LOGAN: LAWS OF LEARNING (Basic Processes) January 2004 SPATIAL LEARNING: Excitation Current Stimulus Independent Variables Contents Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Independent-Operation Principle SECS>>1:00. Functional Stimulus identification SE****Bss Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation SECS>>1:01. Role of Proprioception SE****bFa SECS>>1:02. Role of Intra-Maze Cues SE****bas SECS>>1:03. Role of Odor Cues SE****bau Systematic Analyses of the Stimulus in Spatial Learning SE****baz SECS>>1:10. Comparative effectiveness of S SE****bea Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Independent-Operation SECS>>2:00. Role of Context in Spatial Learning SE****Ncs Paradigmatic/Unnatural/Asocial/Emotionally-Neutral/Interdependent-Operation SECS>>2:10. Counting in Spatial Learning SE****hcH Paradigmatic/Natural/Asocial/Emotionally-Positive/Interdependent-Operation SECS>>2:20. Chaining Delay(Reinf) Length of Path SE****ajl SECS>>2:30. Within-chain Delay(Reinf) SE****ajc SECS>>2:40. Effect of GB Detention SE****ajd SECS>>2:50. Novelty/Complexity SE****asa Principle SECS>>3:00. Reinforcement Conditions in Spatial Learning SE****ama SECS>>3:10. Partial reinforcement SE****afa SECS>>3:20. Amt(Reinf) in Spatial Learning SE****aMK SECS>>3:30. Delay(Reinf) in Spatial Learning SE****aDK Relevant uncoded root-abstracts Relevant(?) unabstracted/uncoded literature Principle SECS>>1:00. Functional Stimulus identification SE****Bss Events that affect spatial lrng are functional cues RMLH Hampton Court maze acq facil w/B/W cues re correct path - - Vin.SB'15- RCLH Acq choice of end compartment, not 2nd from left end - - - Bur,HE'16- RMLH Fail to acq choice of 4 alternatives w/temporal cues alone Atk,EW'21+ ROLH 5/9 O acq diff spatial R re incline plane of 3 paths - - - Das,JF'25+ RML- Blind = normal rats in mult-T-maze lrng - - - - - - - - - - Wea,HE'28+ RPLH Acq re inclined plane w/successively smaller difference - - Ruc,TC'30- DAPU Discrim sound sources 15 cm apart and 5 m away w/out vision Kel,H.'33+ RMPH Lrng not-f(cross-sectional area of maze) - - - - - - - - - Ken,JL'36+ MVPO Learn to choose middle of 3, but not of 5 holes - - - - - - Oht,N.'39- RMLH W/12-unit maze, varied R in middle decr acq both start/end MCo,K.'42- RTL1 After trng w/food vs H2O w/food+H2O dep, correct R w/1 dep Ken,HH'46- RMLH Maze lrng w/only auditory cues avail, based on echolocation Ros,MR'55e OMLU Bees/wasps learn maze w/colored walls re correct turns - - Wei,K.'56- OCOO Flight path of warbler is-f star position in artificial sky Sau,EG'58- RMP- No effect of infant blinding on later Dashiell-maze perf - Das,JF'59- RMLH Attrib "floor-cue" in maze lrng to cochlea, not olfaction - She,JF'59- SOLU Fail to learn re force of magnetic field as cue to choice - Nel,W.'60+ OYLH W/chicks, acq facil w/added brightness cues - - - - - - - - War,JM'60e RTLH Added cue re runways facil acq/reversal - - - - - - - - - - Mur,K.'61- RMPH B/W arms of elevated maze decr ability to return to start - Luk,I.'64- OVP Demonstrate pref for darker arm of Y-maze w/frog - - - - - Spi,IM'65+ RTLH Lite cue re altern decr perf w/normals, facil w/caudate lsn Mik,WL'66- cALO Acq directional R re auditory S after 18-d age - - - - - - Cle,M.'78+ RWRP Acq H2O-maze w/only auditory cues, w/hi retention Sut,RJ'84+ C+PH Acq w/extra-maze visual cue displaced from GB = over GB - - Pou,B.'85- Delay after visual