LOGAN: BASIC LAWS OF LEARNING 12/31/98 EXTRACT: Literature and Laws of Performance Contents RA-10:00. Systematic Analyses of Skilled Performance YJ****pda . RA-10:01. Volition YJ****pdf . RA-10:02. Individual Differences in Performance YJ****pdv . RA-10:03. Conceptual Propositions re Skilled Perform YJ****pdz . RA-10:10. Systematic Analyses of Behavior Chains YJ****pdC . RA-10.11. Role of Feedback in Behavior Chains YJ****pdF . RA-10:20. Systematic Analyses of Motor Programs YJ****pdM . RA-10:21. Generalized Motor Programs YJ****pdR RA-11:00. Systematic Analyses of Copy Typewriting YJ****tea . RA-11:01. Conceptual Propositions re Copy Typewriting YJ****teb . RA-11:10. Perceptual Factors in Copy Typewriting YJ****tec . RA-11:20. Response Factors in Copy Typewriting YJ****ted . RA-11:21. Letter Sequence Factors in Copy Typewriting YJ****tee . RA-11:42. Systematic Analyes of Typing Errors YJ****tes . RA-11:30. Interkeypress Latency (IRT) in Copy Typewriting YJ****tfa . RA-11:31. IRT as-f(hand) YJ****tfg RA-11:32. IRT as-f(mvmt difficulty) YJ****tfh . RA-11:33. IRT as-f(frequency) YJ****tfi RA-11:34. IRT as-f(preview text) YJ****tfj RA-11:35. IRT as-f(word length) YJ****tfk . RA-11:36. IRT as-f(serial position w/in word) YJ****tfl . RA-11:37. IRT as-f(letter context) YJ****tfm . RA-11:38. IRT as-f(text) YJ****tfn . Systematic Analyses of Latencies YJ****tfo RA-11:50. Error correction in Copytyping YJ****teu . RA-11:60. Within-subject Variability in Copytyping YJ****tev RA-11:70. Miscellaneous Copytyping Phenomena YJ****tex RA-12:10. Errors in Human Speech YJ****sde . RA-12:20. Inner Speech YJ****sdi . RA-12:30. Systematic Analyses of Human Speech YJ****sdz APPLICATIONS, Independent Current R-Op Paradigmatic Main Effect/Natural/Asocial/Relative/Qualitative RA-10:00. Systematic Analyses of Skilled Performance YJ****pda XfX- In habit, muscle mvmt (R) not instigated by a thought (140) Jam,W.'00- XfX- Distinctive mental image of precise strength of mvmt (419) Jam,W.'00- Motor-cue may be resident/remote; idea of end enough (421) Jam,W.'00- Ideo-motor action: Mvmt immed follows idea of it (423) Jam,W.'00- Certain that image of mvmt awakens actual mvmt (426) Jam,W.'00- May have antagonistic image simult present (426) Jam,W.'00- XXXX Hierarchical org of beh re levels: - - - - - - - - - - - - Wei,P.'41- Neurone, muscle, m-group, organ, o-system, whole organism Wei,P.'41- XXX- Plan--Hierarchical proc controlling order of operatns (16) Mil,GA'60e XXX- TOTE--Test-Operate-Test-Exit--Energy/info/contro unit (27) Mil,GA'60e Plan incl intent to execute end part; not true w/chain (62) Mil,GA'60e Plan being executed put in quick-access working memory (65) Mil,GA'60e HXXX Disting sequential (horizontal) versus (vertical) hierarchy Osg,CE'63- Anal of perf re intention-skill-executive vertical levels Osg,CE'63- Devel assns w/in each above level re freq/contiguity Osg,CE'63- HfX- Closed loop th: Adult human lrng of self-paced/graded mvmt Ada,JA'71- R-selection/initiation by memory trace as-f(S-R contiguity) Ada,JA'71- Ongoing fdbk compared w/perceptual trace as-f(S contiguity) Ada,JA'71- Memory trace = R-recall; perceptual trace = R-recognition Ada,JA'71- Use KR to modify future beh in initial Verbal-Motor stage Ada,JA'71- In Motor stage, strong percep trace of correct R; KR unnec Ada,JA'71- XXXX Disting representation of mvmt in LTM vs action plan - - - Sal,E.'79- Latter more specific re context w/7 major levels Sal,E.'79- Concept/environ-specific/effector/body-specific/joint/muscl Sal,E.'79- XXXX Animal action is hierarchially structured - - - - - - - - - Gal,CR'80- Elementary units: reflex, oscillator, servo-mechanism Gal,CR'80- Upper-level commands elaborated at each level Gal,CR'80- Control via selective potentiation as-f(drive) Gal,CR'80- Representation of space via cog map w/angles/distances Gal,CR'80- HXXX Motor acty controlled by schema (org knowledge, incl proc) Nor,DA'81- Model: Activation/trigger schema = organized motor memory - Nor,DA'81- Intent=highest level (parent) schema w/part (child) schemas Nor,DA'81- Note: W/skilled action, only intention nec Nor,DA'81- Several schemas concur activated until triggered by context Nor,DA'81- Slips: Errors in forming intent, faulty activatn/triggering Nor,DA'81- Re above model: most slips have mult causes Nor,DA'81- Mode errors: not appropriate to sit Nor,DA'81- Capture errors: strong habit activated by S/Genz Nor,DA'81- Omission errors: loss of activation (memory) Nor,DA'81- Timing errors: faulty triggering Nor,DA'81- Detect errors: Need fdbk w/comparator re intent Nor,DA'81- Note: Fdbk and monitoring needed on each level Nor,DA'81- HXXX