LOGAN: LAWS OF LEARNING (Basic Processes) January 2004 SPATIAL LEARNING: Excitation Current Organism Independent Variables Contents Behavioral/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Independent-Operation SECO>>1:00. Setting operations, General SL****naa SECO>>1:01. Spatial Learning w/Blinded Organism SL****nSi SECO>>1:02. Relative Effects Setting Operations SL****nSd Systematic Analyses of Setting Operations SL****naz Behavioral/Natural/Asocial/Emotionaly-Positive/Independent-Operation Principle SECO>>1:10. Primary Motivation SL****mma SECO>>1:20. Effect of Irrelevant Drive SL****mmS Behavioral/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Independent-Operation SECO>>2:00. Comparative SL****nAA SECO>>2:10. Comparative (age) SL****nAC SECO>>2:11. Comparative (age). . .Older subj SL****nOC SECO>>2:20. Comparative (gender) SL****ngC SECO>>2:30. Comparative (species) SL****nsC SECO>>2:31. Comparative (breeding) SL****nbC SECO>>2:32. "Maze-Bright" and "Maze-Dull" Rats SL****ncC SECO>>2:33. Spatial Learning with Planaria SL****nAW SECO>>2:40. Miscellaneous Individual Differences SL****nSi Systematic Analyses of Comparative Spatial Learning SL****nAz Behavioral/Unnatural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Independent-Operation SECO>>3:00. Spatial Learning and neurological insult SL****tNs SECO>>3:10. Neurological Effects on Alternation SL****tHT SECO>>3:20. Neurological Effects on Delated Response SL****tDH SECO>>3:30. ECS Effects on Spatial Learning SL****tHV SECO>>4:00. Drug Effects in Spatial Learning SL****tDs Relevant uncoded root-abstracts Relevant(?) unabstracted/uncoded literature Behavioral/Unnatural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Independent-Operation *ECO>>5:00. Behavioral Effects of Acute Addictive Drugs SL****Ts1 SECO>>5:10A. ALC: Acute/Involuntary/Under-Influence SL****Ts1 SECO>>5:10D. DRUGS: Acute/Involuntary/Under-Influence SL****Ts2 SECO>>5:20A. ALC: Acute/Involuntary/Not-Under-Influence SL****Tt1 SECO>>5:20D. DRUGS: Acute/Involuntary/Not-Under-Influence SL****Tt2 Behavioral/Unnatural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation SECO>>5:30A. ALC: Acute/Voluntary/Under-Influence SL****ts1 SECO>>5:30D. DRUGS: Acute/Voluntary/Under-Influcnce SL****ts2 SECO>>5:40A: ALC: Acute/Voluntary/Not-Under-Influence SL****tt1 SECO>>5:40D: DRUGS: Acute/Voluntary/Not-Under-Influrnce SL****tt2 SECO>>1:00. Setting operations, General SL****naa RMLH Feed pituitary extract incr, adrenal decr maze/discrim lrng Bia,WE'24+ RMLH Stunting re defective diet decr lrng; w/rapid recovery - - And,JE'26+ RML1 Maze perf incr-f("reward value")...qual/nature of D/exper - Ell,MH'29- RMLH Acq decr w/"Emotional sit" (eg place near cat) B4 trials - Hig,GD'30- RMLH No effect on lrng/relrng of daily forced wheel-run exercise Cor,SM'31- R Title: rf w/salt/vitamin deficiency - - - - - - - - - - - Fri,MF'31- RMLH Salt/vitamin-B deficiency decr speed, not accuracy - - - - Fri,MF'32- RMLH W/males, castrated < normals re lrng, relrng after delay - Lia,BT'33- W/females, no effect of ovariectomy on lrng/relrng Lia,BT'33- RMPH W/5 reinf R's, variability in R decr-f(dep) - - - - - - - - Ell,MH'34- RMPO Enforced 24-h wakeful B4 acq incr acq/retention H2O maze - Bun,ME'37e RMLO No effect on lrng of deficient Vitamin B-2 diet for month - Mue,KF'37e RMLO Acq facil by prior wakefulness enforced by handling - - - - Bun,ME'38e RDLO No effect on acq of daily metrazol for 24 d B4 trng - - - - Bun,ME'41+ RDLO Acq 14-unit H2O maze not-f thiamine dietary supplement - - Mar,MH'48- rMLH Acq decr by 10 daily ECS B4 trng - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ber,RE'51- RMLO Acq H2O maze not-f prior whole body X-irradiation - - - - - Fur,E.'51- RMLU Exposure to altitude anoxia decr later mult-T maze lrng - - Hur,WP'51- RMLH Pretrng ECS decr acq, incr antic errors in maze - - - - - - Bro,WL'53+ HMAO Hi-anxious inferior on stylus maze, esp w/difficult choices Far,IE'53+ Same above hi-anxious superior in eyeblink classcond Far,IE'53+ FML- Faster R but more errors w/hi H2O temperature as motiv - - Cal,WE'55+ RML- X-radiation->temp decr in mult-t-maze perf, attrib to motiv Bla,WC'56+ RMLH Glutamic acid supplement incr lrng w/dull, not bright O - - Hug,KR'56+ R E- Confirm Yerkes-Dodson re interaction motiv x difficulty - - Bro,PL'57- RMPH Delayed effect of heavy X-radiation incr-f(maze complexity) Fie,PE'57- RMLH Facil effect of glutamic acid persisted 60-d w/out trtmt - Hug,KR'57+ RMLH No effect of glutamic acid supplement w/dull O on maze lrng Hug,KR'57e RML- Maze lrng facil by prior X-radiatn, attrib to motiv/explor Bla,WC'58- RMPH N/errors and Lat(consum R) decr-f(N/days on dep schedule) - Cap,EJ'60+ RTPH No effect of acceleration forces