cue B4 choice decr perf esp over GB Pou,B.'85- RCOH In foraging sit, acq discrim re cue to patches w/extra food Mel,RL'88+ SECS>>1:01. Role of Proprioception SE****bFa OfL- Strong evidence of kinesthetic S in maze lrng by sheep/goat Lid,HS'25- OMLH Ants learn maze to/from food source re kinesthetic cues - - Sch,TC'29- RfL- Genz: Propriocep not accurate enough to explain maze lrng - Den,W.'31- HMLO Acq facil w/uneven floor providing propriocep cues re turns Smi,S.'35- HfL- Lrng facil w/diff fdbk cues (stylus tension) B4 choice pts Car,LF'36- RfL- Kinesthesis inadequate/unnec for maze lrng - - - - - - - - Hon,CH'36- HMLO Incr proprio fdbk facil acq only if diff re choice pts - - Smi,S.'38- RMLH W/R=return to SB, acq incr-f(angle of turn) - - - - - - - - Luk,I.'63- SECS>>1:02. Role of Intra-Maze Cues in Spatial Learning SE****bas RML Title: Floor cues w/unit-like maze - - - - - - - - - - - - Cur,QF'36- HMLO Acq facil re variation in length of arms between choice pts Sco,TC'37- RMP Title: Insight w/intramaze stim - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sch,MS'52- SECS>>1:03. Role of Odor Cues in Spatial Learning SE****bau RMLH Hampton Court maze acq facil w/odor cues re correct path - Vin,SB'15- R Title: Odor-trail avoid in altern - - - - - - - - - - - - Bri,M.'67- RTLH Acq L/R choice re odor trial of 1 reinf rat, better w/6 - - Mea,LW'71e RGRH Odor cues re other rats effective only if w/same dep state Dav,SF'76e RRP Title: Intramaze cues/odor trails - - - - - - - - - - - - Olt,DS'79+ RMPU Perf decr but above chance w/remove odor cues w/radial maze Bur,O,'81+ RMLO Evidence for use of odor trails if avail/nec in water maze Mea,LW'92e Systematic Analyses of the Stimulus in Spatial Learning SE****baz RMLH Tactual-motor lrng important factor, vs vision/smell - - - Sma,WS'01- RfL- After lrng, good maze perf w/out vision/hearing/smell/touch Wat,JB'07- RMLH Animal might have used a lost sense had it possessed it - - Was,MF'08- RMLH Vision facil maze lrng re tonic effect on organic actions - Car,H.'17- RMLH Olfactory cues have tonic effect on various actions in lrng Car,H.'17- RfM- Propriocep inadequate; need sight/vibrissae contact w/wall Den,W.'29- Maze habit is not invariable, identical stim not nec Den,W.'29- HMLO Use extra-maze visual/auditory cues; little genz if rotate Bro,W.'32- RMPH Use odor + cues on surrounding walls to ident correct path Buy,FJ'32+ RML- Rate acq is-f sim of cues/Rs in maze pattern - - - - - - - Sny,D.'35- RMLH Concl: Acq requires constant intra- or extra-maze cues - - Wol,DL'35- RfL- Base maze lrng on all available senses w/some surgicly elim Hon,CH'36- Rel import any sense depends on other available senses Hon,CH'36- W/elevated maze, vision > olfaction > audition > tactual Hon,CH'36- Can learn maze w/any sense except proprio alone Hon,CH'36- Exterocep cue nec for acq; propriocep devel skill later Hon,CH'36- RMLH Acq maze/detour w/sense impressions from in/out maze - - - Bie,JA'37- Above incl fdbk re own mvmts but kinesthesis not enough Bie,JA'37- RMLH Results of lengthening/shortening/changing maze units, Hon,CH'39- imply olfactory cues w/blind rats are continuous process Hon,CH'39- RMLH Ident vision/audition/olfaction/forward-going/antic factor Whe,R.'40- RMCH P(shift systematic beh) in free sit incr-f(N/cues) - - - - Wit,HA'40- Above P(shift systematic beh) decr-f(trng) Wit,HA'40- RML- Kinesthesis easiest cue, but use visual/odor if