| Item |
Value |
| Bioenergetics |
| Standard conditions |
pH = 7.0; T = 25 oC(298
oK); [S] and [P] = 1 M/L |
| Natural log |
ln = 2.303 log10 |
| Equilibrium constant |
K'eq = [products] /
[substrates] |
| Mass action ratio |
L =
[products] / [substrates] |
| DGo'
for ATP hydrolysis |
DGo'
= -7.3 Kcal/mol |
| DG
for ATP hydrolysis |
DG
= -14.2 Kcal/mol |
| Phosphagen
System |
| Muscle CrP - rest |
~24-26 mmol/kg wet wt. |
| Muscle ATP - rest |
~ 5-8 mmol/kg wet wt. |
| Muscle Pi - rest |
~ 3 mmol/kg/wet wt. |
| Muscle CrP - fatigue |
~3 mmol/kg wet wt. |
| Muscle ATP - fatigue |
~ 4-6 mmol/kg wet wt. |
| Muscle Pi - fatigue |
~ 24 mmol/kg/wet wt. |
| Glycogenolysis |
| Muscle glycogen-rest |
~ 15-250 mmol/kg wet wt. |
| Allosteric enzymes |
Phosphorylase |
| Glycolysis |
|
| Muscle La- - rest |
~ 1 mmol/kg/wet wt. |
| Muscle pH - rest |
~ 7.0 |
| Muscle La- -
intense fatigue |
~ 25-35 mmol/kg/wet wt. |
| Muscle pH - intense sfatigue |
~ 6.1-6.4 |
| ATP yield |
2 from glucose, 3 from glycogen |
| Allosteric enzymes |
Hexokinase,
Phosphofructokinase, Pyruvate kinase |
| Mitochondrial
Respiration |
| NADH ATP equivalent |
3 |
| FADH ATP equivalent |
2 |
| Redox Potential |
[NAD+] / [NADH] |
| Products of TCA Cycle |
3 NADH, 1
FADH, 1 GTP, 2 CO2 |
| ATP tally - glucose |
36 or 38 (depends
on shuttle) |
| ATP tally - palmitate |
129 |
| Ergometry |
| Work |
= Force x Distance |
| Power |
= Work / Time |
| Work (kgm) |
= cadence (rev/min) x
load (kg) x 6 m/rev x time (min) [for Monark ergometer] |
| Power (kgm/min) |
= cadence (rev/min) x
load (kg) x 6 m/rev [for Monark ergometer] |
| 1 Watt |
= 6.118 kgm/min |
| Calorimetry
and Conversions |
| Mixed CHO energy |
4.0 Kcals/g |
| Mixed FAT energy |
9.0 Kcals/g |
| PROTEIN energy |
4.0 Kcals/g |
| CHO energy equivalent |
5.05 Kcal/L VO2 |
| FAT energy equivalent |
4.73 Kcal/L VO2 |
| RER |
= VCO2 / VO2 |
| FIO2 |
= 0.2093 |
| FICO2 |
= 0.0003 |
| FIN2 |
= 0.7903 |
| Haldane Transformation |
VIN2 =
VEN2
VI = (VE * FEN2) / FIN2
VI = VE[(1 - (FECO2 +FEO2)]
/ 0.7903 |
| VO2 |
= ((VE [(1
- (FECO2 +FEO2)] / 0.7903) *
0.2093) - (VE * FEO2) |
| VCO2 |
= (VE * FECO2)
- (VI * FICO2) |
| Kcals |
= VO2 x
Kcals/L x time (min) |
| 1 Kcal |
= 426.8 kgm = 4.1868
Kjoules |
| 1 kg |
= 2.204 lb |
| 1 m |
= 3.29 ft |
| 1 L |
= 2.1 pints = 4.23
cups |
| 1 cup |
= 234 mL |
| Skeletal
Muscle Structure and Contraction |
| 3 types of muscle |
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth |
| Muscle fiber |
muscle cell |
| Sarcolemma |
cell membrane of skeletal
muscle |
| Anatomical order |
fascicle, fiber, fibril,
sarcomeres, contractile proteins |
| Contractile proteins |
actin, myosin |
| Regulatory proteins |
troponin, tropomyosin |
| Ca++ binds to |
troponin |
| Types of
contractions/actions |
concentric, eccentric,
isometric, isokinetic |
| Neuromuscular
Function |
| 2 main
neurotransmitters |
acetylcholine,
norepinephrine |
| Motor cortex |
pre-central gyrus location;
where complex movement patterns originate |
| Cerebellum |
posterior base of brain;
where movement patterns are refined, and simple patterns stored |
| Somatosensory cortex |
post-central gyrus location;
where afferent sensory information is processed |
| Neuromuscular junction |
where an alpha motor nerve
meets a muscle fiber |
| Motor unit |
a single motor nerve and all
muscle fibers innervated by the nerve |
| 3 main types of motor units |
slow twitch oxidative (SO),
Fast twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG), Fast twitch glycolytic (FG) |
| Size principle |
order of motor unit
recruitment - SO, FOG, FG |
| Muscle
Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise |
| VO2max |
Maximal rate of oxygen
consumption |
| Resting VO2 |
250 mL/min or 3.5 mL/kg/min |
| Elite trained VO2max |
~70-85 mL/kg/min |
| 1 MET |
= 3.5 mL/kg/min |
| %VO2max |
exercise intensity expressed
relative to VO2max |
| Lactate Threshold |
exercise intensity at an
abrupt increase in blood lactate accumulation ; maximal steady state
intensity |
| Steady State |
intensity where practically
all cellular ATP regeneration is met by mitochondrial respiration |
| VO2 drift |
steady increase in VO2
during an exercise intensity exceeding maximal steady state |
| Oxygen deficit |
difference between
theoretical VO2 demand and measured VO2 during a transition to an
increased steady state exercise intensity |
| EPOC |
excess post-exercise oxygen
consumption |
| Running economy |
Steady state submaximal VO2
during running |
| Cardiovascular
Function and Adaptations to Exercise |
| Components |
Heart, blood, blood vessels |
| Blood components |
plasma, white blood cells
and platelets, red blood cells |
| Hematocrit |
cell component of blood ~45% |
| Blood volume |
~5 L |
| Plasma volume |
~2.75 L |
| Transferrin |
iron binding globulin
protein in blood for iron transport to liver |
| Ferritin |
storage form of iron in
blood, liver, spleen, small intestine |
| Hemoglobin |
oxygen binding molecule on
red blood cell; 12-15 g/100 mL |
| Osmolality |
particles in solution -
mOsmol/kg |
| Normal osmolality of body
fluids |
~290 mOsmol/kg |
| Tricuspid valve |
right atrium to ventricle |
| Mitral valve |
left atrium to ventricle |
| Resting BP |
~120/80 mmHg |
| Resting EDV |
~100 mL |
| Preload |
proportional to EDV |
| Afterload |
proportional to diastolic
blood pressure |
| Resting ejection fraction |
~60% |
| Systole |
contraction phase of cardiac
cycle |
| Diastole |
relaxation/filling phase of
cardiac cycle |
| Resting stroke volume |
~60 mL (EDV - ESV) |
| Cardiac output |
SV x HR |
| Peak exercise ejection
fraction |
~80% |
| Peak exercise stroke volume |
120-200 mL |
| Peak exercise heart rate |
220 - age (±15 b/min) |
| Peak exercise cardiac output |
20 - 35 L/min |
| Fick equation |
VO2 = Q x (a-vO2
diff) |
| Chronotropic |
concerning heart rate |
| Inotropic |
concerning myocardial
contraction/performance |
| Frank-Starling Law |
increased myocardial
performance with an increase in EDV |
| Contractility |
increased myocardial
performance for a given EDV |
| Hemoconcentration |
decreased plasma volume |
| Hyperemia |
increased blood flow |
| Pulmonary
Function and Adaptations to Exercise |
| Conducting zone |
anatomical dead space = 150
mL |
| Respiratory zone |
sites of gas exchange |
| Pores of Kohn |
holes connecting neighboring
alveoli |
| Surfactant |
lipid containing molecule on
surface of alveoli - decreases surface tension |
| Tidal volume - rest |
air breathed each breath =
500 mL |
| Ventilation - rest |
air breathed each minute = 6
L/min |
| Breathing frequency - rest |
12 br/min |
| Alveolar ventilation - rest |
air ventilating respiratory
zone = tidal volume - anatomical dead space = 350 mL/min x 12 = 4.2 L/min |
| Compliance |
capacity to change volume
with minimal increase in pressure |
| Respiration |
process of gas exchange |
| External respiration |
that in the lungs |
| Internal respiration |
that in the systemic tissues |
| Water vapor pressure at
37șC and 100% RH |
47 mmHg |
| PAO2 |
alveolar partial pressure of
oxygen = 104 mmHg (rest, sea level) |
| PACO2 |
alveolar partial pressure of
carbon dioxide = 40 mmHg (rest, sea level) |
| PaO2 |
arterial partial pressure of
oxygen = 100 mmHg (rest, sea level) |
| PaCO2 |
arterial partial pressure of