Historical review re lrng/retention/transfer of motor skill Ada,JA'87- HVPO Review of theories of skill lrng - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sal,AW'89- . RA-10:01. Volition YJ****pdf XfX- Idea of mvmt left in memory from invol perf (416) - - - - - Jam,W.'00- Resident idea is feel of mvmt; remote is sound/looks (417) Jam,W.'00- Antic image of sensorial fdbk is forrunner of vol act (420) Jam,W.'00- On occasion, may require fiat that fdbk become actual (420) Jam,W.'00- HXX- Idea of mvmt produces any R as-f(use/satisfaction) - - - - Tho,EL'13- HXXX Vol/invol is continuum re central/sensory control (144) Heb,DO'46- HIX- Imitation is-f R assoc w/own sensory fdbk - - - - - - - - - Den,W.'54- XXX- Habits/skills--Originally vol Plans become automatic (82) - Mil,GA'60e HLLX Init learn to emit instructed R (squeeze ball) w/R persever Lur,AR'61- Learn to regulate beh (elim repeat R) w/instruct compete R Lur,AR'61- Above transferred to child's own overt, then covert speech Lur,AR'61- Inner speech essential component of thought and vol action Lur,AR'61- HXXX Acq vol control if R init part of difuse beh - - - - - - - Kim,GA'70+ W/decr excess acty, specific R becomes vol then automatic Kim,GA'70+ HXXO No th re psychol diff of invol error vs its vol repetition Baa,BJ'92- HXXO "Global workspace": conscious goal image re context - - - - Baa,BJ'92- Unconscious goal hierarchy--> "GW"--> unconscious effectors Baa,BJ'92- Ideomotor th: conscious goal image impulsive-->automatic R Baa,BJ'92- Competition of alternative goals--> slips if not resolved Baa,BJ'92- . RA-10:02. Individual Differences in Performance YJ****pdv HXXX W/rapid R, quant variability (force/time) =linear-f(mean) - Sch,RA'79e HXXX Hypo: Perf is-f indiv diff in brain modules - - - - - - - - Jon,SK'93- Above modules: timing/force/sequence w/coordination/attn Jon,SK'93- HXXX See indiv diff in talent; practice only part of expertise - Ste,RJ'96- Re above: control re motiv/practice difficult Ste,RJ'96- APPLICATIONS, Independent Current R-Op pdx Adult lrng is percept; true motor lrng in infancy (156) Heb,DO'46- pdx Eg have lrnd to move hand to pt one thinks of looking at Heb,DO'46- pdx Th: Cog map w/nodes and connections =f(contig) - - - - - - Deu,JA'60- pdx Map guides action via potentiation of nodes as-f(motiv) Deu,JA'60- pdx Some serial action based on space coordinate system re body Las,KS'61- pdx Mvmt based on stored spatial location re current location - Rus,DG'76- pdx Limb mvmt is-f(visual representation of environ) - - - - - Ell,D.'80e pdx Control hand mvmt re spatial frame of reference - - - - - - Fla,M.'95+ pdx Use spatial frame of reference for arm/hand mvmt - - - - - Soe,JF'96e . RA-10:03. Conceptual Propositions re Skilled Perform YJ****pdz XXX- Antic tendency is basis of short-circuiting w/complex lrng Hul,CL'29- XXX- Afferent activation of gnostic unit is perception (170) Kon,J.'67- Disting above from image if activation is by assn (170) Kon,J.'67- XfX- Reviews peripheralist/centralist views of beh sequences - - Ada,JA'68- Beh sequences incl cond/maze/motor lrng/speech/eye mvmt Ada,JA'68- Closed-loop th: R evocation + error detection/correction Ada,JA'68- Error detectn= discrepancy re R-fdbk vs cond reference mech Ada,JA'68- HXOO Incr accuracy error estimation of ballistic R w/trng w/KR - Sch,RA'72+ HNX- Ident connections between symmetrical motor areas of brain Lur,AR'73- HOOO Incr accuracy error estimation not-f(vision/audition) - - - Sch,RA'73+ HLLO Handwriting speed decr w/repetition of letters - - - - - - Win,A.'79e HXXX "Feedforward" info prepare for impending consequences - - - Kel,JA'82- Control limb position re equilibrium re agonist/antagonist Kel,JA'82- Fdfwd also preclude other acty Kel,JA'82- Fdfwd control familiar acty interact w/fdbk in novel sit Kel,JA'82- HXXX Th: Automatization of beh is-f(N/sim instances in memory) - Log,GD'88- HXXX Trace devel of th of motor skill acq; closed-loop to schema New,KM'91- Incl info-proc and cog anal to dynamic ecological perspect New,KM'91- HXXX Underspecified R--> contextually appropriate, hi-freq R - - Rea,JT'92- . RA-10:10. Systematic Analyses of Behavior Chains YJ****pdC HXXX Th: Control element assoc w/all Rs in a string - - - - - - Est,WK'72- Recall of R-order based on inhib later Rs by earlier Est,WK'72- . RA-10.11. Role of Feedback in Behavior Chains YJ****pdF fX- Each R instigated in order by sensatn of R just made (140) Jam,W.'00- Inattentive to above sensation but notice if go wrong (141) Jam,W.'00- XXX Fdbk S by actual perf of mvmt nec for next mvmt - - - - - - Was,MF'16- Actual mvmt can be greatly reduced, implicit tentative