LOGAN: LAWS OF LEARNING (Basic Processes) January 2004 SPATIAL LEARNING: Excitation Current Response Dependent Variables Contents Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation SECR>>1:00. Place vs Response in Spatial Learning SP****boa Systematic Analysis of Place vs Response SP****boc SECR>>2:00. Antedating R in Spatial Learning SP****bdr SECR>>3:00. Errors in Spatial Learning SP****bqr SECR>>3:10. Order of Elimination of Errors in Maze SP****bqs SECR>>4:00. Nature of Response in Spatial Learning SP****bar SECR>>4:10. Insight in Spatial Learning SP****hIH SECR>>4:20. Reasoning in Spatial Learning SP****bmH SECR>>4:30. Spatial Detour Performance SP****bnH SECR>>5:00. Vicarious Trial-and-Error in Spatial Learning SP****bOv Systematic Analysis of Response in Spatial Learning SP****baz SECR>>6:00. Spontaneous R-Alternation in Spatial Learning SP****bor SECR>>6:01. Spontaneous S-Alternation SP****bos SECR>>6:02. Spon Altern w/non-rodent O SP****bSr Systematic Analyses of Spontaneous Alternation SP****boz Relevant uncoded root-abstracts Relevant(?) unabstracted/uncoded literature SECR>>1:00. Place vs Response in Spatial Learning SP****boa . Response Learning: Same Turn-R to Different Locations . Place Learning: Different Turn-R to Same Location RMLH Acq facil w/maze w/same Rs; based on forward-going tend - - Das,JF'31+ RMLH Place lrng (2 SB --> 1 GB) > R lrng (2 SB --> 2 GB) - - - - Tol,EC'46e RTLH Acq diff R to same place > same R to diff places - - - - - Blo,HC'47+ Above w/extra-maze cues; no diff w/out Blo,HC'47+ RMLH Place lrng (2 SB -->1 GB) w/lite extra maze > R lrng (2 GB) Rit,BF'47- RTLH Place > R-lrng w/noncorrection, w/genz to rotated maze - - Tol,EC'47- R+LH Place >R-lrng w/short ITI; R>place lrng w/long (15-min) ITI Tho,ME'49+ R+PH Acq place > R w/both hi/lo dep, place decr more w/blinding Tol,EC'49+ RTPH Choice place > R after varied > fixed R-seq B4 shoice - - - Rit,BF'50e RTPH After trng w/elevated runways, choice re place > direction Fos,FR'51+ RVLH After trng position R w/diff lite cue, obtain place choice Web,WB'51- After trng position R w/equal lite cue, obtain R choice Web,WB'51- R+LH W/hi extramaze cues, fastest acq of same R to same place - Gal,E.'54+ Acq diff R to same place > same R to diff place w/cues Gal,E.'54+ RML- R-lrng re propriocep cues > place lrng re visual cues - - - Sch,DP'55- r+L- Place lrng > R lrng w/young O and extramaze cues - - - - - Wad,D.'55e RTLH Place > R lrng w/marked extra-maze cues - - - - - - - - - - Dav,A.'56- RTCH R-lrng > place w/flashing lite over pos GB - - - - - - - - Ove,RK'57+ RTPH Turn R > place lrng re move lite cue, not-f(Amt(trng)) - - Ade,M.'58- RTLH Place lrng re turn R/L re position of lite at end of 1 arm Rob,JS'58+ R lrng re turn R/L re lites/no lites at ends of arms Rob,JS'58+ Above place > R lrng Rob,JS'58+ FOPO Grouped fish make same egocentric (L/R) R w/reversal test - Lev,LE'94- Systematic Analysis of Place vs Response SP****boc HMLO Ident R-tend B4 trng (eg R/L pref, sequential repeat/altern Bro,W.'40+ Re above, w/free-choice (no error) maze, tend repeat Rs Bro,W.'40+ RTLH Concl R-tend > place-tend w/out extra-maze cues - - - - - - Blo,HC'48+ RTLH Concl: Acq "directn"-R, w/no "place" lrng w/extra-maze cues Blo,HC'49e R+LH R-lrng w/homogeneous environ < place lrng w/extra-maze cues Hil,CW'52+ Title: Anal of place lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wer,JD'53- RML- Place lrng is-f non-specific visual cues, not sound/smell - Bro,WL'55+ RML- Accounts for place/resp lrng w/stim equivalence - - - - - - Bir,HG'58+ RMLH Concl naive O intermediate between place/R learning - - - - Gle,H.'63- R+PH Repeat place > R; attrib to ethological concept "domain" - Bla,M.'65e RCA Title: Metric in place lrng (Gallistel) - - - - - - - - - Che,K.'84- SECR>>2:00. Antedating R in Spatial Learning SP****bdr RM Title: Antic as error source in lrng - - - - - - - - - - - Lum,FH'32- RMLH Fail to learn rrrrrrrl maze due to antic errors - - - - - - Spr,SD'33- XMLX Choice-point expectancy: Tend to make final R too early - - Bue,JA'34+ Above antic errors incr-f sim early choice w/final one Bue,JA'34+ HMLO Evidence of anticipatory errors in lrng finger maze - - - - Lum,FH'34- RM - P(error) greater for goal-pointing blinds - - - - - - - - - Spe,KW'34+ Above P(error) decr-f distance from goal Spe,KW'34+ xMPx W/rat/human, make antic errors re single L-turn in maze - - Spr,SD'34- RMLH W/LRLRLR maze, no evidence of antic R - - - - - - - - - - - Ruc,FL'35- NME- Gradient of antic errors w/RRRRRRRL stylus maze - - - - - - Spr,SD'36- RMPH Direction of last turn > goal orient re maze lrng - - - - - Jon,FN'38+ SMPH Both directional and antic tendencies in maze acq w/mice - Bie,JA'40+ RMPH W/series of 20 2-choice units, gradients of repeat R Jen,WO'43- both B4/after reinf choice pt, large > small reinf - - Jen,WO'43- RM Title: Antic as factor in maze lrng - - - - - - - - - - - Lum,FH'43- RMLH Strong antic-R tend re 3-choice points w/4 doors - - - - - Rou,RO'43- Some subj acq persist pattern of errors w/correction Rou,RO'43- RMLH W/next-to-last R opposite final R, acq incr-f(R-R distance) Blo,HC'46+ RMLH Observe antic goal-orient errors w/common start/GB - - - - Bro,WL'46- RMLH W/homogeneous environ, antic R w/no precise patterned R - - Blo,HC'47+ R Title: Antic goal R w/irrel-incentive - - - - - - - - - - Dya,JA'57- SECR>>3:00. Errors in Spatial Learning SP****bqr RMPH Ident tend to repeat errors once made during practice - - - Las,KS'17- HMLO Right hand enter left-side culs; left hand right-side culs War,CJ'24- RMPH Hi homolaterality (same direction) of errors, incr-f(trng) Tsa,LS'31- RMLH 1st-tr errors correl w/later-tr errors, not food orient - - Bal,EL'34+ RMLH Goal-orient errors>non-goal orient, incr w/nearness to goal Bue,JA'34- RMLH Errors=f(forward-going/swing/etc factors, not goal-orient - Bue,J.'35+ RMLO W/H2O maze, gradual elim goal-orient cul in acq rl altern - Eva,S.'37- HMPO No gradual decr in depth of entry into culs during acq - - MGe,JA'37- RMPH Ident errors re wall-seeking tendency - - - - - - - - - - - Wat,RH'37- RMPH Similar error distribution w/similar elevated/alley mazes - Hon,CH'38- RMLH Errors determined by direction-sets, food orient, inertia - Try,RC'40- RMLH Elim blind alleys even if reward errors w/shorten maze - - Ber,IQ'42+ RMLH Max errors at central choice pts w/distrib tr + terminal rf Hul,CL'47- Derive above from S/Genz gradients w/heterogeneous Rs Hul,CL'47- RMLH W/same (of 4) correct R at 4 choice pts, min errors at 3rd Spr,AJ'47- Attrib above to bi-directional S/Genz w/summation Spr,AJ'47- RMLH W/4 altern at 4 pts w/serial reinf, acq at 1 and 4 >2 and 3 Hul,CL'48- Interp above re summatn of antedating/perseverative genz Hul,CL'48- Notes similarity of above w/human serial position curve Hul,CL'48- RMRH Pre- + post-food-subgoal gradients, incr-f(food at subgoal) Has,GM'49- TMLH More errors lrng maze tilted at 21 degrees - - - - - - - - Cal,WE'56+ RTCH Time(IR) and maze errors decr-f distance from GB on 1st tr Per,AC'58- OVAH R/L-approach errors correl w/R/L big crusher lobster claw - Ang,WF'91- RMLH W/place lrng 