on perf - - - - - - - - - Hol,JH'60e RMLO 14-pt H2O maze lrng facil w/neg air ionization w/old O - - Jor,J.'60+ RTLO Acq w/escape-shock motiv incr-decr shock inten, w/fixation Kap,R.'60e RTPH After force-L w/hi dep, R w/lo dep, choose L indep of dep - Kur,KH'60+ Note: O consumed equal flavored reinf in both L/R arms Kur,KH'60+ SMLO Sustained, not temporary hypothermia decr H2O-maze lrng - - Ess,WB'62+ SMLO Hypothermia during acq decr H2O lrng; no effect w/retention Sud,FN'62+ RNLO W/continuous lateral hypothal stim, acq spatial R to food - Men,J.'65+ RNLO W/hypothal ESB, acq spatial R w/reinf = knawable object - - Rob,WW'65+ Note: Hypothal ESB elicits knawing even if eating Rob,WW'65+ RTLx Acq/extn w/H2O reinf w/cholinergic stim of hypothal - - - - Kha,KA'66+ Above similar to H2O dep; perf decr w/out hypothal stim Kha,KA'66+ RTPO Acq w/sated O if turn on hypothal ESB when enter GB w/food Men,J.'66- RTLH Acq facil w/IP RNA extract from trnd = untrnd donors - - - Vin,W.'67e RMLT Maze lrng decr w/protein deficiency unless rehabilitated - Zim,RR'71+ RARO Fast/playful running w/out external reinf/motiv - - - - - - Pau,L.'73+ RMP Title: Isolation/stress on maze perf - - - - - - - - - - - Gei,CR'75- SMLU Lrng deficit w/REM sleep dep only if permit non-REM sleep - Rid,BE'79- SMP Observe circadian variation in maze perf, best at midnight Hof,HJ'91+ SECO>>1:01. Spatial Learning w/Blinded Organisms SL****nSb RMLH Only 3 of 5 blind rats learn maze w/in 182 trials - - - - - Ada,MF'13- HMLO Blind < seeing O re maze lrng, less if some visual exper - Koc,HL'26+ SECO>>1:02. Relative Effects Setting Operations SL****nSd RMLx Acq mult-T maze w/water-escape = hunger-food - - - - - - - Ruc,FL'30- RMLx Escape-from-H2O = hunger-food in acq, w/pos transfer - - - Dun,BM'35- RTL1 Thirst > hunger w/same goal; hunger > thirst w/altern R - - Pet,L.'54+ Systematic Analyses of Setting Operations SL****naz SML Title: Hunger/run-speed in maze lrng - - - - - - - - - - - Was,MF'26- RMLH Hi correl rate of lrng w/rate of relrng when blinded - - - Las,KS'45- Concl: Indiv diff in spatial lrng is-f(sensory pref) Las,KS'45- HMLH Food dep facil both GSR classcond and stylus maze lrng - - Dav,JE'63+ Concl: Food dep not= manifest anxiety re complex task Dav,JE'63+ RIC- Hunger/thirst exert inhib effect on each other - - - - - - Ish,I.'65- Principle SECO>>1:10. Primary Motivation SL****mma . Spatial Learning incr-f(dep) of relevant commodity RMLH Perf w/hi > lo dep, esp w/food reinf - - - - - - - - - - - Tol,EC'30+ SMPH Re effect of dep, disting O w/hunger D > acty D, v/versa - Was,MF'31e RMLH Acq incr-f(dep) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ruc,FL'35- RMLH Greater incr in errors w/satiation early vs late in trng - And,EE'41- RTLH Acq w/hi > lo dep, but no diff in re-acq w/equated dep - - Ken,HH'45- Concl: sHr in Hull th not-f(D) during lrng Ken,HH'45- RMLT Speed but not errors incr-f(dep) - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hil,B.'53e RMLH Irregular dep sched sim to hi-D w/acq/reversal vs reg sched Man,JM'57- RTLH Choice is-f(size of daily food ration), not-f(dep) - - - - Jen,GD'60- SECO>>1:20. Effect of Irrelevant Drive SL****mmS RMLO Acq water-escape maze w/restricted maint diet > ad lib - - Ruc,FL'32- RML- No effect of castration on maze/discrim lrng - - - - - - - Sto,CP'36+ RTL1 Acq w/hunger-food decr w/hi H2O dep - - - - - - - - - - - - Ken,HH'45- RMLU Sleep dep facil H2O maze lrng but incr aggressive beh - - - Lic,JC'46+ HMLO 10-pt stylus maze lrng not-f(manifest anxiety) - - - - - - MGu,FJ'50e RTL1 Hunger+thirst decr acq re rel D only, esp w/water reinf - - Lev,S.'56- RMO- Irrel hunger incr speed, decr errors in water-escape maze - Bra,HW'57e Above obtained w/both hi and lo rel D re water temp Bra,HW'57e RTSI W/H2O maze, swim speed incr w/shock B4 trial - - - - - - - Lev,S.'59e RMPH W/chain IR1-IR2-maze, decr reinf re IR1 --> incr Speed(IR2) Boy,WN'80+ but no frustration effect on maze perf - - - - - - - - - Boy,WN'80+ SECO>>2:00. Comparative SL****nAA x Title: Sim human/animal spatial mem - - - - - - - - - - - Dal,RH'87- SECO>>2:10. Comparative (age) SL****nAC hMLO Lrng w/21-yr-old > 11-yr-old, attrib to motor stability - - Gou,MC'16+ RMLH Lrng rate incr-decr-f(30-250-d age), max at 75-100 - - - - Liu,SY'28- RMLH Rate(lrng) incr-f(age), 30/50/70 d, not-f(age) 4/8/24 m Sto,CP'29- HMLO Re maze lrng, Os around 20 > over-30 year age - - - - - - - Hus,RW'30- RMLH Rate(lrng) not-f(N/tr/day) at 1 m, decr-f at 7-15 m - - - - May,BA'31+ oMLH Rate lrng incr-f(1-4-d age) but less if isolated (chick) - Cru,WW'38- rTLO Acq water mult-T-maze incr-f(16/19/22/29-d age) - - - - - - Bie,WC'40- RMLH Rate(lrng) 13-unit maze decr-f(age), 3/9/18/27/30 m - - - - Ver,EJ'57- Rate(relrng) decr-f(age-at-relrng) w/diff time B4 relrng Ver,EJ'57- Some old O show relrng failure after lrng when younger Ver,EJ'57- mYLO Acq/reversal spatial-R at 15- = 45-d age - - - - - - - - - Mas,WA'58+ oMLH N/errors on unweg detour prob decr-f(3-43d age) in chicks - Bal,GG'60+ OYLH W/chicks, errors decr-f(3 to 53 days age) - - - - - - - - - War,JM'60e RYLH Rate(lrng) not-f(age), 4/10/24 m, w/5-tr/day successively - Bot,J.'62e RMLH Rate(lrng) 4-unit maze decr-f(age), 3/12/23 m - - - - - - - Bot,J.'63e RTE- Pref for more complex maze, decr-f(age) - - - - - - - - - - Cha,SS'64+ XMLx Maze lrng/avcond incr-decr-f(age) w/max at 60-days - - - - Oli,A.'66+ QM Title: Maze lrng as-f visual/age factors - - - - - - - - - Vit,WF'67+ RMLH Rate(lrng) 14-unit maze decr-f(age), 6 vs 26+ m, not-f(sex) Goo,CL'68- Above diff due to persist (nonrandom) errors by old subj Goo,CL'68- Above diff w/4-tr/day w/1-hr ITI Goo,CL'68- Rate(relrng) after 45 days not-f(age) rel to acq perf Goo,CL'68- Incr in errors w/extn faster w/young than old subj Goo,CL'68- Title: Spatial discrim as-f(age) - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bro,P.'72+ RxLH Alley run speed, Rate(lrng) T-maze not-f(age), 8 vs 27 m - Goo,CL'72- Rate(lrng) 4-unit, 14-unit maze decr-f(age), 8 vs 27 m Goo,CL'72- RMLH Rate(lrng) 14-unit maze decr-f(age), 6 vs 26 m - - - - - - Goo,CL'73- Above age diff w/1-tr/day or 4-tr/day w/30-min ITI Goo,CL'73- sTPS W/shock-escape motiv, lo 24-h retention re turn-R w/9-d age Nag,ZM'76e Re above, 24-h retentn re turn-R w/11-d age incr-f(trng) Nag,ZM'76e rTLO Acq w/warm-air reinf incr-f(1-10-d age), pos correl w/VTE - Bue,C.'82e OMLH Lrng w/orphan=normal foals, w/acq by young > older horses - Hou,KA'82e RWPO Do not acq rapid-direct swim to escape platform B4 32-d age Sch,F.'85- Do not devel persist search during extn test B4 40-d age Sch,F.'85- STA Title: Age-related changes in lrng/memory - - - - - - - - Miy,M.'86e rWLO Lrng re proximal but not distal cues w/17d age; both at 20d Rud,JW'87e r LO Tend to shift (altern R) up to 21-d B4 tend to stay w/reinf Git,AG'88e rTLH Acq L/R choice or altern at 15 = 21 = 27-d age - - - - - - Gre,RJ'89+ Acq altern after forced turn at 15 < 21 = 27-d age Gre,RJ'89+ Sxxx Acty/spon altern/water-maze lrng decr-f(3/6/9/12 mo age) - Lam,Y.'90+ SECO>>2:11. Comparative (age). . .Older subj SL****nOC RMLH Rate(lrng) incr-f(dep), especially w/aged O Sto,CP'29- RMLH Little lrng in very old O in 26-30 tr Ver,EJ'57- Above w/24-h ITI w/reward=5 rats' ration pooled in GB Ver,EJ'57- Lrng by old O not related to apparent physical cond Ver,EJ'57- R Title: Handling on lrng of young/aged - - - - - - - - - - Dot,BA'68- RMLH Slow lrng old subj learn w/12-tr/day w/blocks of 4 massed Goo,CL'68- RxLH More persist of specific errors in complex maze by old subj Goo,CL'72- RMLH Distrib better than massed for young, reverse diff for aged Goo,CL'73- Rate(lrng) of aged facil by incr N/massed tr/day Goo,CL'73- RML Initial forced-correct trials facil perf w/aged, 5 vs 25 m Goo,CL'75- RMPT Radial maze perf w/senescent < adult O - - - - - - - - - - Bar,CA'80e STLU Reversal decr w/old O - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dea,RL'82e RWLO Aged < young O re water maze w/salient config of cues - - - Pel,MA'87e RWLO Aged > young re place lrng, not re cued approach - - - - - Rap,PR'87e RMPH Re young, mature Os deficit in working (w/in-tr) memory - - Juc,M.'88e Senescent O also deficit in reference (avoid blinds) mem Juc,M.'88e RRPH Aged < young-adult re strategy/perf in radial maze - - - - Kub,S.'88e S Title: Appetitive lrng by old mice - - - - - - - - - - - - War,JM'88- RWLO Decr in maze-lrng w/age not elim w/testosterone w/male subj Gou,E.'90e RWLO Aged < young O re water maze uncorrel w/indiv diff in RT - Bur,RD'92+ SECO>>2:20. Comparative (gender) SL****ngC RMLH Lrng w/female > male, not-f(pregnancy/growth) - - - - - - - Cor,CM'30- RMLU Small, insig diff re males > females, latter more variable MNe,Q.'32+ RxxI Maze lrng w/males > females, facil w/enriched rearing - - - Jos,R.'80+ RM Title: No sex diff in radial-maze perf - - - - - - - - - - VHa,F.'87e TTP Spon altern w/females > males, attrib to faster habituation Hug,RN'88- SWLO Female > male re water-maze only w/diff start pts - - - - - Lam,Y.'88+ SECO>>2:30. Comparative (species) SL****nsC OMLO Crawfish slowly learn simple labyrinth path to acquarium - Yer,RM'03+ OMLU Maze lrng w/English sparrow based on T&E w/sense of positn Por,JP'04- PMLU Pigeon < rodent re maze lrng; use visual/kinesthetic cues - Hun,WS'11- xMLx No correl N/trials to learn w/group intel (rat/child/adult) Hic,VC'12+ OMLO Acq/10-d retention of labyrinth habit in fiddler crab - - - Sch,B.'15- xMLx Human > rat w/inclined-plane prob, attrib to