mvmt Was,MF'16- fX- Propriocep S from each act evokes next R - - - - - - - - - Hul,CL'31- f - Accuracy of positioning mvmt incr-f opposing physical force Bah,HP'55e f - Spatial/temp accuracy of position mvmt incr-f(proprio fdbk) Bah,HP'55e fX- Delayed fdbk (auditory/visual/or tactual) disrupt key-tap R Cha,RA'65- fXO Little data on role of propriocep fdbk for timing in skill Sch,RA'68- XXX Anal of control of mvmt patterns in animals - - - - - - - - Hin,RA'69- Above differ in role (if any) of peripheral fdbk Hin,RA'69- fXO Genz: Support for propriocep fdbk inflow control of timing Sch,RA'71- Genz: Support for propriocep decay in STM to control timing Sch,RA'71- f1- Arm-mvmt R accuracy facil w/visual/auditory/proprio fdbk - Ada,JA'72e Perf decr if elim KR unless extensive trng given w/ext-fdbk Ada,JA'72e Perf decr if elim KR and elim ext-fdbk Ada,JA'72e Interp: Closed-loop fdbk th w/R=f(percep trace of correct R Ada,JA'72e XFO Elim kinesthetic fdbk after trng-->decr w/slow not w/fast R Roy,EA'74+ Note: Above R = single ballistic mvmt against restraint Roy,RA'74+ fX- Slowly adapting joint receptor fdbk for timing/positioning Ada,JA'77- fX- 2-stage th: Closed-loop executive w/open-loop R execution - Gle,DJ'77- Need mech (eg corollary discharge) for rapid error correctn Gle,DJ'77- XXX Concl: R-produced fdbk unimportant early in lrng, vs KR - - Mar,RG'86- NOH W/deafferentatn, reach w/impaired aim but not grasp food - Sal,M.'92e LPO Decr speed/accuracy w/decr kinesthetic/tactile fdbk - - - - Bar,J.'95+ Above perf not-f(practice w/decr fdbk) Bar,J.'95+ . RA-10:20. Systematic Analyses of Motor Programs YJ****pdM fX- R-fdbk not cue for next R because same R in diff sequences Las,KS'51- Mvmt in R-sequence too fast for RT to fdbk from preceding R Las,KS'51- Determining tend--idea of mvmt--indep of order Las,KS'51- Th: Central mech predetermine R order indep of sensory fdbk Las,KS'51- Note: Above could be chain w/successive delays Las,KS'51- Assoc linkage = direction of mvmt, not specific mvmt Las,KS'51- Eg. similarity of writing w/preferred/nonpreferred hand Las,KS'51- VPO Motor program: Set of muscle commands-->mvmt indep of fdbk Kee,SW'68- Note: Program incl which-muscle, order, force, temporal rel Kee,SW'68- XXX Th: Beh is-f analogically coded motor image - - - - - - - - Jea,M.'94- . RA-10:21. Generalized Motor Programs YJ****pdR XXX Generalized motor program: Abstract memory re mvmt pattern Sch,RA'75- Note: Above includes parameters re execution Sch,RA'75- XPX Maint lrnd temporal structure of skill when incr speed - - Sum,JJ'75- XXX Concl: Relative timing an integral part of motor program - Sum,JJ'77- VPO Typing keystroke times not proportional re fast/slow typing Gen,DR'82- Eg: Diff interstroke interval is-f(double/1,2-finger/2-hand Gen,DR'82- VPO Evidence against word-specific timing w/mult rate of typing Gen,DR'82- XXX Generalized motor program re nature of task, w/parameters - Sch,RA'82- Above program is abstract rules (schema) re sim situations Sch,RA'82- Above includes recognition schema (advance info re R fdbk) Sch,RA'82- Error detection re mismatch actual/expected sensory fdbk Sch,RA'82- xxO After trng slow serial Rs, maint rel timing w/incr speed - Car,MC'84+ XXX Rejects generalized motor program w/multiplicative rate - - Gen,DR'87- OOO Temporal pattern not invariant as-f(size/speed of writing) Wan,JP'90+ HOO Concl: Dissociation of motor program from parameterization Wul,G.'93e . RA-10:22. Conceptual Propositions re Motor Programs YJ****pdZ fF- Accurate direction/extent of leg mvmt after spinal injury - Las,KS'17- Above for repetition of self-produced, not passive mvmt Las,KS'17- fX- W/repetitive mvmt, control shift from fdbk to motor program Kee,SW'68- Study of mvmt relevant to understanding percep/memory skill Kee,SW'68- fXO Preprogramming index incr w/decr mvmt time, 750 to 150-msec Sch,RA'72+ XXX Concl: Motor program incl temporal sequence of events - - - Gle,DJ'73- XXX Program=hierarchic memory w/incr specificity at lower level Kee,SW'82- VPO Concl: Motor sequence org more specific than abstract code Jor,MI'95- . RA-12:10. Errors in Human Speech YJ****sde L- Divide errors into omission/insertion/repetition/exchange - Kol,J.'38- VVX Intrusion errors re letters in STM is-f(acoustic sim) - - - Wic,WA'70- Above w/vowels > consonants Wic,WA'70- Note: Incl speech-motor interp of intrusion errors Wic,WA'70- LLO P(speech Spoonerism w/initial phoneme of word) > chance - - MKa,DG'73- Above esp w/initial consonant MKa,DG'73- LLO Speech errors substitution/addition/omission of element - - Noo,SG'73- Phonemic speech errors do not at all occur at random Noo,SG'73- Error