3-dimensional maze, acq vertical B4 horizontal Gro,MC'92+ SECR>>3:10. Order of Elimination of Errors in Maze SP****bqs RMLH Rate of elim errors not-f(distance from GB) - - - - - - - - Hub,HB'15- RMLH Order of elim errors correl w/proximity w/point of entrance Car,H.'17- R Title: Elim of long/short blinds - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tol,EC'23+ RMLH Order elim errors not-f(serial position), is-f(difficulty) War,CJ'23- RMLH W/straightaway course to GB, elim long > short blind alley Whi,AE'23+ HMLO End positions (primacy/recency) lrnd first in stylus maze - War,CJ'24- RMLH Elim errors headed in direction of GB slower than away - - Bor,WM'28- Retroactive effect in errors, "pushed back" from GB Bor,WM'28- AMLH Concl no consistent order of elim errors re serial position War,CJ'29+ RMLU Elim errors is-f(relative position in sequential pattern) - Lig,J.'30- RMLH Elim long B4 short cul, esp w/elbow in cul and lo dep - - - Tol,EC'30e RMLH Blind rats w/Y-units elim middle > goal > start errors - - DMo,G.'33- W/elevated T-units, order of elim from last to first DMo,G.'33- RMLx Backward elim errors (goal gradient) confound w/direction - Ruc,FL.34- RMLH Evidence of backward elim errors w/little antic factor - - Ruc,FL'35- RMLH Bi-directional forward/backward elim errors w/massed trng - Mue,KF'37e RMLH W/4 4-choice units, bi-directional incr-decr error gradient Hil,CJ'39- RMLH Bi-directional elim errors in endless goal-to-goal maze Tho,ME'43+ vs backward elim errors w/start-to-goal maze - - - - - - Tho,ME'43+ RMLH Entrance gradient steep re goal gradient w/LLLL***RRRR maze Has,GM'45- RMLH Forward elim errors w/serial reinf of same R w/4 choice pts Gla,AI'48- RMPH Distrib of errors is-f(prior exper w/diff maze configs) - - DBo,S.'88+ SECR>>4:00. Nature of Response in Spatial Learning SP****bar RMLH Acq sense of direction in maze, esp near goal - - - - - - - Hub,HB'17+ RMLH Goal orient facil w/initial path toward goal - - - - - - - Was,MF'30+ R Title: Position habit in rats - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Yos,JG'30- RMLH Ident goal-direction is part of maze lrng - - - - - - - - - Yos,JG'30- RMLH Path traced in maze indicates effect of centrifugal swing - Bal,EL'34+ HM Title: Maze pattern and imagery - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sco,TC'36- RMLO Acq faster w/swim on surface vs underwater, w/pos transfer Mas,WA'53+ RMPH Some pref for longer, more difficult path to GB - - - - - - Heb,DO'55+ RMLH Acq w/R = choose diff path (of 4) on successive days - - - Lac,SJ'57+ RxPH Acq R=return to start w/horizontal maze, not perpendicular Luk,I.'59- H Title: Verbal/motor mode of maze lrng - - - - - - - - - - Ste,WT'65+ DMPH Pref path less divergent from visible goal even if longer - Cha,N.'83e Pref shorter path if goal invisible Cha,N.'83e CMPH W/visible goal, pref path starting toward goal even if long Pou,B.'83e W/invisible goal, pref shorter path Pou,B.'83e SECR>>4:10. Insight in Spatial Learning SP****hIH See Inhibition: Interdepdendent Current R-Variables Note: Test is an S/Genz operation but R is defined by experimenter RMPH Trng w/long path B4 door open --> take short path when open Hig,GD'26- RMPH Acq R A-->B transfers to B-->A only if A-B part of trng sit Mai,NR'32- RMCH W/3 paths to GB, 2 w/same unit, block in same-->choose 3rd Eva,S.'36- ROO1 No insight beh w/change food dep/reinf to H2O, v/versa - - Hul,IM'58+ RYP1 Fail to choose path to GB = SB for relevant reinf - - - - - Dya,JA'63+ RYPH Fail to choose path to GB = SB for relevant reinf - - - - - Dya,JA'63+ RMPH Only 1 O show insight re blocked path; attrib to run speed Gro,GS'65+ RCPH Elim olfactory/tactile cues as basis for 3-table reasoning Sta,JM'74+ SECR>>4:20. Reasoning in Spatial Learning SP****bmH RCPH Infer reasoning re combine 2 patterns into novel short path Mai,NR.29- ROPH Climb 1 ring-stand to food, then choose correct after delay Mai,NR'29- XXXX Reasoning (combine 2 experiences) not = lrng, not-f(contig) Mai,NR'31- rMPH Young < adult re spatial 3-table reasoning task - - - - - - Mai,NR'32- RMPH Fail to combine Rs (reasoning) but can learn in prob sit - Wol,JB'34+ XXX- Reasoning (vs lrng) = novel combination of isolated exper - Mai,NR'37- RCPH Reasoning perf decr-f(N/trials w/in day), due to confusion Mai,NR'37+ RCPH Integrate 4 separate sections of indirect path to food - - Mai,NR'38- RCPH Reasoning re integrate 4 experiences = combine 2 and 2 - - Mai,NR'38+ RCPH Re 3-table prob, lactose > standard > lactose-free diet - - Mai,NR'50+ MVPO Capuchin acq search 2 of 4 cups re invisibly hidden object DLi,C.'97+ SECR>>4:30. Spatial Detour Performance SP****bnH NCPH Use tool to push fruit away B4 back to O; harder w/out tool Gui,P.'30+ xxPO W/monkey/raccoon, detour perf indicate foresight re goal - MDo,KD"31+ FCLH Stickleback acq detour R re food in glass tube, w/transfer Rus,ES'32- ROPH Perf re umweg (lose sight of cue lite) decr w/cortical lsn Kre,I.'38- RCPH Perf detour around partition toward > away from GB - - - - Sch,PH'50- O Title: Confinement on detour w/turtle - - - - - - - - - - Spi,IM'64- O Title: Detour beh in turtle - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Spi,IM'64- oCPO At 2-d-age, chicks turn L/R then R/L around barrier - - - - Reg,L.'95e xVPH Cat/dog fail to infer mvmt of hidden S behind moved screen Dor,FY'96e CCPO Change from egocentric map to context to detour to hid lure Fis,S.'96+ OMPH Octopus use vision-->less efficient act to decr detour time Mor,T.'97+ OCPH After see lure only from start, choose correct detour - - - Tar,MS'97+ FCPO Left-right detour bias is-f(gender, sex dep, social goal) - Bis,A.'98e SECR>>5:00. Vicarious Trial-and-Error in Spatial Learning SP****bOv . VTE: Looking Back-and-Forth at Choice Point RTLH Acq not-f length of correct/incorrect arms in acq/reversals Den,W.'30- Re above, N/VTE incr-f(length of maze arms) Den,W.'30- R Title: Relation of VTE to lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mue,KF'38- RTPH Spend longer time at choice pt (more VTE) when alternate R Cra,CW'40- ECLH W/W-B discrim, N/VTE + lrng rate decr-f spatial angle of Ss Tol,EC'40- R Title: VTE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tay,JG'51+ Systematic Analysis of Response in Spatial Learning SP****baz Rf1- Interp: Errors w/changed maze due to changed propriocep cue Car,H.'08+ RMLH Exper factors have diff effects on time vs distance in lrng Hub,HB'14- RMLH Interp perf re intra-organism direction orientation - - - - Das,FJ'30- RTPH Indiv diff in pref re R/L turn, w/incr pref as-f(trng) - - Gen,JA'30- RMPH Low correl (.16 - .19) re errors/trials lrng/retention - - Cor,SM'31- RM Title: R made in mult-choice maze - - - - - - - - - - - - Lum,FH'31- RMLH Evidence of gen spatial orient in maze lrng - - - - - - - - War,CJ'31+ RMPH Evidence for centifugal swing--run to outer wall after turn Bal,EL'32+ RM - Direction re goal, antic R involved in maze lrng - - - - - Spe,KW'32- RMPH After block, O tend to resume orig forward direction - - - Bay,AG'33- RMPH Ident "centrifugal swing" vs "forward-going" in maze lrng - Sch,TC'33- RMLH Evidence of goal orient only