less distractn Her,WT'22+ OTLU Evidence of more-or-less permanent lrng w/snail - - - - - - Gar,TR'24- xML Sheep/goats acq/reversal T-maze if trnd when young - - - - Lid,HS.25- OTLO Re neg phototropism reinf, 1 (of many) snail "lrnd" - - - - Gar,TR'26+ xMLx Humans > rats, with altern rather than direction tend - - - Hus,RW'29- OMLH Maze-lrng w/ants, pref for return by same path - - - - - - Eva,S.'32- OMLH Rapid lrng 5-unit mult-T maze w/turtle, based on vision - - Tin,OL'32- OMLU Lrng w/isolated cockroach > group, but little retention - - Gat,MF'33+ OM Title: Lrng w/larval frogs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mun,NL'40- xMLx Lrng w/blind-folded humans > rats, both w/tend to altern - Ska,O.'50- XCLU Cats > monkey w/ambivalent cues (same S sometimes pos/neg) Jos,BL'59+ FTLO Single/double T-maze lrng/reversal w/guppy - - - - - - - - Kel,WN'60+ WTLO Planarians acq maze w/H2O reinf and light/dark cues - - - - Bes,JB'62+ OMLH Acq w/young opossums > mature rats - - - - - - - - - - - - Jam,WT'63+ SUPO W/deermice, acq but not reversal w reinf = sand for digging Kin,JA'64+ OTLH Position reversal lrng set w/opossum < rat - - - - - - - - Fri,H.'65+ OYLO Acq/reversal w/heat escape motiv w/alligator - - - - - - - Dav,RS'66- OTLH No diff in acq/reversal w/chicks hi vs lo in imprintability Fis,GJ'66- OYLO Invertebrate (isopods) acq spatial R w/lite-off reinf - - - Mor,JE'66- O L Successive spatial reversal w/gibbon=owl/squirrel dog pups re detour perf - - - - - - - - - - - Fra,H.'82+ xRPH Mice did not learn radial maze that rats learn readily - - Miz,SJ'82e xYPH Opossum=armadillo re acq SB-->GB w/return run to SB for ITI Pap,MR'84e Opossum>2:31. Comparative (breeding) SL****nbC SWLO Spatial lrng deficit w/Fmr1 KO in FVB/N-129, not C57BL/6 O Dob,C.'00e SUUU Enhanced lrng/mem w/transgenic O overexpress GAP-43 protein Rou,A.'00e SUUU Enhanced lrng/mem w/DFF45 mutant O w/high hippocampal cells Sla,JM'00e SWLO Lrng efficiency decr w/older spon hypertensive strain - - - Ter,AV'00e RML Title: Beh of stock/inbred rats - - - - - - - - - - - - - Yer,AW'16- RMLH Re N/tr to perfect habit, stock > inbred O - - - - - - - - Yer,AW'16- RMLH No incr in rate of lrng after 3 generations of trnd Os - - Mac,ED'24- SMLH No incr in rate of lrng after 4 generations of trnd Os - - Vic,EM'24- RML- W/mult-T-maze, correl lrng w/litter mates=.3l (40 litters) Bur,M.'28+ RMLH Breed 2 strains divergent in lrng ability re 17-unit T-maze Try,RC'29- RML Title: Inher of maze beh - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ski,BF'30- SMLH No incr in lrng over three generations of trnd ancestors - Vic,EM'30- RMLH Parallel changes in acq w/breed lines of trnd/untrnd O - - Aga,WE'42e SMLH Strain diff in lrng, interact w/effect of gentling B4 trng Lin,G.'62+ SMLO Random-bred > inbred O re water maze lrng - - - - - - - - - Mei,GW'63+ RYLH Albino > hooded re Y-maze acq - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cro,HA'64e XMLH Strain diff in water-maze lrng w/some effect of age/gender Mei,GW'64- DML Anal of diff in maze perf of diff breeds - - - - - - - - - Ell,O.'65+ SMLO Locomotor acty and water-maze lrng bred re hi > lo brain wt Wim,C.'66+ RMLH Acq w/domestic > wild O re trials, equal re errors - - - - Bam,RT'72+ OCL Strain diff re male > female in spatial lrng re mating beh Gau,SJ'89+ SWLO Strain diff in water-maze lrng, w/hybrid > inbred O - - - - Upc,M.'89+ SRPH Strain diff in radial perf w/pref for adjacent arms - - - - Ros,C.'91e RWLO Long-Evans > Sprague-Dawley re place lrng, not w/prox cues Ton,J.'92e RRPH No diff in radial-maze perf w/strains bred re CTA - - - - - Hob,SH'93e SRPH Strain diff in use of olfaction w/radial strategy elim - - Rou,P.'93e SUUU Greater lrng/memory w/nociceptin receptor KO O - - - - - - Man,T.'98e SWLO Acra7 mutant O = wild O re spatial lrng and fear cond - - - Pay,R.'98e SMLH Lrng incr w/transgenic O overexpressing Bcl-2 in neurons - Col,GJ'99e SWLO H2O maze lrng/perf decr-f(age) w/MAO-B KO = wild - - - - - Hol,DP'99e Sxxx Progressive impairment w/age in R6/2 transgenic mice - - - Lio,LA'99e OWLO H2O maze lrng, latent lrng, memory facil in nociceptin KO O Nab,T.'99e SWLO Mutant Lis1 heterozygous O impaired in H2O spatial lrng - - Pay,R.'99e SXLX Lrng/mem incr w/transgenic O overexpressing NMDA receptor2B Tan,YP'99e SECO>>2:32. "Maze-Bright" and "Maze-Dull" Rats SL****ncC RMLX Differentiate offspring of maze-bright/dull rats - - - - - Tol,EC'24- RMLH Breed strains of maze bright/dull O re errors/speed - - - - Her,WT'35- RMLH Breed strains of maze bright/dull O re errors/speed - - - - Her,WT'35- RMxH Diff in lrng w/bright/dull O not correl w/acty/drive/RT - - Gra,EA'36- ROPH Heron maze-dull = bright re Maier's 3-table reasoning task Loe,J.'39- RMLH