is-f influence of another syllable in same utterance Noo,SG'73- Orthogonal to above: antic > perseveratn > transpose Noo,SG'73- Incr P(slip) if precede S words w/word w/same 1st consonant Baa,BJ'76+ Th: 2 (phoneme and word) prearticulatory sequencing systems Baa,BJ'76+ LLX Ident articulatory/acoustic consonant features re errors - vdB,MP'80+ fL- Greater P of lexically real errors than nonsense errors - - Baa.BJ'80- Tend to antic/avoid overt abnormal/inappropriate errors Baa,BJ'80- LLO Spreading activation model for slips of the tongue - - - - Del,GS'80+ LLO 64% speech errors corrected; anticipations > other errors - Noo,SG'80- Phonological = lexical errors in freq of correction Noo,SG'80- Always stop at word boundary to correct prior error Noo,SG'80- Concl: Repeated speech sounds--> exchange/antic/perseveratn Del,GS'83- HVVO Repeated phoneme effect: interchange 1st if 2nd same > diff Del,GS'84- Eg above: bad man --> mad ban > bad men --> mad ben Del,GS'84- Attrib above to hierarchical model w/"double" vs repetitn Del,GS'84- HXLX Severe serial restrictions on speech, not typing errors - - MNe,PF'85- Above incl syllable structure, exchange consonant/vowel MNe,PF'85- HXXD Slip is-f tradeoff risk of error vs incr speed/flexibility Baa,BJ'92- Slips imply automatisms w/some autonomy from vol control Baa,BJ'92- APPLICATIONS, Independent Current R-Op sdf Phoneme reversal usually B4 = after repeated phoneme - - - MKa,DG'70- sdf P(reversed phonemes) hi in 1st position, decr-f(separation) MKa,DG'70- sdf P(reversal) hi if 2nd stressed (sim to S-inten in percep) MKa,DG'70- sdf Anal antic/perseverative slips re tonic (stress) in phrase Boo,DS'73+ sdf Vowels do not switch with consonants in speech errors - - - Fro,VA'73- sdf Features, segments, syllables are units for speech errors Fro,VA'73- sdf Interp spoonerism re competing plans re order - - - - - - - Baa,BJ'80- sdf Ie: Prior context may induce wrong expectation re order Baa,BJ'80- sdf Interp some syllable omission speech errors re isochrony - Cut,A.'80- sdf Ie: Omit syllable to maint rhythm re stress timing Cut,A.'80- . RA-12:20. Inner Speech YJ****sdi fX- Tongue mvmt w/internal speech only w/emot tension - - - - - Las,KS'61- LXO Covert neuromuscular speech pattern is-f(class of phonemes) MGu,FJ'89+ LLO Very hi rate of inner speech correl w/subvocal physiol acty Kor,RJ'90- LLX Inner speech = subset of processes involved in overt speech Del,GS'92+ Sim but fewer errors w/inner speech Del,GS'92+ Inner-speech practice decr inner-speech, not overt errors Del,GS'92+ . RA-12:30. Systematic Analyses of Human Speech YJ****sdz XXX Context-sensitive association th of noncreative speech - - Wic,WA'69- LLO Interp Spoonerisms re hierarch program w/phoneme/syllable MKa,DG'70- XLX Th: Control speech re internalized space coord system - - - MNe,PF'70- R-equivalence = context-dependent mvmt toward target MNe,PF'70- Open-loop motor control mech command several phonemes ahead MNe,PF'70- Close-loop mech for motor equivalence to initiate utterance MNe,PF'70- fL- Muscle-spindles of tongue give fdbk for closed-loop control Sus,HM'72- Ie Fdbk mech in tongue mediate dynamic space-time info Sus,HM'72- X: Need closed-loop for intelligible speech w/pipe in mouth Sus,HM'72- Findings support phonetic-target-oriented th of speech Sus,HM'72- LLO Spoonerisms contradict context-sensitive chain assn th MKa,DG'73- VLX "Speech errors" at Internat Congress Linguists, Vienna 1977 Fro,VA'80- LLO Interp intermed vowel speech errors re neuromuscular proc - Lav,J.'80- fL- P(Error) incr-f conceptual availability of error info - - - MKa,DG'80- XXX Hierarchical th of skilled beh w/nodes w/in systems - - - - MKa,DG'82- Conceptual/phonological/muscle systems for speech MKa,DG'82- Error is-f strong extraneous node at any level MKa,DG'82- Internal speech activates concept/phonol, not muscle system MKa,DG'82- LPO Speech and finger mvmt coupled re rate of Rs - - - - - - - Cha,P.'87+ APPLICATIONS, Independent Current R-Op te Concatination model: Each S-->R, plural if temporal overlap Sha,LH'76- te Reject above re 1st RT w/word (w/out preview) > letter seq Sha,LH'76- te Hierarchical model for errors and error detection in typing Sha,LH'76- te Th: Cog-level intention-->R output w/timing/expression Sha,LH'76- te Above incl 2 memories (input/output) w/index ordinal positn Sha,LH'76- HVPte Model w/activation/triggering of motor schemata - - - - - - Rum,DE'82+ te Pure type (ie. no tokens) w/local (not central) control Rum,DE'82+ te Note: Motor program is set of rules, not actual motions Rum,DE'82+ te Perceive words--> parser w/buffer--> key-press schema Rum,DE'82+ te Note: Parallel (concur) action of several Rs Rum,DE'82+ te Above enables cross-hand digraph faster than w/in hand Rum,DE'82+ te "Double" schema w/weak attach to letter--> doubling error Rum,DE'82+ te Transposition is-f "noise" re timing, esp w/short IRTs Rum,DE'82+ HVPte Info-flow model of transcription typewrting - - - - - - - - Coo,WE'83- te Perception-->buffer-->program-->keystroke-->fdbk w/pacer Coo,WE'83- te Simulation model w/motor schema w/only types (no tokens) Nor,DA'83+ te Word schema activates keypress schemata, early inhib later Nor,DA'83+ te Attrib errors to "noise" in activation levels Nor,DA'83+ te No central timing mech; IRT is-f(time to move fingers) Nor,DA'83+ Paradigmatic Main Effect/Natural/Asocial/Relative/Discrete RA-11:00. Systematic Analyses of Copy Typewriting YJ****tea VPO Acq unconscious w/plateaus; gradual devel high-order habits Swi,EJ'04- VPO Ident plateaus in acq; attrib to devel higher-order habit - Boo,WF'25- VPO Neg (practice error) = pos w/beginners; no effect w/skilled Ruh,RG'35- VPO W/practice, typing letters (t-h-e) --> words (the) (117) Dvo,A.'36+ Fast, correct typing not mastered in slow practice Dvo,A.'36+ VPO Hi perf in typing is-f lrng/consolidating letter seq/words Fen,P.'37- VPO Trng w/manual = electric typewriter w/hi pos transfer - - - Ada,HL'57- VPO Typing skill acq is-f typing by letter sequences w/in words Wes,LJ'82+ VPO Acq typewriting skill re 3 overlapping stages - - - - - - - Lar,S.'83- Accretion (key position), tuning (overlap Rs), specific seq Lar,S.'83- VPO Input: Perceive/code text into chunks not ident to reading Sal,TA'86- Parsing: input chunks-->discrete char Sal,TA'86- Translation: char-->mvmt commands re finger re "home" row Sal,TA'86- Executive: preparatory adjustment and ballistic mvmt Sal,TA'86- . RA-11:01. Conceptual Propositions re Copy Typewriting YJ****teb fP- Typing requires determining tend (idea) and fallible R-mech Las,KS'61- VPO Typing phases: chunking/parsing/translation/execution - - - MNe,PF'64- VPO Th: Linguistic units assoc w/spelling-->letter-by-letter R Sha,LH'68+ VPO Concl: Typing model w/R-grouping transferred from text scan Tho,EA'70+ VPO Concl: Basic unit of motor action in typing is word Ter,CA'80+ VPO Errors consistent w/abstract mental keyboard representation Gru,JT'83- Re above: Must align columns, diff distances between keys Gru,JT'83- VPO No magical value for size of R-unit in typewriting - - - - Nor,DA'83+ VPO Notes that max typing WPM = 50 if simple letter-press RTs - Sal,TA'84- VPO Above implies cog proc re concur attn to future characters Sal,TA'84- VPO Typewriting skill = incr speed re overlap/coord of mvmts - Sal,TA'86- XXX Typing speed data inply both central/peripheral perf mech Gen,DR'87- VPO Concl: Copy-typing incl word-level representation Inh,AW'91- VPO Disting cog system re goal structure of act vs motor system Sha,LH'91- Former is motor program w/ref to touch typing Sha,LH'91- VPO W/transposed letters in text, incr IRT B4 transposed key - Gor,AM'94e Concl: Typing mvmts org at several levels (word/keystroke) Gor,AM'94e . RA-11:10. Perceptual Factors in Copy Typewriting YJ****tec VPO Typists fixate up to 9 spaces to right of current keystroke But,RL'32- VPO Eye mvmt speed 1-2 words ahead w/inner speech (200) Dvo,A.'36+ VPO Re ability to stop typing on signal, unit smaller than word Log,GD'82- VPO "Noiseless" typewriter unsuccessful - - - - - - - - - - - - Coo,WE'83- VPO During copytyping, viewing time per word decr-f(word freq) Inh,AW'86e VPO Infer typist maint larger read buffer than nec re typing - Sha,LH'88- VPO Eye-hand span = 2.4 char w/hi w/in-S variability - - - - - Inh,AW'90e Fixation time correl w/typing time, words > letters Inh,AW'90e VPO W/skilled typist, percep span: need 7 char beyond fixation Inh,AW'92+ W/skilled typist, keystroke span: need 3 char beyond fixatn Inh,AW'92+ Note: keystroke span is B4 eyemvmt saccade to next word Inh,AW'92+ W/skilled typist: eye-hand span 3 char to left of fixation Inh,AW'92+ Maint eye-hand coord re incr word freq/difficulty - - - - - Inh,AW'92+ VPO Eye-hand span = 2.8 char, w/some neg spans, w/hi w/in-S var Inh,AW'92e Copytyping eye-hand span incr-f(speed), between not w/in-S Inh,AW'92e Eye-hand span w/hi > w/lo freq words, not-f(word length) Inh,AW'92e . RA-11:20. Response Factors in Copy Typewriting YJ****ted PO "Good typing form"--rate not steady; vary w/digraph ease - Coo,JE'23- R in above is one quick "swipe" of finger on key Coo,JE'23- Lrng is assn of letter in copy w/feel of proper finger mvmt Coo,JE'23- VPO Timing based on delayed cond (R "held in check") (118) Dvo,A.'36+ Simplified keyboard balanced re hand/finger ability (219) Dvo,A.'36+ Rows in above: top= :,.py fgcrl aoeui dhtns ;qjkx bmwvz Dvo,A.'36+ XX- Typist learns to put fdbk loops around larger segments (86) Mil,GA'60e VPO QWERTY keyboard better than alpha, almost = Dvorak - - - - Nor,DA'83+ VPO Begin R B4 end of preceding R if between, after R w/in hand Lar,S.'84- XPO W/skilled typist, finger mvmt begins 2-3 keystroke B4 press MLe,P.'94+ Note: Above w/letter sequence enabling start from home key MLe.P.'94+ . RA-11:21. Letter Sequence Factors in Copy Typewriting YJ****tee VPO Precision/consistency of keystroke is-f preceding 2 strokes Sal,TA'85- APPLICATIONS, Independent Current R-Op tei Ident spatial (horizontal/vertical) errors, left>right hand MNe,PF'64- tei Ident temporal (reversal/omission) errors, left=right hand MNe,PF'64- tei Also anticipation/interpolation/type/contralateral/doubling MNe,PF'64- tei Also ident persistent ideosyncratic error re indiv typist MNe,PF'64- HVPtei Ident typing errors: omissn/response/reading/context/random Sha,LH'68+ HVPtei Ident typing errors: Omission/addition/alteratn/transpositn Sha,LH'76- HVPtei Ident typing positn errors: transpositn/interchange/migratn Gen,DR'83e tei Ident typing resp errors: omissn/insertn/doubling/alternatn Gen,DR'83e tei Also substitutn errors re column/row/homologous/nonspecific Gen,DR'83e APPLICATIONS, Independent Current R-Op tej Interp typing errors as "revelation of Freudian law" - - - Hou,SD'22- HVPtej Common errors in writing/typing/speaking re mental antic - Dan,BV'40- HVXtej P(typing error) w/left =right hand for O w/hi/lo error rate Pro,KA'68+ tej Attrib above to equal practice (vs left > right w/writing) Pro,KA'68+ HVPtej Attrib typing errors to analogy/blending/editing - - - - - Hoc,CF'73- HVPtej W/trng, errors decr, pattern changes substitutions-->trans Gru,JT'83- APPLICATIONS, Independent Current R-Op tek Substitution errors in typing often hi-freq letter for lo - Gen,M.'59- HVPtek P(Spatial) > P(temporal) = decr-f(word length/digraph freq) MNe,PF'64- tek Spatial/temporal above early, below chance late w/long word MNe,PF'64- tek Infer 2 mech: "program" re temporal +"executive" re spatial MNe,PF'64- HVPtek P(error) w/real v/versa - - - - - Gru,JT'83- tek Hi freq vowel-vowel substitutions re "multi-letter R-unit" Gru,JT'83- HVPtek Between-hand substitutions w/mirror image > other digraphs Mun,KG'83+ APPLICATIONS, Independent Current R-Op tel Notes typing migration errors sim to speech Spoonerisms - - Sha,LH'75- HVPtel Many insertion errors = letter also elsewhere in word Gru,JT'83- tel Repetition intrusion is-f fail deactivation in trans/exec Sal,TA'86- APPLICATIONS, Independent Current R-Op tem P(omission error) incr-f keystroke difficulty - - - - - - - Dvo,A.'36+ HVPtem No finger mvmt toward target key in half omission errors Gru,JT'83- tem Omissions rare in 1st position, often if finger just used Gru,JT'83- tem Attrib above to need to deactivate R to avoid perseveration Gru,JT'83- HVPtem Omission error is-f(key location) w/max w/little fingers Sal,TA'86- tem Note: Space-bar omission error twice as frequent as letter Sal,TA'86- APPLICATIONS, Independent Current R-Op ten Horizontal hi w/left index, vertical hi w/left middle/ring MNe,PF'64- ten Horizonal errors w/lo > hi freq letters/digraphs MNe,PF'64- ten W/horizontal error, R w/finger appropriate to error key Gru,JT'83- HVPten Adjacent-key error is-f faulty finger assign in translatn Sal,TA'86- ten Above if substitution; imprecise R w/short IRT if intrusion Sal,TA'86- APPLICATIONS, Independent Current R-Op teo Attrib transpositions to over-compensation - - - - - - - - War,N.'36- HVPteo Eg Nonpreferred B4 preferred hand; little-used finger 1st - War,N.'36- teo Short IRT re 2nd keystroke of transposition error Sal,TA'86- . RA-11:42. Systematic Analyes of Typing Errors YJ****tes LPO Anal of substitution errors in typing, esp vowel confusions Les,DD'36- . RA-11:50. Error correction in Copytyping YJ****teu VPO In serial choice task, hi P(Error recog) w/correctn RT nonsense >random letter (29%) Sha,LH'69+ Anal: Error detectn is-f serial scan image in phase w/fdbk Sha,LH'69+ VPO Evidence for rapid error detection re comparison proc Sha,LH'75- VPO Continuous comparison for error detection/correction - - - Sha,LH'75- Re IRTs, infer P(error detection) add>transpose>omit>alter Sha,LH'75- VPO Detect 70% of errors; stop immed after error 80% of times - Lon,J.'76- VPO Detect 70% of errors; stop immed after error 90% of times - Rab,PM'78- Can detect/identify many typing errors w/out visual fdbk Rab,PM'78- P(error detection) greater if error-R made w/light stroke Rab,PM'78- . RA-11:60. Within-subject Variability