carbon dioxide = 45 mmHg (rest, sea level) |
| PvO2 |
venous partial pressure of
oxygen = 40 mmHg (rest, sea level) |
| PvCO2 |
venous partial pressure of
carbon dioxide = 45 mmHg (sea level) |
| PIO2 |
inspired partial pressure of
oxygen = (PB * 0.2093) - 47 mmHg = (760 * 0.2093) - 47 = 112
mmHg (sea level and dry air) |
| O2 solubility |
20.3-fold lower than CO2 |
| Ventilation-perfusion |
ratio between VE and Q for
the lungs |
| O2 carrying
capacity of hemoglobin |
1.34 mL/g |
| Blood O2 content |
[Hb] x 1.34 mL/g x HbO2
saturation |
| Typical arterial blood O2
content |
180 to 200 mL/L (depends
on [Hb], sea level) |
| Normal blood pH |
7.4 |
| Arterial HbO2
saturation at
sea level |
98% |
| Bohr effect |
decreased HbO2
saturation with increased 2,3 BPG and PCO2, decreased pH, and
increased temperature |
| Carbonic anhydrase |
enzyme converting CO2
+ H2O to H2CO3 and vice-versa |
| Haldane effect |
decreasing Hb-CO2
affinity as PO2 increases |
| Myoglobin |
muscle intracellular O2
binding protein |
| Stimulants to Ventilation |
decreased pH, increased PCO2,
joint movement, CNS, decreased PaO2 |
| Aortic and Carotid bodies |
chemoreceptors to PaCO2
and PaO2 |
| VE/VO2 |
ventilatory equivalent for O2 |
| VE/VCO2 |
ventilatory equivalent for
CO2 |
| VT |
ventilation threshold -
first consistent increase in VE/VO2, followed ~2 min later by
an increase in VE/VCO2 : approximates the LT |
| Hypoxemia |
decreased in PaO2 |
| Pulmonary transit time |
time red cells are in
respiratory zone of lung: needs to be >350 ms for PAO2
to PaO2
equilibration |
| asthma |
airway obstruction caused by
acute inflammation from an over-responsiveness to certain stimuli |
| Neuroendocrine
Adaptations to Exercise |
| 3 types of hormones |
amine, peptide, steroid |
| main second messengers |
cAMP, IP3, DG |
| hormones that alter
metabolism |
epinephrine, norepinephrine,
cortisol, growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, estrogen |
| GLUT4 proteins |
glucose transporters |
| hypoglycemia |
blood glucose < 4.5 mmol/L |
| hormones that alter protein
synthesis |
cortisol, testosterone,
growth hormone, IGF-1 |
| hormones that alter fluid
balance |
ADH, aldosterone, ANP |
| hormones that alter
cardiovascular function |
epinephrine, norepinephrine,
angiotensin 1, ADH, endothelin, nitric oxide, |
| endorphins |
endogenous opioids from
anterior pituitary |
| athletic amenorrhea |
loss of menstrual cycle due
to exercise-induced hormonal negative feedback to anterior pituitary,
causing inhibition of release of FSH and LH |
| Nutrition
and Exercise |
| monosaccharides |
glucose, fructose, galactose |
| disaccharides |
sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| polysaccharides |
glycogen, starch, fiber |
| glycogen loading |
increased CHO intake causing
increased muscle glycogen stores |
| RDA for protein - sedentary |
0.8 g/kg body weight |
| adjusted RDA for protein -
highly trained |
up to 1.2 g/kg body weight |
| rebound hypoglycemia |
lowering of blood glucose
after exercise preceded too closely by glucose ingestion |
| glycemic index |
blood glucose response to a
food relative (%) to that from white bread |
| hyperhydration |
increased hydration beyond
normally attainable |
| CHO needed for ergogenic
effect during exercise |
45-60 g/hr |
| maximal rate of gastric
emptying |
1200 mL/hr |
| factors that increase
gastric emptying |
increased volume, decreased
temperature of drink (?), lower CHO content |
| factors that decrease
gastric emptying |
increases in each of
osmolality, CHO content, protein, fats, fructose and acidity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