Attrib diff re maze bright/dull O to motiv (eg gen acty) - Har,RE'40- RMLH Tryon maze-bright > Wistar w/double altern unrotated maze - And,RC'43+ R Title: Heredity maze-bright/dull (Tolman) - - - - - - - - Sea,LV'45- RMLH N/errors by dull < bright w/maze w/out treadles/gates - - - Row,GL'61+ RMLH Maze bright > dull O w/30-sec ITI, not 5-min/24-hr - - - - MGa,JL'62e RMLO Tryon bright > dull w/water maze w/out food dep - - - - - - Wol,JA'63e RMLO Title: Bright/dull rats re motiv level - - - - - - - - - - Wol,JA'64- RML1 Perf w/Tryon bright > dull O w/H2O-dep, not food dep - - - Tap,JT'65+ SECO>>2:33. Spatial Learning with Planaria SL****nAW WMLO Acq direction mvmt inconsistent/imperfect, not-f(brain) - - Yer,RM'12- WTLO Decr random choice beh w/electric shock - - - - - - - - - - Swa,RD'29- WT Title: Beh of 2 species of worms - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sch,H.'55- OML- No evidence of maze lrng in planaria - - - - - - - - - - - Ric,GE'57+ WTLO No evidence of lrng w/lite/heat motiv w/earthworms - - - - Dat,LG'62- WMLO Planarians acq maze w/H2O reinf - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bes,JB'63- WTLO Acq w/reinf = dark chamber, not w/avoid punish alone - - - Eva,SM'63- EGLO Attrib apparent lrng w/earthworms to pheromones re prior tr Ros,JS'75+ SECO>>2:40. Miscellaneous Individual Differences SL****nSi OMLx No correl, spon acty in field w/maze lrng w/sheep - - - - - Lid,HS'25- RTPH W/equal reinf, tend to turn re curvature of nasal bone - - Yos,JC'28- hMLO Maze lrng w/blind > normal Os, esp w/verbal lrng method - - Kno,JR'29+ RMLH W/equal reinf re R/L turns, pref correl w/curvature of nose Yos,JG'30- RMLO No correl amt(defecation in enclosed field) w/lrng H2O maze OKe,LI'40- RMLU Slight evidence of correl lrng w/susceptibility to seizure Sis,HL'44- HMLO Finger-maze acq w/right > left hemispheric dominance - - - Zen,R.'79+ Systematic Analyses of Comparative Spatial Learning SL****nAz FMLH Goldfish acq maze first w/sight/touch, later w/kinesthesis Chu,EP'16- hML White < negro subj w/speed/reasoning, no diff in retention Pet,J.'25e RMLH Slight correl acty w/maze lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Shi,M.'28- RMLH Hi correl, lrng w/relrng mult-T maze - - - - - - - - - - - MNe,Q.'31+ RMLH Hi correl, indiv diff in errors in lrng 2 long T-mazes - - Try,RC'31- RMLH Indiv diff not-f(acuity (albino/hooded)) or lighting cond - Try,RC'31- RMLH Spatial lrng (re maze errors) pos correl w/spon run acty - Run,EA'35+ RCPH Pos correl beh variability w/5 equal choices w/emotionality Hal,CS'37- RMLH Indiv diff lrng is-f(speed/wildness/insight lrng/transfer) Vau,CL'37- RMLH Indiv diff in lrng correl w/brain potassium - - - - - - - - Alm,OW'41+ RxLx Indiv diff in maze lrng not correl w/avcond - - - - - - - - Rob,F.'63e SECO>>3:00. Spatial Learning and neurological insult SL****tNs RfM- Good maze perf (errors) w/motor beh impaired w/brain lesion Las,KS'26+ RMLH Destroy portion of cerebral cortex decr lrng/retention - - Cam,N.'28- RfM- Good maze perf w/propriocep elim by spinal lesions - - - - Las,KS'29+ RMLH Maze lrng, but not discrim lrng decr w/anosmic O - - - - - Lin,SB'30- RNLH Frontal cortical lesions elim, decr acq delayed altern - - Lou,RB'31- RMLH No effect of castration at 20-170-d age on lrng ability - - Com,WD'32- RMPH No decr in perf w/remove parts of limbs/tail/muscles - - - Dor,RM'32+ RfL- Maze acq not impaired by spinal lesion that elim propriocep Ing,OC'32- RfL- Maze acq not impaired by spinal lesion that elim propriocep Ing,OC'33- RMLH Acq elevated maze w/normal > blind O, but half of normal O Den,W.'34- only slightly affected by blinding after lrng - - - - - Den,W.'34- RMPH After acq w/elevated maze, blindness decr perf - - - - - - Den,W.'35+ RMLH Cauterize non-dominant hemisphere after orig trng--> Her,RY'35+ retrain w/same > diff maze pattern - - - - - - - - - - - Her,RY'35+ RMPH Versatility re paths in checkerboard maze decr-f(brain lsn) Kre,I.'37- RNPH Brain lsn decr variability among available correct paths - Kre,I.'37- RCPH Decr in reasoning perf is-f(size/shape cortical lesion) - Mai,NR'37+ RNLH Hemidecortication w/infant < adult re adult lrng - - - - - Tsa,YC'37- RMLH Acq decr w/sub-cortical lesion, but no structure essential Bro,CW'38- RMLH Decr in lrng/relrng 8-unit maze incr-f(amt cortical injury) Hu.,CN'38- RNPH Trng re direction B4 > after cortical injury re reasoning - Mai,NR'38- RNPH Perf decr w/post-trng lsn of frontal, not other areas - - - Ste,E.'42e RMPH Decr in perf w/lesion visual cortex > peripheral blinding - Las,KS'43- RNPH Frontal lesions incr freq antic errors - - - - - - - - - - Car,JA'52- RMPU Maze perf decr-incr-f(delay B4 test) after cortical lsn - - For,DG'52- RNL- No effect small