in Copytyping YJ****tev VPO Note: Hi IRT variability w/same word, esp w/short words Ter,CA'80+ . RA-11:70. Miscellaneous Copytyping Phenomena YJ****tex VPO Typing perf is-f(music)--jazz incr errors; dirge decr speed Jen,MB'31- VPO Ident indiv diff w/typing > handwriting - - - - - - - - - - Wit,B.'35- VPO Can do math (addition) problem concur w/fast typing - - - - Dvo,A.'36+ VPO Comprehension, not typing perf incr w/instruct re "think" - Mar,FI'72+ VPO Maint typing perf concur w/reading rhymes, shadowing speech Sha,LH'75- VPO W/in-subj variability in IRT w/1-hand > 2-finger > 1-finger Gen,DR'83- VPO Genz: Typing perf not-f(concur math/recitation/shadowing) Sal,TA'86- VPO Note: Hi (up to 40%) IRT variability w/typing same word - - Gen,DR'87- VPO Anesthetize right index finger-->incr errors w/that finger Gor,AM'95+ Anesthetize index finger-->decr detect errors w/that finger Gor,AM'95+ Paradigmatic Main Effect/Natural/Asocial/Relative/Continuous . RA-11:30. Interkeypress Latency (IRT) in Copy Typewriting YJ****tfa . Note: Also Latency of first letter of word VPO Speed w/skilled sighted typists w/printed copy > recording Sch,M.'59+ VPO Characterize distrib of typing IRTs re fluent/nonfluent Rs Lon,J.'83e Incr typing speed re coord/efficiency of mvmts Lon,J.'83e Incr typing speed incl decr freq/time of nonfluent Rs Lon,J.'83e VPO Typing word(n-1) IRT decr-f word(n) freq only w/comprehensn Inh,AW'91- VPO Copytyping IRT shorter w/fixation to right of previous word Inh,AW'92e . RA-11:31. IRT as-f(hand) YJ****tfg VPO Faster stroking by fingers of opposite hands (218) - - - - Dvo,A.'36+ VPO Between-hand typing IRTs < w/in hand - - - - - - - - - - - Fox,JG'64+ VPO Between-hand typing IRT < w/in hand - - - - - - - - - - - - Sha,LH'78- VPO W/typist, between-hand IRT < w/in-hand transitions - - - - Ste,S.'78e VPO Between-hand typing IRT < w/in hand - - - - - - - - - - - - Ter,CA'80+ VPO Typing digraph IRT between hands < w/in hand - - - - - - - Rum,DE'82+ VPO W/novice typist (< 60 wpm), between hand IRT > w/in hand - Gen,DR'83- W/expert typist (60-90 wpm), between hand IRT < w/in hand Gen,DR'83- VPO Between-hand typing IRT < w/in hand - - - - - - - - - - - - Lar,S.'83- VPO Between-hand IRT w/mirror-image > other between-hand mvmts Mun,KG'83+ VPO Typing IRT between-hand digraph < w/in hand - - - - - - - - Ost,DJ'83- VPO W/typing, between-hand IRT < w/in-hand transitions - - - - Lar,S.'84- VPO Typing digraph IRT between-hand < w/in hand - - - - - - - - Sal,TA'84- VPO Genz: 2-hand IRT < 1-hand; interp re advance prep of mvmt Sal,TA'86- . RA-11:32. IRT as-f(mvmt difficulty) YJ****tfh OPO Keystroke timing is-f(peripheral constraints of finger/hand Rum,DE'82+ VPO Indiv diff in IRT largest w/2-finger, attrib to indep mvmt Gen,DR'83- VPO Typing interstroke speed is-f(physical difficulty) Gen,DR'88e . RA-11:33. IRT as-f(frequency) YJ****tfi VPO Typing IRT decr-f(digraph freq) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ter,CA'80+ VPO Typing IRT w/hi < w/lo-freq words, w/same letter sequences Wes,LJ'82+ VPO Typing IRTs decr-f(digraph freq) - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sal,TA'84- VPO Typing IRT decr-f(digraph freq) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sal,TA'84- VPO Genz: Typing IRT decr-f(digraph freq) Sal,TA'86- VPO Typing interstroke speed is-f(digraph/word freq, syllable) Gen,DR'88e VPO Typing between-hand < w/in hand IRT, w/lo > hi-freq words Inh,AW'91- Concl: Typing speed hi > lo freq word not-f mvmt practice Inh,AW'91- HVPO Typing IRT same key =diff hands random words > random letters Her,RL'65+ VPO Typing speed incr-f(N/preview letters) w/random letters - - Sha,LH'70+ VPO Typing speed incr-f(N/preview letters) - - - - - - - - - - Sal,TA'84- VPO Typing speed incr-f(N/preview letters) w/prose/random - - - Sal,TA'84- VPO Genz: speed incr-f(N/preview letters < 7) w/prose/random Sal,TA'86- . RA-11:35. IRT as-f(word length) YJ****tfk VPO Typing speed is-f read speed =decr-f(word length/structure) Sha,LH'69+ VPO Lat(1st letter)/typing IRT not-f(word length) - - - - - - - Sha,LH'71+ VPO Lat(1st letter)/typing IRT not-f(word length) - - - - - - - Sha,LH'78- VPO W/typist, initial RT and IRT incr-f(word length) - - - - - Ste,S.'78e VPO Lat(1st letter)/IRTs not-f(word length) - - - - - - - - - - Sal,TA'84- VPO Genz: Lat(type 1st-letter)/IRTs not-f(word length) Sal,TA'86- . RA-11:36. IRT as-f(serial position w/in word) YJ****tfl VPO Lat(1st letter) > typing IRTs of subsequent letters - - - - Ter,CA'80+ VPO Lat(1st letter) > remaining typing IRTs w/in word - - - - - Ost,DJ'83- W/typing long words, IRT=incr-decr-f(serial position) - - - Ost,DJ'83- VPO