strong - - Rog,GZ'58- PxOH Use both local > global spatial cues re baited location - - Spe,ML'88e SCRO Navigate re local (beacon) cues near nest, distal cues far Aly,SH'97+ SECS>>1:10. Comparative effectiveness of S SE****bea RMLH Ident tactual sensations > smell/vision re lrng/transfer - Bog,ES'11+ MMLU W/monkey, decisions based on sight, not smell - - - - - - - Kin,AJ'13- OMLU Birds acq maze chiefly by sight, w/kinesthetic cues signif Sad,MP.23- RfL- Pos transfer swim-->run favors exterocept vs propriocep cue Eva,S.'36- RSLH Acq re position > place > follow rat; no lrng to not-follow Yos,M.'54- OSLH Diffcond re odor of wintergreen w/opossum - - - - - - - - - Til,MW'66e OAPH Horses acq tone localization w/lo (<1kHz), not hi-Hz - - - Hef,RS'68+ RTLH Acq decr-f(N/irrel S); ORE only w/irrel S - - - - - - - - - Ric,CL'70- RTLH Title: Undertrng reversal effect - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ric,CL'70+ RSL Social >nonsocial discrim S re choice pt in open-field maze Sti,VE'70- SECS>>2:00. Role of Context in Spatial Learning SE****Ncs RMLH Maze perf decr w/variability/change in sensory environ - - Car,H.'17- RMPH Pref pentagon-shaped path to triangle of equal length - - - Yos,JG'27- RMLH Acq decr w/freq variation in "incidental S" in mult-T maze Pat,JR'32+ RALH Acq facil w/constant buzzer in fixed position vs no sound - Pen,LA'34- Disturb maze perf if change context re buzz on/off Pen,LA'34- RMLO Maze perf w/rearing/testing in cold > normal/hot environ - Hel,LA'43- RMLH Acq w/symmetrical dome environ < heterogeneous visual cues Wal,WJ'48- Above affects difficulty of culs and transposition Wal,WJ'48- RM Title: Environ temperature on lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - Win,CW'52- FMP Title: Temperature on retention - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fre,GM'55+ rTLO Acq w/escape-shock motiv facil w/home environ (litter) cue Smi,GJ'81+ SECS>>2:10. Counting in Spatial Learning SE****hcH RMLH Train distance discrim (turn at 4th of 7 choice points) - - Sol,RL'49- Test w/weighted harness-->turn B4 4th choice point Sol,RL'49- RVCH Acq R=choice-of-6 tunnels re ordinal position, w/hi retentn Dav,H.'88+ OCPH Distance estimatn w/honey bees is-f(N/identical landmarks) Chi,L.'95+ SECS>>2:20. Chaining Delay(Reinf) Length of Path SE****ajl RML- Post-choice delay retards T-maze lrng of shorter path - - - Cle,FE'28- RMPH W/2 GB, devel pref for path to more distant GB - - - - - - Sny,D.'36- Above based on ease of lrng/perf w/eg: LLLLLL vs LLLR Sny,D.'36- RMPH Choice of shorter path facil w/diff cues (alley brightness) Ber,KS'37+ RMLH P(choose short>long path) is-f(rel diff...ie Weber's Law) - Yos,JG'39- RMPH Acq pref for shorter (1.5:1) path to final long path to GB Gil,HC'41- Infer sub-goal because total diff in length not discr Gil,HC'41- RMLG Acq shorter path decr-f(distance to final common path) - - Ken,HH'43- RTLH Acq pref re shorter path is-f(ratio/absolute lengths) - - - Tho,ME'44- Above data imply exponential f(chaining Delay(Reinf)) Tho,ME'44- SECS>>2:30. Within-chain Delay(Reinf) SE****ajc RMLH Acq pref shorter path to food - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kuo,ZY'22- RMLH Lrn choice of path w/shorter intramaze delay B4 common goal Sam,CF'25+ RMR- Add delay w/in maze decr speed B4 block - - - - - - - - - - Coo,JB'38- RTLH Acq decr-f(Delay(Reinf)) re length of correctd arm - - - - Sew,JP'42- Note: No effect