frontal lsn on maze lrng, but decr reversal Bou,WT'54- RMLH Rostral hippocamp lesion decr lrng 8-cul maze - - - - - - - Tho,GJ'58+ MMPH Post-trng peripheral blinding elim retention, decr relrng - Orb,J.'60- After above, only mild decr perf w/bilat occipatal lsn Orb,J.'60- CMLH Prestriate lsns decr lrng/relrng, not retention prior lrng War,JM'61e RNEO Less decr in explor, less spon altern w/hippocamp lesion - Rob,WW'62e RMLH Adrenalectomy-->init incr in errors, slower speed - - - - - Pau,C.'63+ RMLH Adult maze acq decr w/postnatal posterial cortical ablation Sch,S.'64- Above effect decr w/enriched rearing environ Sch,S.'64- RNLH Bilat hippocamp lesions decr maze acq, not passive avoid - Kve,O.'66e RMLH Bilat hippocamp lsn decr acq w/no diff in thigmotaxis beh - Spi,TA'66e RNLH Acq decr w/hipocampal lsn, w/w/out walls to follow - - - - Hos,G.'67+ RMAH Hippocamp lesions decr complex maze lrng up to 7 wks postop Kim,DP'77+ rCP Septal lesion at 1- or 7-d age decr 3-table perf at 90-d - Sta,JM'79+ SRPH Strain diff effect hippocamp/amygdala lsns on radial perf Ros,C.'91e SECO>>3:10. Neurological Effects on Alternation SL****tHT RMLH Bilat brain lesions destroy double altern w/maze-bright - - And,RC'43+ RNPH Alternatn T-maze perf decr w/prefrontal, not occipital lsn Mor,CT'43+ RNRH Hippocamp lsn decr altern perf only w/interpolated acty - - Jar,LE'75- R PH Midbrain reticular ESB decr delayed altern perf - - - - - - Bie,RA'80+ SECO>>3:20. Neurological Effects on Delated Response SL****tDH MUPO Delayed-R elim w/bilateral frontal lesions - - - - - - - - Fin,JL'42- MNLO Frontal lesions decr right-left/up-down delayed altern - - Mis,M.'55+ MNPO No effect of thalamic lesion on spatial delayed-R/altern - Pet,RM'56e DVPH O w/frontal lesion perf triple delay-R only w/maint orient Law,W.'59+ RNPH Short ITI delayed altern decr w/large medial cortex lsn - - Tho,GJ'80+ Recover from above decr w/additional experienc Tho,GJ'80+ W/small septal lsn, no recovery w/long ITI delay altern Tho,GJ'80+ SECO>>3:30. ECS Effects on Spatial Learning SL****tHV RNPO Re errors, H2O maze perf not-f(ECS/noise-fright convulsion) Sta,EJ'42+ RNPH Post-trng ECS decr perf on double-altern lever press R - - MGi,E.'45+ Recovery from above deficit, even w/daily ECS MGi,E.'45+ RNPO ECS decr retention H2O maze, not-f(25/30/35 ma ECS inten) - Tow,JC'49e RNL Title: Glutamic acid/ECS on lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - Por,PB'50- RMLH Acq double-altern maze decr w/18 ECS > 6 or 12 - - - - - - Bro,WL'52+ RNLH T-maze lrng decr w/concur ECS or anoxia by thoracic press - Har,KJ'53- R Title: ECS/naloxone on spatial navigation - - - - - - - - Hol,MS'86+ SECO>>4:00. Drug Effects in Spatial Learning SL****tDs RDLH Acq incr w/strychnine, decr w/caffeine; ALC incr errors - - Pof,AT'16- RDLH Rate of lrng, R-speed decr-f(ALC cose and duration) - - - - Arl,AH'18- RDLH Adrenalin injection facil lrng, is-f(concen/habituation) - Aki,NE'37- RDLT Lrng/relrng decr w/sodium phenobarbital, not-f decr acty - Wil,G.'37+ RDLH Prolonged admin ip sodiuim phenobarbital decr lrng/relrng - Men,MC'40- RDPH After trng, no effect of daily metrazol B4 retention test - Her,WT'41+ RDPH After trng, daily metrazol B4 test decr maze perf - - - - - Lok.RD'41- RDPH After trng Maze-1 then Maze-2, insulin impair Maze-2 perf - Ber,L.'42+ RMLH Paternal pituitary trmt-->incr/decr lrng w/female/male pups Dis,J.'42+ Paternal throid trtmt->incr lrng w/female/male offspring Dis,J.'42+ RELH Perf of lrnd maze decr w/ip nicotine - - - - - - - - - - - Ess,JM'54- ROL- Chronic (weekly) intraperotineal nicotine decr maze perf - Ess,JM'55- RDL- Daily chlorpromazine decr maze acq, w/no retentn w/out drug Ham,RC'56- RMLH No effect of anticholinesterase DFP on lrng/relrng - - - - Pla,CE'57+ OTLO Tetraploid decr acq re H2O/lite escape w/salamander - - - - Ver,JA'57+ RTLH Acq/24-hr retention not-f(chlorpromazine) - - - - - - - - - Sha,AB'58- RDLH Subcu reserpine B4/during trng decr T-maze acq - - - - - - Ken,ND'59- RTPH Pentobarb sodium incr persist of trnd R w/insolvable reinf Mor,M.'59- RDLH Re errors, lo dose strychnine facil, hi dose decr perf - - MGa,JL'61- RTPH No effect of adrenalin on acq - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cal,AD'62+ RMLH 1757 I.S. injected after each trial facil acq - - - - - - - Hud,WJ'62+ RDLH Post-trial strychnine facil maze acq w/female, not male O - Lou,RT'65- FDLO W/guppy, chlorpromazine hydrochlor in H2O decr T-maze lrng Woo,AB'65+ SYPO Bitemporal puromycin B4 trng-->delayed, not immed decr perf Bar,SH'66+ RDPH Post-trng drug state decr start speed w/no effect on choice Bin,D.'66+ RD No effect of TCAP on water-maze lrng/retention - - - - - - Bru,FR'66e RDLH No effect of strychnine sulphate on acq/reversal - - - - - Car,K.'66- RMLH Post-trial pentylenetetrazol, not strychnine facil acq - - Doo,JH'66+ RDLH Strychnine injection facil acq only if immed after trng tr Gre,WT'66+ RTPH Cholinolytic drugs elim spon altern w/incr conflict VTE - - Van,AM'74- HULO Decr in visuospatial lrng w/adult children of alcoholics - Sch,SL'90e RRLH Offspring of ALC-fed males show deficit in radial perf - - Woz,DF'91e rEL Caffeine during 1st wk of life decr adult spatial lrng - - Zim,B.'91e SWLO MAPK inhibitor SL327 decr H2O maze lrng - - - - - - - - - - Sel,JC'99e Relevant uncoded root-abstracts Relevant(?) unabstracted/uncoded literature RML Title: Correlation between 2 mazes - - - - - - - - - - - - Dav,FC'24+ HML Title: Indiv diff vs chance in lrng - - - - - - - - - - - Her,WT'24- R Title: Correl between 2 mazes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tol,EC'24+ HML Title: Maze lrng and intel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sch,RS'32- RNL Title: Cerebral cortex in maze lrng - - - - - - - - - - - Tsa,Y.'34- RML Title: Brain size and ability (Tolman) - - - - - - - - - - Ham,JA'35- RM Title: Vitamin B1 deficiency on perf - - - - - - - - - - - Mau,S.'35- RM Title: Early vitamin B1 depletion on perf - - - - - - - - Mau,S.'35- RM Title: Milk diet on perf - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mau,S.'35- R Title: Field-force problems in children - - - - - - - - - Hul,CL'38- R Title: Brain weight and maze lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - Sil,W.'40e RT Title: Early shock on lrng/regression - - - - - - - - - - Ste,LC'40+ R Title: Indiv diff in VTE and discrim - - - - - - - - - - - Tol,EC'41e RD Title: Hyperthyroidism and lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - Man,CW'42- RN Title: ECS under ether anesthesia - - - - - - - - - - - - Por,PB'47+ RD Title: Glutamic acid on maze lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - Mar,MH'48- G Title: Chronic decompression on retention - - - - - - - - Sol,AE'48e RD Title: Glutamic acid and maze lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - Mar,MH'49- RM Title: Natal anoxia on lrng/memory - - - - - - - - - - - - Mei,GW'50+ RD Title: Drug on maze retention - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wic,DD'50+ R Title: Dehydration on acq/retention - - - - - - - - - - - Hey,AW'51- RT Title: R on satiated trials - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tee,KS'51+ xN Title: Temporal ablation w/monkey/baboon - - - - - - - - - Mis,M.'52- RN Title: Cortical lesions on retention - - - - - - - - - - - Ros,BS'53- RML Title: Lrng as-f(drive/chem blocking) - - - - - - - - - - Arb,J.'55- RNP Title: Prob-solving w/brain injured O - - - - - - - - - - Smi,CJ'55- HM Title: Blind/deaf/normal O in maze - - - - - - - - - - - - Ber,J.'56+ RTL Title: Choice beh as-f(drive) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dav,JW'56- RDA Title: Drugs on react-inhib - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sin,SN'58e RDL Title: Strychnine sulphate on maze lrng - - - - - - - - - MGa'JL'59+ Title: Maze difficulty w/radiation - - - - - - - - - - - - Hal,ES'60- x Title: Delayed field drive--Racoon/cat - - - - - - - - - - Cal,WE'61+ RMO Title: Speed as-f(drive) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fri,CJ'62- X Title: Rats/cats in closed field test - - - - - - - - - - Pol,JS'63- RM Title: Age/trng on brain weight (Kreh) - - - - - - - - - - Zol,JF'63- N Title: Subcortical lsn on delayed altern - - - - - - - - - Dor,JE'64- RTO Title: Septal lsn on DRL/altern - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sim,HJ'65- R Title: Dep on P-lrng perf - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tre,FG'65+ OV Title: Reversal in 4 avian species - - - - - - - - - - - - Gos,RL'67- RM Title: Anisomycin on delayed alternation - - - - - - - - - Miz,SJ'67e RT Title: Motiv effects in P-lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wri,RL'67- RDP Title: Control choice by drug cond - - - - - - - - - - - - Ove,DA'68- RDP Title: Stimulant drugs on ARo - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pea,J.'68e RS Title: Early exper on social lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - Sti,VE'69- SM Title: Hydroxylamine on lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rei,S.'70- STL Title: Inheritance of maze lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sta,JH'70- RMP Title: Dietary/environ cond on perf - - - - - - - - - - - Wel,AM'70- x Title: Prob lrng w/pigeons/goldfish - - - - - - - - - - - Mac,NJ'71e HMP Title: Stylistic diff in lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ONe,PJ'73- rTA Title: Age-related diff in spon altern - - - - - - - - - - Bro,PM'74e rY Title: Devel anal of R