Typing Lat(1st letter) > remaining IRTs w/in word - - - - - Sal,TA'84- VPO Genz: Lat(type 1st-letter) > subsequent IRTs Sal,TA'86- VPO W/long word, IRT incr-decr-f(serial position) - - - - - - - Bro,TL'89+ Typing IRT incr-dec-f(serial positn) w/lo, not hi freq word Inh,AW'91- . RA-11:37. IRT as-f(letter context) YJ****tfm VPO Typing IRT re each letter is-f(letter context) - - - - - - Sha,LH'73- VPO IRT re typing each letter is-f(letter context) - - - - - - Sha,LH'78- VPO Letter IRT in typing is-f(letter context) - - - - - - - - - Ter,CA'80+ VPO Digraph latency is-f surrounding context incl across words Gen,DR'82- VPO Letter IRT is-f(context re prior 2-3 letters/l following) - Gen,DR'83- VPO Typing IRT of letter is-f(context letters) - - - - - - - - Sal,TA'84- VPO Genz: Typing IRT re each letter is-f(letter context) Sal,TA'86- . RA-11:38. IRT as-f(text) YJ****tfn VPO Typing speed w/random words = prose > random letters - - - Fen,P.'37- VPO Typing speed w/apprehendable groups > singly - - - - - - - Vin,MA'49- VPO Typing speed w/random words = prose > random letters - - - Her,RL'65+ VPO Typing speed w/random words = prose > random letters - - - Tho,EA'70+ VPO Typing speed w/random words = prose > random letters - - - Sha,LH'71+ VPO Typing speed w/random words = prose > random letters - - - Sha,LH'73- VPO IRT w/preview of prose=random word text approx 100 msec - - Sha,LH'76- Contrast above w/choice RT w/random letters approx 550 msec Sha,LH'76- Note: IRT w/prose text but no preview approx 450 msec Sha,LH'76- Note: RT w/random letters w/preview approx 200 msec Sha,LH'76- VPO Typing speed w/random words = prose - - - - - - - - - - - - Shu,JD'77+ VPO Typing speed w/random words = prose > random letters - - - Ter,CA'80+ VPO Typing speed w/random words = prose > random letters - - - Wes,LJ'82+ VPO Typing speed w/random words = prose - - - - - - - - - - - - Lar,S.'83- VPO Typing speed w/prose > random letters - - - - - - - - - - - Lar,S.'84- VPO Typing speed re words >nonwords, regular >irregular strings Mas,DW'84+ Concl: Typing speed is-f orthographic (spelling) structure Mas,DW'84+ VPO Typing speed w/random words = prose > random letters - - - Sal,TA'84- VPO Genz: Typing speed w/random words=prose; typing not=reading Sal,TA'86- Genz: Typing speed w/random word>random letters, is-f(input Sal,TA'86- . Systematic Analyses of Latencies) YJ****tfo VPO Lo correl of typing speed/accuracy w/reading span - - - - - Dav,PS'59+ LTO Indiv typing speed > testing in group - - - - - - - - - - - Kir,WR'66- VPO Use form/latency of typing errors to infer hierarchical org Sha,LH'75- 2 stages: word strings then letter strings w/finger mvmts Sha,LH'75- VPO Omission error on opposite > same hand as preceding R - - - Sha,LH'75- Infer omission error is-f(weak R) w/long IRT Sha,LH'75- VPO Skilled typing paced by regular beat, w/rhythmic departures Sha,LH'78- XPO Typists copy in bursts; implies on-going processing - - - - Ost,DG'80- VPO Keystroke timing based mainly on centrally-stored patterns Ter,CA'80+ VPO Skilled timing based on internal sched of motor events - - Sha,LH'82- Above events are targets in space/time, not mvmt onset Sha,LH'82- VPO Anal: Interstroke intervals not critical re central engram Viv,P.'82+ VPP Typing IRT is-f(keyboard layout, physical contraints) - - - Gen,DR'83- VPO Ident keystroke/latency/interstroke interval in typing - - Gen,DR'83e Ident di/tri-graph letter seq re N/fingers/hands Gen,DR'83e VPO Ident 3 spans in typing: copying, eye-hand, stopping - - - Log,GD'83- Interp above as buffer memories; measure re info or time Log,GD'83- VPO Genz: Typing IRT < discrim RT; implies parallel operations Sal,TA'86- Genz: Typing speed < reading; implies max-speed not-f(input Sal,TA'86- Genz: Comprehensn not-f(typing skill/speed), is-f(instruct) Sal,TA'86- VPO Interp word/syllable re percep, digraph/diff re motor perf Gen,DR'88e VPO Hypo: Programming speed re to-be-typed word incr-f(freq) Inh,AW'91- VPO Temporal structure in typing is-f(word, typist) - - - - - - Viv,P.'96+ Above structure unchanged w/in normal variation in speed Viv,P.'96+ APPLICATIONS, Independent Current R-Op XPOpdv Greater bilateral control of motor mvmt w/mixed handedness Chr,SD'93- APPLICATIONS, Independent Current R-Op HXXXpfR Hypo: Generalized motor program w/mult rate parameter - - - Sch,RA'82- APPLICATIONS, Independent Current R-Op HVPOteg Errors=24% substitute, 40% intrude, 25% omit, 8% transpose Wel,FL'16- HVPOteg Incr errors re misplaced hands if mask keyboard - - - - - - Lon,J.'76- APPLICATIONS, Independent Current R-Op HXPOtez Delayed auditory fdbk --> decr typing speed, incr errors - Lon,J.'75-