w/open field, not w/paths - - Yos,JG'33- RMCH W/several reinf paths, R variability incr w/>1 tr/day - - - Win,RC'34+ XMLX Contends that rewards have little direct effect on errors - Bue,JA'35+ ROOH W/R=pull 2 strings w/food, acq pref for lighter weight - - MCu,TL'35- Above w/large diff in weight; position pref w/small diff MCu,TL'35- RMLH Attrib difficulty w/RRLRRR maze to generalized turn habit - Ruc,FL'35- Potency of above habit less near goal or w/hi motiv Ruc,FL'35- RMP- R at 1st choice pt re centrifugal swing re prior forced R - Wit,HA'37+ RMLH Acq "directional set" early in trng, persist w/changed S - Try,RC'39- RMCH P(systematic "hypo" beh) in insoluble/free-sit > soluble - Wit,HA'40- RMCH Review evidence favoring non-purposive interp vs hypotheses Wit,HA'40- RMLX Rejects goal orient in maze vs antic R re goal-pointing R - Tho,ME'44- RMPH Evidence for acq of orient re direction (not place) re GB - Rit,BF'48- RTPT Position pref when satiated modified by prior reinf trng - Sew,JP'52+ RMLH O did not always repeat last R in free-choice sit - - - - - Mei,GW'57+ SECR>>6:00. Spontaneous R-Alternation in Spatial Learning SP****bor RMPH W/2-unit T-maze, alternate at same choice pt, not between - Den,W.'39- RTPH W/reinf both Rs, altern decr-f(10-120 sec ITI) - - - - - - Hea,GL'40- RYCH Spon altern in run, but R-repetition if jump at choice pt - Jac,MM'41- RTPH W/2 paths to same GB, little altern w/w/out food left in GB Wei,J.'41+ HxOO Spon altern decr-f(forced choice speed), incr-f(R-diff) - - Win,RC'43- RYP- Spon altern decr-f(ITI), incr-f(N), not-f(effort) - - - - - Mon,KC'51- RTCH Altern incr-f(N/forced turns), decr-f(Delay B4 test) - - - Zea,D.'51+ RTC- Altern w/massed > distrib, decr-f(effort) - - - - - - - - Ril,DA'52+ RTA- R-altern elim by reversing S at choice pt - - - - - - - - - Gla,M.'53- RMP- After forced tr to 1 path w/fan-maze, pref for distant path Zea,D.'53+ R+P- Tend for R-altern to decr w/incr in R-effort - - - - - - - Wal,EL'55e RTA- Spon altern 24h after 40 forced tr to 1 side at 10 tr/day - Cal,AD'56e No spon altern 24h after 40 forced to 1 side at 1 tr/day Cal,AD'56e RTAT Signif altern tend up to 90-min ITI, esp if reinf - - - - - Wal,EL'56- RTCH More altern w/diff GB or if prefeed in distinctive GB - - - Sut,NS'57- TTPH Spon R-altern w/blind = normals, not due to reactive inhib Dem,WN'58- RTPH Spon altern w/peripherally blind = normals - - - - - - - - Dem,WN'58+ H Title: Spon altern - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sug,T.'58+ RTA- Spon altern after 1 forced tr > after 1 free-choice tr - - Dem,WN'59+ RTPH After 2 or 8 forced turns in B/W maze, hi P(alternation) - Fow,H.'59e Above tend decr w/trng and w/hi Amt(Reinf) Fow,H.'59e RTCH Interactn of N/forced reinf tr and delay B4 test on altern Fuj,O.'59- RMAH Altern after 2-forced turns in maze, greater w/short ITI - Iwa,S.'59e RTA- Spon altern is-f inten/location of shock in T-maze - - - - Tak,T.'60+ R+PH Altern after nonreinf >reinf, after forced tr >free choice Tho,ME'60- RYAO Concl R-repetition w/identical alternatives during explor - VLa,EK'60- R+PO W/escape-shock reinf in both GB, repeat R > S - - - - - - - Iwa,S.'62- RTA- Spon altern w/reward < nonreward, decr-f(dep) - - - - - - - Fuj,O.'63- R TItle: Spon altern - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bat,K.'64e RTA Title: Unconsumed reward on altern - - - - - - - - - - - - Spe,NK'64e RTRH Altern incr-decr-f(N/forced tr w/1-tr/day) - - - - - - - - Den,MR'65+ RMPH Turn altern w/in, not between trials, only w/sidewalls - - Iwa,S.'65- RTPH W/both R's