and punish - - - - - - - - - - - - Ern,AJ'75+ SML Title: Maze lrng as-f(brain weight) - - - - - - - - - - - Ahr,JK'76+ cM Title: Emergence of spon altern - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fre,CJ'79e OUC Title: Gerbils on 17-arm radial maze - - - - - - - - - - - Wil,DM'83+ ST Title: Arousal and choice beh - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mit,D.'84e RTM Title: Dissoc of maze perf w/drug state - - - - - - - - - Gil,JH'86e RN Title: Spatial lrng w/hippocampectomy - - - - - - - - - - Mor,RG'86e RDL Title: Scopolamine impairs T-maze lrng - - - - - - - - - - Spa,EL'86e RNL Title: Brain iron-deficiency on lrng - - - - - - - - - - - Yeh,S.'86e MDA Title: Lead-induced long-term cog deficit - - - - - - - - Lev,E.'87e RWP Title: Hippocamp and S-R lrng (PCHolland) - - - - - - - - Mor,MJ'87e RD Title: Co-dergocrine/glucose on maze perf - - - - - - - - Wal,RC'87e R Title: Restricted feeding on maze perf - - - - - - - - - - Bea,WW'88e RD Title: Haloperidol effects on oral mvmt - - - - - - - - - Lev,E.'88e Title: Thalamic lesions on radial maze - - - - - - - - - - Sto,KA'88+ RN Title: Place lrng decr w/hippocampal lsn - - - - - - - - - Sut,RJ'88+ RNA Title: Frontal cortex lesion on spatial - - - - - - - - - Wol,C.'88e RM Title: Dietary restriction of perf/memory - - - - - - - - Bon,NW'89e O Title: Species diff in spatial memory - - - - - - - - - - Ols,DJ'91- RxL Title: S effects of feeding operations - - - - - - - - - - Sch,KJ'92- x P Title: Self-control in rat/pigeon (Logue) - - - - - - - - Che,JJ'94- F Title: Allocentric/egocentric maze lrng - - - - - - - - - Rod,F.'94e O Title: Lrng in honeybees - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bit,ME'96- O Title: Path integration in cockroaches - - - - - - - - - - Dur,V.'99+ SECO>>5:00. Behavioral Effects of Acute Addictive Drugs SL****Ts1 SECO>>5:10A. ALC: Acute/Involuntary/Under-Influence SL****Ts1 REPH ALC-->Decr in speed, incr in errors in maze perf - - - - - Mil,NE'36+ REA- Spon altern incr w/caffeine, decr w/ALC - - - - - - - - - - Cox,T.'70- REC- ALC decr variability in R-sequence in radial maze - - - - - Dev,LD'83+ REC- ALC decr N/new R's during extn in radial maze - - - - - - - Dev,LD'84- REP- ALC incr errors in radial-arm maze - - - - - - - - - - - - Gib,WE'85- RECH Less decr lrnd beh w/change context if train/test w/ALC - - Dev,LD'86+ REC- ALC decr acq new win-shift R in radial maze, esp w/females Mai,DM'86+ REPH Prefer no-cue re reinf/nonreinf if hi, = % reinf in both GB Dal,HB'89- Above w/small, immed reinf; pref incr w/ALC Dal,HB'89- REP- ALC decr flexibility re spatial map vs cued place lrng - - Dev,LD'89e SECO>>5:10D. DRUGS: Acute/Involuntary/Under-Influence SL****Ts2 SECO>>5:20A. ALC: Acute/Involuntary/Not-Under-Influence SL****Tt1 SECO>>5:20D. DRUGS: Acute/Involuntary/Not-Under-Influence SL****Tt2 SECO>>5:30A. ALC: Acute/Voluntary/Under-Influence SL****ts1 SECO>>5:30D. DRUGS: Acute/Voluntary/Under-Influcnce SL****ts2 SECO>>5:40A: ALC: Acute/Voluntary/Not-Under-Influence SL****tt1 SECO>>5:40D: DRUGS: Acute/Voluntary/Not-Under-Influrnce SL****tt2 IECO>>10:20. ALC: Acute, Under Influence, Select SL****tf1 IECO>>10:30. ALC: Chronic, Under Influence, Random SL****tm1 REL- Devel beh tolerance w/trng w/ALC, not w/ALC alone - - - - - Che,CS'68- REL- Devel beh tolerance to ALC only w/reinf trng w/ALC - - - - Che,CS'72- Devel ALC tolerance re audiogenic seizure only w/hi dose Che,CS'72- REP- Devel tolerance re maze faster w/ALC B4 than after daily tr LBl,AE'73e REPH Re FR perf, devel beh tolerance w/reinf > nonreinf >no trng Che,CS'79- REA- 48 but not 24-wk forced ALC decr perf on altern in T-maze - Ber,DJ'87e IECO>>10:40. ALC: Chronic, Under Influence, Select SL****tn1 IECO>>10:50. Drugs: Acute, Under Influence, Random SL****te2 RELH MORPH incr time/errors in maze lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - Hsi,Y.'37- REA- Hi-dose d-AMPH decr spon altern - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Adk,J.'69e SEA- W/Y-maze, d-AMPH decr spatial altern, incr same-direction R MFa,DJ'89- REL- Pretrng MORPH decr acq ER w/H2O maze w/warm, not w/cold H2O MNa,RK'91+ IECO>>10:60. Drugs: Acute, Under Influence, Selected SL****tf2 IECO>>10:70. Drugs: Chronic, Under Influence, Random SL****tm2 RELH No effect of 45-min tobacco smoke daily B4 trng on lrng - - Phi,HC'37- REPH MORPH decr maze perf, recover w/trng w/drug - - - - - - - - Mac,MB'40- REC- Chronic nicotine incr choice accuracy in radial-arm maze - Lev,ED'90e IECO>>10:80. Drugs: Chronic, Under Influence, Select SL****tn2 Relevant(?) unabstracted/uncoded literature S Title: Cocaine on directional running - - - - - - - - - - Dew,PB'90- RWP Title: D-AMPH facil memory (PJKraemer) - - - - - - - - - - Bro,RW'98-