MORPH/saline, w/genz re dose - You,AM'90e Repeated daily hi-dose MORPH incr dose nec for S-control PEPH Decr ALC/H2O discrim w/5-HT-sub-3 receptor antagonist - - - Gra,KA'91+ REPO W/ALC-pref subj, diffcond re cue lite w/ALC reinf - - - - - Hyy,P.'91+ MEP- Diffcond iv COC vs saline, genz to im/inhaled COC - - - - - Kat,JL'91e REP- Diff-cond ALC vs saline better w/hi sensitive (sleep time) Kri,EC'91- REP- Devel tolerance to discr-S of MORPH, correl w/OpR tolerance You,AM'91e REP- ALC pref = non-pref O in diff-cond ALC vs saline - - - - - Kri,EC'92+ REC- Diff-cond lo- vs hi- dose caffeine, w/diff S/Genz to drugs Mum,GK'92+