reinf, spon altern only if altern on previous tr Hol,EW'66- RTPH Altern not-f(forced tr-1 turn w/wooden vs transparent block Hug,RN'66- Observed more investigatory beh w/remove wooden block Hug,RN'66- RT Title: Spon altern and pattern of reinf - - - - - - - - - Sti,AW'66- RTCH Hi direction altern after mult tr w/switched brightness cue Pat,JL'70+ Hi bright altern after mult tr if equate directn exper Pat,JL'70+ R+AH Spon altern after 1/2/4/8 forced turns incr w/GABA - - - - Sin,SN'70+ RTPH After diffcond w/Amt(Reinf) as-f(brightness of alley) Ric,ML'80+ maze altern after small > large reinf or signaled small Ric,ML'80+ STPH Spon altern after 1 > 24-hr ITI - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Jaf,R.'81e Spon altern after reinf > nonreinf w/24, not w/2-hr ITI Jaf,R.'81e rTLO Spon altern incr-f(1-10-d age) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bue,C.'82e RWLO Tend to perseverate vs altern ER in water maze - - - - - - Mea,LW'88- RUP R-altern decr-f(5/10/20-sec delay B4 test), incr w/trng - - VHe,A.'88e Present Ss during delay decr perf w/male, not w/female VHe,A.'88e SECR>>6:01. Spontaneous S-Alternation SP****bos R+P- Altern place > R - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mon,KC'52- R+P- Greatest altern re S (B/W), some re place, little re R - - Wal,EL'55e R+P- No effect of pre-exposure to B/W S on later altern re B/W - Wal,EL'55e RTC- Choose altern w/changed color; interp re explor novel S - - Dem,WN'56- RTC- Avoid color of altern after long preexposure outside maze - Kiv,PN'56e RVPU Failure of S-satiatn by S.Levine etal '58 due to long expos Dem,WN'58- RVPU Replicates pref for changed arm of T-maze - - - - - - - - - Fow,H.'58- RVAG Spon altern is-f(S-exposure) w/w/out choice on 1st tr - - - Gla,M.'58- RTP Replicate no pref for changed maze arm after 3-min exposure Lev,S.'58- RTP No pref re novel vs familiar maze arm, not-f(early handle) Lev,S.'58e RVPH After trng w/W/B arms of maze, pref changed arm - - - - - - Woo,PJ.59+ RTPO After visual expose W/B arms, pref changed arm w/W/W or B/B Wal,RD'60- Note: Above pref re S-change w/both lite/dark-rearing Wal,RD'60- RTP- Visual pre-expose B/W arms-->pref for changed arm w/B/B W/W Fox,R.'62+ OYPO W/arms of equal brighness, pref arm w/changed brightness - Hug,RN'64- hTEO Interp altern re activating prop of novel S - - - - - - - - Ell,N.'65+ OYP Observe spon altern in ferret, interp re S-change novelty - Hug,RN'65- RTA- Altern re direction-orient re 1st tr in different maze - - Dem,WN'66e RVP No effect of 0/45/90-sec pre-expose to B/W on B/W choice - Pat,JL'70- RMRH Spon altern re brightness S, not spatial - - - - - - - - - Ric,CL'70e SECR>>6:02. Spon Altern w/non-rodent O SP****bSr WMC- Altern incr-f(N/turns), decr-f(time/distance) - - - - - - - Gro,JH'53- WMPO Mealworm altern after 2 > 1 forced L/R turn - - - - - - - - Gro,JH'53+ WTPO Spon altern incr-f(disscriminable brightness cues at choice Way,MJ'58+ WMPO Mealworm altern after forced L/R turn after 3 > 6 cm B4 pt Gro,JH'61+ OMPO W/paramecia, no evidence of inhib re altern as-f(N/turns) - Lac,SJ'62+ oUAU Fail to demonstrate spon altern w/2-6-d-old chicks - - - - Hay,WN'63+ WTPO Some evidence of altern incr-f(N/forced turns B4 choice pt) Shi,PG'64+ OMPO Infer bias toward sterotypy vs altern in fruit fly - - - - Mur,RM'65- OTPU After 1 forced turn, altern at choice pt w/pill bug - - - - Kup,I.'66- OMPO No R-altern w/millipede - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lec,BT'66- OTPH Turn-R incr-f(N/prior opposite turns w/square maze)(sowbug) Sac,LB'66e