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| Intro Lecture, Homestatic Control, & Neuromuscular Function and Adaptations Introductory Lecture The origins of Exercise Physiology can be traced to what two areas. Numerous key figures played a role in the development of exercise physiology. What role did the following persons play in the origins of exercise physiology? Herodicus, Hippocrates, Galen, Archibald Hill, Lawrence Henderson, David B. Dill, Per-Olof Astand, Bengt Saltin, Jonas Bergstrom, Albert Behnke, Thomas Cureton, J.C. Dalton Another name for anatomy, the study of structure is? Physiology is involved with the study of what? Explain the difference between an acute response and a chronic adaptation. Can you give some examples of each? In exercise physiology, we look at changes from the resting level to all levels of exercise intensity. What are the 5 components of Physical Fitness? Be able to name and give a definition of each. What are some environmental factors that would affect performance? MORE a question for you to think about and not for exam purposes. What are some bodily factors that would affect performance? MORE a question for you to think about and not for exam purposes. Ergometer is two words that mean? Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of a cycle ergometer and treadmill for the purposes of exercise testing. Not for an exam test item, but for you to focus on what goes on in a testing situation in exercise physiology. What is a simple definition of a risk factor? Explain longitudinal research design and give an example? Homeostasis What is the difference in homeostasis and steady state? Name some physiological variables that can maintain Steady State during exercise at a constant intensity? Explain the three general regulating mechansisms of homeostasis? Explain what negative feedback means. Give an example of a negative feedback system in the body. Muscle Physiology Skeletal muscle chemical composition is what % water? protein? and other substances. Some of the ‘other’ substances that make up muscle include? What is different about the nucleus in muscles versus other cells in the body? Terms to know with skeletal muscle physiology: epimysium, perimysium, fasciculi, periosteum, sarcolemma, sarcoplasma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasma, actin, myosin, Z line (disk), I band, A band, H zone, A band, troponin, tropomyosin, myofibrils, myofillaments, polarized, transverse tubules, acetylcholine, neuromuscular junction, hypertrophy, hyperplasia. Class, make sure you can draw and label the gross structure of skeletal muscle. Make sure you can draw and label the sarcomere structure. How would you describe the sarcomere? Is a muscle cell the same as a muscle fiber? What is another name for cytoplasm of a MUSCLE cell? Describe the purpose of the sarcolemma. Why is it referred to as a polarized plasma membrane? How many layers are there on the plasma membrane? Describe what polarized means? Draw and label the sarcomere and answer the following. During a shortening (concentric) muscle action, what happens to the H zone, A band, I band, and Z lines? During a lengthening (eccentric) muscle action, what happens to the the H zone, A band, I band, and Z lines? Explain the sliding filament theory. Begin your discussion with the arrival of the nerve impulse to the axon terminal ending. Complete your discussion with return of calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. What causes the myosin heads to disassociate from the acting binding sites (after the myosin has completed a power stroke). Explain what a motor unit is? What is the all-or-none phenomenon of motor units? What is the motor end plate? How is the motor end plate related to the sarcolemma? How are the transverse tubules (t-tubules) related to the sarcolemma? What are the different types of muscle fibers? What type of muscle fiber type is recruited for endurance exercise? What type of muscle fiber type is recruited for short-burst explosive work? What fiber type has oxidative and glycolytic characteristics? Nerve Physiology Terms to know: dendrites, axon, axon hillock, myelin sheath, swan cells, nodes of ranvier, saltatory conduction, depolarization, hyperpolarization, graded potentials, repolarization, active transport Approximately how fast is a nerve action potential? Review what does polarized mean? Describe what resting membrane potential and the main electrolytes inside and outside the cell. Disuss what it means for a nerve cell to reach THRESHOLD. Discuss the steps and processes of a nerve cell at resting membrane potential receiving a stimulus and then propagating an action potential, finally returning to RMP. Can you draw out these steps? Motor units are recruited by the SIZE principle (Type I, Type IIa, then Type IIb/x). This is really controled by the FORCE demands placed on the muscle. Can you explain motor unit recruitment in a concise paragraph? CLICK HERE FOR a picture of this phenomenon. What is the all-or-none phenomenon (of motor units) mean? What is Calcium’s double role in muscular contraction? Summary of Muscle Contraction? Class, although I have summarized this for you, try to understand it because if you just memorize you can easily make some errors! SEE PRACTICE QUIZ BELOW! 1. Motor nerve’s impulse action potential arrives at axon terminal of the neuromuscular junction 2. Calcium ions rush in and react with synaptic vesicles 3.Synaptic vesicles fuse with cell membrane 4.Acetylcholine released via process of exocytosis 5.Acetylcholine binds with receptor sites on motor end plate causing depolarization of motor end plate and sarcolemma 6. Impulse travels T- tubules & sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) 7. Calcium ions released 8. Calcium binds with troponin 9. Shift of tropomyosin, make sites available for myosin 10. With ATP present, ATPase splits ATP to ADP + Pi + Energy 11. Myosin (S1 units) combine with actin 12. Sliding action of actin over myosin (Power Stroke) 13. Impulse stops to muscle: calcium ions rapidly return to SR 14. Tropomyosin returns over active sites on actin and contraction ceases Class, for your OWN personal review from your Biology Class, make sure you are familiar with the functional organization of the nervous system. Just for review purposes of your basic understanding of the nervous system. What does the muscle spindle respond to within the muscle. What does the golgi tendon organ (which is located in the tendon) respond to. Muscular Adaptations to Resistance Training |
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