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| Respiratory Physiology and Endocrinology Respiratory Physiology, Work and Endocrinology Function: Review the oxygen delivery system as you did for cardiovascular: Know and explain the following: Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) Alveoli exchange of gases between the lungs and blood which is EXTERNAL RESPIRATION Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide Capillary gas exchange at tissues which is INTERNAL RESPIRATION What is very different about the bronchioles in the bronchiole tree when compared to the primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus? What is the conducting zone? Do you know another name for it? What is the respiratory zone? Approximately how many alveoli are there in a healthy adult? Be able to Draw and Explain the main structures of an alveolus including the alveolar macrophage, simple squamous cells and surfactant-secreting cells. What is the respiratory membrane? Explain and/or draw Boyle's Law. How is this related to pulmonary ventilation (breathing)? Explain the mechanics of Inspiration and Expiration: What is happening to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles? What does it mean that one process is active and the other is passive? In a deep inspiration and deep expiration, what other muscles are now involved? How would you describe the diaphragm muscle? What is a pressure gradient? What is a partial pressure? Can you calculate a pressure gradient if given two partial pressures? Let’s try. Calculate the following Pressure gradient: Atmoshere PO2 = 159 mmHg; Alverolare PO2 = 104 mmHG: Pressure gradient =___ Explain/Discuss the following special topics (this may have been covered earlier in a previous unit): Oxygen deficit, EPOC, and Redox Potential (Refer to other links on our exercise physiology page for more information on Oxygen deficit, EPOC and Redox Potential) Oxygen deficit and EPOC Link Redox Potential Link With Redox potential, to keep glycolysis moving, you want more of what? NAD+ or NADH +H+: NOTE, this may or may not be covered in this section and will be only used on a test if covered in class lecture. What is the concentration of Nitrogen, Oxygen and Carbon dioxide in atmospheric air? What law says partial pressures are proportional to their concentration? Calculate the partial pressure of Nitrogen, Oxygen and Carbon dioxide. Use standard atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg. For help go to this link: Partial Pressure Calculation Now compute this if the atmospheric pressure was 720 mmHg. Now compute this if the atmospheric pressure was 700 mmHg. Class Remember: Dalton’s law states: Partial pressure is proportional to its concentration Gases prefer to go from a 1) higher pressure to lower pressure or, 2) lower pressure to higher pressure? Where does external respiration take place? Where does internal respiration take place? Which involves the pulmonary circuit and which involves the systemic circuit? What is 1 MET equivalent to? How much O2 (in percent) combines with hemoglobin? Where does the remainder of the oxygen dissolve? How many hemoglobin molecules on one red blood cell? Each hemoglobin can carry how many molecules of oxygen? When a hemoglobin is fully loaded it is called what? When a hemoglobin molecule is only partly loaded it is called what? The term when oxygen binds to hemoglobin is called what? (oxy-hemoglobin) If the PO2 is low, will the hemoglobin have less or more saturation? If the PO2 is high, will the hemoglobin have less or more saturation? What is the name of the graph that depicts the oxygen-hemoglobin relationship. Please interpret the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve information. If the PO2 is 40 mmHG and the percent saturation of hemoglobin is 75%, how much oxygen has been consumed? Where is the oxygen going? (hint: to the tissues to be used for life processes) If the PO2 is 20 mmHG and the percent saturation is 35%, how much oxygen has been consumed? At the muscle tissue, capillary PO2 is 104mmHG and the PO2 in the muscle tissue is 40mmHg. Since O2 is being consumed in the tissues, the red blood cells in the tissue capillaries do what: Unload or Load oxygen? Thus, equilibrium is reached at what PO2? Muscle tissue capillary PCO2 is 45mmHG and the PCO2 on the red blood cell is 40mmHG. Since CO2 is being produced in the tissue, the red blood cells in the tissue capillaries do what: Unload or Load CO2? Thus equilibrium is reached at what PCO2? Review again: In the pulmonary circuit, the red blood cells are loading (O2 or CO2) and unloading (O2 or CO2)? In the systemic circuit, the red blood cells are loading (O2 or CO2) and unloading (O2 or CO2) Once again, what is the name of the respiration process in the pulmonary circuit? What is the name of the respiration process in the systemic circuit? There are FOUR factors we discussed that affect O2 unloading into the tissue capillaries? Make sure you know these very specifically? For instance, is it an increase or decrease in pH that influences O2 unloading. Make sure for each factor you know whether it is an increase or decrease that influences O2 unloading. What is the name of this shift (named after scientist) of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? When affected by any of these factors, what happens to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve (which way does it shift)? This ‘shift’ of the curve does what to oxygen dissociation (help load or help unload oxygen)? There are THREE factors we discussed how CO2 is transported in the blood. What are they? Practice with your Pulmonary and Systemic circuit diagram, making sure you can label the PO2 and PCO2 as blood travels through the pulmonary and systemic circuit. What is the Haldane effect? Where in the bronchial tree does asthma have its effect? Discuss the two factors that occur with asthma at this level of the bronchial tree. What is another name for exercise-induced asthma? What is the main difference in exercise-induced asthma and asthma? When does exercise-induced asthma usually occur? Special Topics: Note—test items ONLY if covered in class lecture. Discuss and describe the lactate threshold. Is it the same as the ventilatory threshold? What is the difference? Neuroendocrine Adaptations to exercise What does endocrine actually mean? Make sure you review the main endocrine organs for yourself. Hormones alter cellular function. The hormone to receptor interaction is called what? Is it true that each cell has 2,000 to 10,000 receptors? YES Hormones operate in a negative feedback system. What does this mean? Be able to explain and/or draw this negative feedback system with a diabetic example! So with exercise over a period of time, does insulin elevate or decrease? The theory of why insulin responds the way it does to exercise suggests what? Insulin sensitivity means: 1) enhance ability to get glucose into the cell via insulin Insulin resistance means:) decreased ability to get glucose into the cell via insulin. Review how growth hormone affects amino acid transport and protein synthesis. What does growth hormone do to fat metabolism and the lipase enzymes. Does it do anything to carbohydrate metabolism. Review the Steps of how ADH works to return the body to normal hydration. Class Review very closely the hormones involved with plasma glucose. How much can these hormones increase glucose in short burst exercise? Hormone regulation of fat metabolism is focused on the hormone reaction with the HSL (hormone sensitive lipase) enzyme. What are the four hormones (and what do they do) we discussed. Discus the role of the following hormones involved in exercise: growth hormone, ADH, epinephrine, norepinephrine, aldosterone, cortisol. CLASS: Energy and Work calculations (Class, The NEXT Section is Usually Covered AFTER the Exam on Respiratory Physiology and Endocrinology (time permitting). However, if covered before the Exam, it will also be on the test.) |
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