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| Metabolic Adaptations What does RER stand for? How is it determined (ratio: VCO2/VO2)? What are the theoretical endpoints of the RER? QUESTION: If a FIT person wished to optimize ‘Fat Burning’ and has only 30 minutes to do the actual aerobic portion of the workout (warm-up and cool-down are separate), how would you recommend they exercise? Remember the two “C” words. Recommend that the person train at a Comfortable but Challenging pace they can sustain to burn more calories! In essence, to burn more fat, a person needs to burn more calories! What is a better way to say “Fat Burning” Workout? (Hint: Total ‘Calorie’ burning workout) What is VO2 max? What are the criteria to know it has been achieved—can you list them all? What is the average improvement seen with VO2max from training? How do we describe plateau in VO2? How long should a VO2 max protocol be? What is VO2 peak? What is the difference in VO2max and VO2 peak? Absolute (L O2/min) and relative (ml O2/kg/min) are two ways of expression VO2? Which is better for comparison of individuals and why? Usually, what type of exercise mode will yield the highest VO2max values? What is O2 deficit? (Class, if not covered during this section we will cover it in the next lecture series and next exam) What is EPOC and what might contribute to it? (Class, if not covered during this section we will cover it in the next lecture series and next exam) Adaptations to Aerobic Exercise With aerobic exercise, what is the range usually seen with VO2max improvement? With aerobic training do the slow-twitch fibers actually show some hypertrophy (how much)? Of the Type IIa and Type IIb/x fibers, which would be used more in aerobic exercise? A key adaptation of aerobic training is capillary supply. How much of an increase may be seen? If the capillaries increase is in number, how does this affect O2, CO2, nutrients and waste products? What does myoglobin do? What fiber, Type I or Type II is high in myoglobin? How much may myoglobin increase with aerobic training? Mitochondria function is proposed to improve with aerobic training? Discuss the factors contributing to this (i.e., what happens to the size and number of mitochondrion with aerobic training?). How much does research show that oxidative enzymes may increase due to aerobic training? Will moderate exercise also increase the oxidative enzymes or does it have to be high-intensity exercise? Are the enzymes capable of increasing even when there is a plateau in VO2? Can aerobically trained muscle store more or less glycogen? What about fat? Where is the fat stored? Aerobically trained muscle can oxidize fatty acids better. How much is this increased ability (what %)? If you are able to utilize fat more efficiently, in the long run how will this effect glycogen depletion? Metabolic Adaptations to Anaerobic Exercise Adaptations of phosphagen energy system. With very short burst training what adaptations do we see to the phosphagen system? The glycolytic training is optimized with high-intensity short bout exercise up to 1.5 minutes. 30-second training bouts (perhaps in an interval training format) have been shown to increase what? Explain how with glycolytic training, there is an increase in buffering capacity. What are the names of some buffers? What are they doing? The pH scale in a sense, tells you the concentration of what is in a solution? If the pH goes below 7 is the concentration more or less acidic? So, is lactate really causing the acidosis or is it something else? What would this be? (Hint: H+ build up)? From where? What enzyme may be easily inhibited in glycolysis due to low pH? Hint, from our lecture on metabolism, what is one of the main RATE-LIMITING enzymes of glycolysis? Fatigue Brief Essay: In class, we broke down the sites of fatigue into 3 MAJOR areas (one at neuromuscular junction and two in the muscle. Explain them! Points to discuss include how are the protons affecting calcium binding to troponin; how do the protons affact ATPase; what happens at the neuromuscular junction?) What depletes first, CP or ATP? Why? |
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Cardiovascular Physiology The right side of the heart is associated with the pulmonary or systemic circuit. Self-test: Put this blood flow tracing in correct order starting with venules:
Trace very clearly the cardiac conduction system from the SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, and purkinje fibers. Is the SA node in the right or left atrium? What is the ability of the heart to generate it’s own electrical signal called? In actuality, when the ventricles pump, they must squeeze 1) from bottom up or 2) from top down? Describe the components of a ECG tracing including the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave. When is atrial depolarization and repolarization? When is ventricular depolarization and repolarization? Can you draw and explain this electrical event? What is normal sinus rhythm? What is sinus bradycardia? What is sinus tachycardia? The nervous system that plays a big role in influencing slower resisting heart rates is 1) the parasympathetic system or 2) the sympathetic system? What would a normal stroke volume be in ml? Is it ml per beat, per min or per hour? What is end-diastolic volume (EDV)? What is end-systolic volume (ESV)? Mathematically how can you describe SV, EDV and ESV? Heart rate is always looked at in beats per ______? What is ejection fraction? An average ejection fraction would be what percent at rest? How would you classify an ejection fraction of 70%? How would you classify an ejection fraction of 50%? What does cardiac output represent? Is it liters per beat, per min or per hour? Mathematically, if you have two of the following you can always calculate the third (EDV, ESV, SV). Make sure you can do this. For instance, if EDV is 110 ml and SV is 55 ml, what is ESV. Or if ESV is 60 and SV is 65, what is EDV? Make sure you can calculate ejection fraction. What would be considered an average ejection fraction? Make sure you can calculate cardiac output in ml/min as well as L/min. Here are some practice calculations. Make sure you can do all of these! EDV = 110, SV = 70: What is ESV and What is Ejection fraction? ESV = 80, SV = 80: What is EDV and What is Ejection fraction? EDV =120, SV = 70: What is ESV and What is Ejection fraction? If HR = 180 b/min and SV = 100 ml/b what is Q? If HR =195 b/min and SV = 115 ml/b what is Q? What are some unique characteristics and metabolic needs of red blood cells? What energy system do they use? What is exercise hyperemia? Explain what causes it. Cardiorespiratory Response to Exercise What is the anticipatory response of HR to exercise. What causes this? How does heart rate relate to VO2 during progressive increasing intensity exercise? How does heart rate respond to progressively increasing intensities of aerobic exercise? Does it plateau at maximal exertion? In class we discussed 4 factors that effect SV. What are they? Discuss/explain these factors! SV plateaus in untrained individuals at about what range of VO2max? Can stroke volume of athletes be dramatically higher than untrained individuals? How is blood redirected due to exercise? Explain what happens to systolic and diastolic blood pressures in an exercise setting. What is arterial-(mixed) venous O2 difference (a-VO2 difference)? What does it represent? Be able to calculate a resting and exercise a-vO2. For instance: Rest 20 ml O2 in 100 ml arterial blood to the cell 15 ml O2 in 100 ml venous blood leaving cell What is aV02 difference? (answer = 5 ml O2) At a submaximal intensity, doing the same amount of work, which participant will have a LOWER exercise heart rate: Trained or Untrained What is the Fick equation? |
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