OMPH After preexpose to long/short path, choose other w/turtle - Spi,IM/66- OTOH Spon altern w/massed trng w/opossum - - - - - - - - - - - - Til,MW'66e OTPO Altern w/woodlice incr-f(N/forced turns), incr w/warmth - - Hug,RN'67- OYPO Altern w/ferret incr-f(confine in GB) and change other arm Hug,RN'67- OORU Altern w/gerbils only w/own odor cues avail - - - - - - - - Dem,WN'72+ OTPx Chicks altern w/social reinf, not w/food/H2O/nonreinf - - - Cog,D.'79e OTPObSr After forced turn, jumping spider altern w/out visual cues Tay,PW'95- Systematic Analyses of Spontaneous Alternation SP****boz HMLO Acq faster w/maze where centrifugal swing favors correct R Bit,ME'46+ RTP- Spon altern after forced is-f repetitive S exposure, not R Est,WK'55+ R+P- Conclude that rel import of S/place/R can be exper manip Wal,EL'55e RMAH Concl spon altern =f(curiosity + S-satiation), not R-inhib Dem,WN'58+ RYAO Concl: W/identical alternatives, R-repetition > alternation Jag,H.'60+ R+PH After nonreinf, altern S w/dissim arms, altern R w/sim arms Tho,ME'61+ Re above, no altern R after reinf Tho,ME'61+ RTA1 Concl: Altern not-f history of fixed/variable food location Smi,J.'62- RMPH Interp altern perf re R-repetition w/reinf vs S-altern - - Tho,ME'62- RTAH W/hooded, not albino O, altern after reinf > nonreinf - - - Spe,NE'63e RMPH Tend of perseverate R from preceding trial w/changed path - Luk,I./64- RTPH Evidence for alternation combined w/S-change re choice beh OCo,RH'64- RTPH Indiv P(altern) correl w/group > indiv - - - - - - - - - - Dou,RJ'65+ R+PO Altern place > R w/nondeprived O - - - - - - - - - - - - - OCo,RH'65- XMPX Attrib spon altern to S-attraction vs loss of S control - - OCo,RH'65- RTPH Subj w/middle-ear disease altern w/odor trail, not w/out - Dou,RJ'66- RTPH Concl: Altern is-f relative direction or position in space Dou,RJ'66- RTRH Speed in T-stem on trial-2 faster w/diff orientation - - - She,MF'66+ RTPH After run straight alley, choose arm in opposite direction She,MF'66+ RTPH Interp spon altern re explor w/persist after reinf>nonreinf Sti,AW'66- R Title: S-control of spon altern - - - - - - - - - - - - - Eis,R.'67e RTPH Turn in maze opposite direction of prior run(s) in alley - She,MF'79e RTAO Concl: Spon altern is lrng as-f(memory cues re prior R) - - Kiv,PJ'81e xTPO Mech (tactile/kinesthetic) of altern diff re invert species Hug,RN'87- OMRO P(altern) w/woodlice after contact predator (spider) > fly Car,GD'92e Interp altern re efficient escape from unfavorable sit Car,GD'92e Relevant uncoded root-abstracts Relevant(?) unabstracted/uncoded literature HML Title: Modes of attack in stylus maze - - - - - - - - - - War,CJ'24- HML Title: Human reactions w/fixed orientatn - - - - - - - - - Per,NL'27- RM Title: Altern habit in simple maze - - - - - - - - - - - - Yos,JG'29- HML Title: Muscular tension w/stylus - - - - - - - - - - - - - Str,JB'30- R Title: Geotropism vs lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sta,WH'32- Title: Initial chance of right R - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lor,I.'33- RM Title: Elim of blind alleys - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mon,GD'33- H Title: All-or-none elim of errors - - - - - - - - - - - - MGe,JA'33+ HM Title: Accuracy of reproduction of maze - - - - - - - - - Sco,TC'36- XXX Title: Maze mechanics - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wit,HA'37+ HM Title: Knowledge of pattern sim - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hig,GD'38- Title: Fixation of R in mult-choice sit - - - - - - - - - Got,RM'39- OM Title: Initial period of gen lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - Sch,TC'41- H Title: Equivalent S and reasoning - - - - - - - - - - - - Mai,NR'45- HM Title: Temporal order of interpolation - - - - - - - - - - Lan,MC'50- R Title: Error gradients in human lrng - - - - - - - - - - - Mar,MH'51+ O Title: Beh variability in paramecia - - - - - - - - - - - Lep,WM'52+ HM Title: React-inhib in maze lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tho,ME'52- RM Title: Level/kind of motiv on variability - - - - - - - - DVa,RL'54- RTP Title: Reward variation on choice-pt beh - - - - - - - - - Per,AC'55- H Title: Gradients of error reinf - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mar,MH'56+ R Title: Gradients of error reinf - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mar,MH'57- R Title: Errors in mult-choice lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - Mar,MH'57- RTL Title: Forced (non)rewarded trials - - - - - - - - - - - - Fra,RW'59- Title: Immed/residual kinesthesis effect - - - - - - - - - Gar,RA'61- HM Title: Beh variability in stylus maze - - - - - - - - - - Ric,GE'61+ RT Title: Drive level and turning pref - - - - - - - - - - - Wik,EL'63e RTP Title: Punish and choice - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sea,DO'64- QM Title: R variability - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tho,ME'65e RM Title: Visual cues in perseverative beh - - - - - - - - - Luk,I.'66- R A Title: Spon altern beh - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ros,JJ'69+ Title: Antic R in linear maze - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gar,RA'71+ R Title: Spon ambulation w/hi-lo-avoid O - - - - - - - - - - Nil,R.'81+ FRP Title: Perf in radial maze - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Roi,HL'82e RMP Title: R-strategies in radial maze - - - - - - - - - - - - Yoe,SI'82+ R Title: Stay/shift strategies in search - - - - - - - - - - Hai,KA'83e S Title: Cue/R-choice after shock - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ani,H.'84e RMP Title: Maze structure w/mult-goal task - - - - - - - - - - Hor,J.'84- H Title: Mapping cog maps - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MNa,TP'84- N Title: Spatial problem-solving w/mirrors - - - - - - - - - Men,EQ'85e R Title: Spatial strategy w/radial maze - - - - - - - - - - Hig,A.'88+ Title: Goal gradient & achievement motiv - - - - - - - - - Sri,SK;88- R Title: Mech of beh sequences - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pap,MR'89+ R Title: Foraging in radial maze - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rob,WA'89+ R Title: Pattern tracking at diff locations - - - - - - - - Phe,MT'91+ RRP Title: Lrng in patch sampling - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rob,WA'91- R Title: Central-place foraging in radial - - - - - - - - - Ash,M.'92+ R Title: Cog map in radial maze - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bro,MF'92- R Title: Choice criterion in radial maze - - - - - - - - - - Bro,MF'93+ T Title: Shortcut ability - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cha,N.'93+ O Title: Honeybee perf in radial maze - - - - - - - - - - - Bur,S.'95e R Title: Tracking/averaging in environ - - - - - - - - - - - Def,L.'96e P Title: Landmarks for spatial search - - - - - - - - - - - Lec,DP'97+ Title: Choice, foraging, delay-decr hypo - - - - - - - - - Fan,E.'98- R Title: Position lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bur,RA'99e RMP Title: Arm/wall travel in radial maze - - - - - - - - - - Tim,W.'99e