of length of blind arm Sew,JP'42- R - Rate(lrng) decr-f length of final common path - - - - - - - Spe,KW'42+ Rate(lrng) same w/diff or common final paths Spe,KW'42+ RMRH Init goal gradient re speed change to antic gradient w/trng Eps,MA'43+ Note: No antic gradient w/prefrontal lobectomy Eps,MA'43+ RMLG 15/45/90-sec delay mid-14-unit maze decr perf B4 not after Bro,WL'48+ RMLG Intra-maze delay w/running in wheel decr perf B4 not after Bro,WL'48e RMLG Intra-maze delay w/gap in maze decr perf B4 not after gap - Bro,WL'49e RMLH Delay w/in maze decr perf anterior to delay - - - - - - - - Gen,G.'49e RMLH 45-sec delay mid-way of 14-unit maze decr perf B4 not after Bro,WL'51+ HMPO No effect of intra-maze delay on perf B4/after delay - - - Cra,BJ'62- RMLH W/R=return to SB, 7-sec delay B4 return decr perf - - - - - Luk,I.'63- SECS>>2:40. Effect of GB Detention SE****ajd RTL- Acq not-f post-reinf detention in GB - - - - - - - - - - - Dav,AD'54- RSP- Devel pref for R followed by 30-sec detention vs gentling - Can,DK'60e RTPH W/equal reinf, pref R w/out post-reinf detention in GB - - Bow,J.'66- SECS>>2:50. Novelty/Complexity SE****asa RYLO Acq/reversal w/reinf=complex explor maze vs blind alley - - Mon,KC'54- RTPO Devel pref for large or complex GB, interp re novelty drive Ber,DE'57+ RVP- Devel pref for more complex B/W pattern - - - - - - - - - - Dem,WN'57e cYPO Devel pref re manip/explor in GB w/out prior assoc w/D-decr Mil,RC'58- RTPO W/out H2O/food dep, pref maze > box w/w/out acty dep - - - Hil,WF'61- RTE1 Pref novel > familiar tactile S w/H2O or food dep - - - - - Ric,WJ'61+ Note: Interaction of above effect wgender Ric,WJ'61+ RTPO Acq pref for altern w/lite + noise vs lite alone - - - - - Mat,DW'66- RVP- Pref complex>simple pattern + alternative w/changed pattern Ear,RW'67e Principle SECS>>3:00. Reinforcement Conditions in Spatial Learning SE****ama Event is reinforcing if it effects spatial learning RMLx Bread+milk reinf > escape/go-home, more w/speed than error Sim,R.'24- RMLO Lrng re escape H2O w/cold > hot > body temperature - - - - Hac,ER'33- RMPH Acq w/protein>no-protein reinf if reared on no-protein diet Gri,WJ'54+ RTLT Acq w/CRF > PRF; reversal w/CRF > PRF only if CRF in acq - Wik,EL'59e RTLT Acq choice H2O >saline but consume more saline in home cage Deu,JA'60+ RTLU Acq w/hi > lo sucrose concen - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Iso,JR'64- RNLO Acq/reversal w/1-tr/day w/reinf = laternal hypothal ESB - - Kor,C.'68+ RDL- Diabetic O preload w/NaCl acq SR to antidiuretic hormone - Mil,NE'68e F Title: Reward/aftereffects in lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - Mac,NJ'71- SECS>>3:10. Partial reinforcement SE****afa R Title: PRF in T-maze - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cot,JW'59e RTLT Acq w/50% < 100% reinf, w/greater variability - - - - - - - Wik,EL'59e RTLH Acq w/CRF > 50% PRF - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hil,WF'62e RTRH Devel fast run speed during nonreinf tr B4/after reinf tr - Cla,JW'66+ RVPU Over trng w/PRF, win-shift change to win-stay beh - - - - - Eve,JL'84+ SECS>>3:20. Amt(Reinf) in Spatial Learning SE****aMK HMLx Acq finger maze w/verbal reinf < penny < 25 cents - - - - - Abe,L.'36- Attrib acq as-f(Amt(Reinf)) to incr effort not incr lrng Abe,L.'36- RTLH P(correct) as-f(N/tr) incr-f(Amt(Reinf)) - - - - - - - - - Rey,B.'50- R-hypo: R incr-f(Amt(Reinf)) only if R sim to consum R Rey,B.'50- RMLH Speed incr-f, but rate acq not-f Amt(Reinf) if > 0 - - - - Fur,E.'53+ R Title: Quant(reward) on maze habit - - - - - - - - - - - - Wic,DD'54+ RMLH Re errors/speed, acq not-f(Amt(Reinf) or time in GB - - - - Feh,E.'56- RTLH Speed + %-correct incr-f(amt) not concen sacc reinf - - - - Hug,LH'57- RTLT Acq choice better w/high consummatory acty, w/= Mag(reinf) Wik,EL'57+ RMLH W/sucrose reinf, acq incr-f(Amt(Reinf)) only near threshold Fur,E.'59+ RMLH Acq 3-unit Y-maze w/large > small reinf - - - - - - - - - - Law,R.'59e Above effect not-f prior trng w/large/small rf in alley Law,R.'59e RYLH Acq/perf w/4 > 1 pellet reinf - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pub,BH'61- RTLH Acq w/large > small reinf - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hil,WF'62e RTLH W/forced tr, acq/reversal w/large vs small = large vs zero Dav,JW'63- Large reinf > equal amt distrib over time Dav,JW'63- RTLH Acq incr-f(Amt(Reinf)) at diff P(Reinf) - - - - - - - - - - Cla,RN'64+ RYLH Acq w/large > small reinf - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cro,HA'64e RMLH Acq 4-unit mult-Y incr-f(Amt(Reinf)), not-f(prior IR reinf) Cro,HA'64+ RYPH Speed/pref hi > lo concen sucrose, max w/intermed concen - Bla,RW'65- RTLH Acq/reversal incr-f(Amt(Reinf) in both acq/reversal - - - - Ken,HH'67+ R P Title: Amt(reinf) w/immed/delayed outcome - - - - - - - - Ren,KE'68- SECS>>3:30. Delay(Reinf) in Spatial Learning SE****aDK OMPH W/chicken, time to run maze incr-f(Delay(Reinf) - - - - - - Cha,AP'33+ RxLH W/T-maze/B-W discrim, acq decr-f(post-choice delay) - - - - Wol,JB'34- RTLH 30-sec partial delay reinf decr acq/reversal w/immed reinf Kin,W.'57+ RYLH Y-maze acq decr-f(Delay(Reinf)) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pub,BH'58- RNLH T-maze acq decr w/30-sec Delay(Rf), not-f(neocortical lsn) Tho,R.'59- RTLH Acq decr-f(0/50/100% 20-sec delayed reinf) - - - - - - - - Wik,EL'59+ RYP Title: Constant vs variable Delay(reinf) - - - - - - - - - Pub,BH'62- R Title: Cue utilization and Delay(reinf) - - - - - - - - - Ren,KE'66- RMLH W/linear RRRL maze, perseverative errors in unit 4 incr, Gam,WR'73- and antic errors in unit 3 decr w/delayed reinf - - - - Gam,WR'73- RT Title: Long delay lrng in T-maze - - - - - - - - - - - - - Let,BT'75- RTLH Acq w/1-min Delay(Reinf) w/w/out handling < no delay - - - Urc,PJ'88+ No acq w/1-min delay w/delay in home cage/stem/other arm Urc,PJ'88+ Relevant uncoded root-abstracts Relevant(?) unabstracted/uncoded literature R Title: Lrng w/neg freq/recency factors - - - - - - - - - - Pet,J.'22- R Title: Pattern vs freq/recency in maze - - - - - - - - - - Yos,JG'28- HxL Title: Rel value of satisfying/annoying - - - - - - - - - Dod,JD'32- RML Title: Free/prescribed maze patterns - - - - - - - - - - - Has,GM'35- RM Title: Introduce inappropriate reward - - - - - - - - - - Man,CW'38- D Title: Discrim place of feeding - - - - - - - - - - - - - Vat,EG'45- HM Title: Postremity/recency/freq in maze - - - - - - - - - - Voe,VW'48- Title: Set on reasoning - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gil,MM'49- RML Title: (Ultra)sonic effects - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gaw,GC'50- RML Title: (Ultra)sonic effects - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gil,PF'50- Title: Landmarks in maze lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mei,DE'51- RN Title: ECS on antic R in maze - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bro,Wl'53+ R Title: Reinf vs consistency of effect - - - - - - - - - - Mai,NR'54+ RG Title: Drive/exper on saccharine reward - - - - - - - - - Smi,MP'54+ R Title: Pattern(reinf) on stereotype R - - - - - - - - - - Mai,NR'55+ R P Title: Immediate and delayed food/shock - - - - - - - - - Ren,KE'56+ HOB Title: Stat theory w/double S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - And,NH'57+ R Title: Acq/extn as-f(N/unrewarded tr) - - - - - - - - - - Cus,BL'57- HS Title: Indiv/group maze lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bea,J.'58- RM Title: Lrng on double-pattern maze - - - - - - - - - - - - Har,CS'59- RM Title: Short form of Hebb-Williams maze - - - - - - - - - Lav,JJ'60+ RT Title: Conventional/reversed PREE - - - - - - - - - - - - Pav,WB'64+ Title: Choice beh w/PRF - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gib,RS'65- R Title: Size of closed field test - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pol,JS'65e FxL Title: Isolation on simple/complex lrng - - - - - - - - - Hit,JC'66+ Title: Pre-shock warning S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hym,A.'66- R P Title: Value of reward/punish as-f(time) - - - - - - - - - Ren,KE'66- R P Title: Immed vs delayed reward/punish - - - - - - - - - - Ren,KE'66- RTP Title: Percent/Mag(reinf) in T-maze - - - - - - - - - - - Spe,NE'66+ x Title: Positional matching--rats/fish - - - - - - - - - - Wei,RA'67- RM Title: Hunger vs shock in spatial lrng - - - - - - - - - - Sen,GM'68- RMP Title: Illum changes in linear maze - - - - - - - - - - - Woo,RW'72- RRP Title: Vision in radial perf - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dal,RH'79- R Title: S-control of spatial beh in maze - - - - - - - - - Suz,S.'80e RTP Title: Reward amt/omission on STM - - - - - - - - - - - - Ter,WS'84+ R Title: Places/paths in representation - - - - - - - - - - Bro,SW'87- RM Title: Simult numerical discrim - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dav,H.'87+ Title: Optimizatn vs delayed reinf w/FR - - - - - - - - - Maz,JE'87+ R Title: Distal cues in place navigation - - - - - - - - - - Sut,RJ'87e MRP Title: Food distrib on selection - - - - - - - - - - - - - And,MW'88- O Title: Lrng in honeybee as-f Freq(reinf) - - - - - - - - - Buc,GM'88+ Title: Theory of P(Reinf) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Maz,JE'89- RRP Title: Spatial irregularity on maze perf - - - - - - - - - Gro,MC'92+ R Title: Directional/visual environ cues - - - - - - - - - - Sch,F.'92+ P Title: Landmark use in spatial search - - - - - - - - - - Spe,ML'92e R Title: Maze-arm length on radial choice - - - - - - - - - Bro,MF'93+ M Title: Search by graphic landmarks - - - - - - - - - - - - Spe,ML'93+ P Title: Stim contrl in landmark use - - - - - - - - - - - - Che,K.'95+ x Title: Overshadowing in landmark lrng - - - - - - - - - - Spe,ML'95- R Title: Control by spatial config of goals - - - - - - - - Bor,MF'96+ R Title: Salient S on radial perf - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ree,P.'96+ R Title: Piloting and beacon homing - - - - - - - - - - - - Red,ES'97e O Title: Landmark-based search in bees - - - - - - - - - - - Che,K.'98- R Title: Map orient re cue (Harley/GMartin) - - - - - - - - Hux,JR'98- R Title: Control by unstable landmark - - - - - - - - - - - Rob,AD'98+ RW Title: Overshadowing in spatial domain - - - - - - - - - - San,J.'99e